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Socio-economic Inequality, 2002.
An examination of some of the causes of the current socio-economic inequality in the world, with a focus on several philosophers and their theories.
3,472 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
Inequality among human beings has been an issue of concern from times immemorial and some of the greatest thinkers in human history have sought to narrow the gap between the haves and the have-nots through their philosophy, teachings and efforts. The paper shows that, ironically, religion has contributed more towards the inequality of mankind than any other ?philosophy? in the recent past. It is not only religion however that has been responsible for the inequality. The paper shows that the whole economic and financial structure of capitalism, international financial rules and globalization is loaded in favor of the rich and has resulted in widening of the gap between the rich and the poor. We are now living in a world in which this gap is so pronounced as to be positively grotesque. The saddest part of the dilemma is that inequality in our world is increasing by the day. This essay is about the background, reasons and the present state of socioeconomic inequality. It includes a discussion of the theories of some of the leading philosophers in history who have deliberated on the issue such as Karl Marx. It examines the leading economic theory of our times?capitalism, and looks at its pros and cons. The present state of inequality in the world, the reasons behind rising inequality and its possible effects are also discussed.
From the Paper
"In the Western Christian world, inequality was accepted as a way of life due to the widespread feeling that the existing social structure based on equality was impossible to change. The early Christian Church teachings emphasized that somehow living in sin had created inequality and misery for mankind, and a life without sin would solve all injustices. It was only in the 17th and 18th century that philosophers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau began to teach the inherent equality of man and belief in the possibility of social transformation began to spread. This was followed by the spread of socialist and communist thought that predicted social transformation and the demise of inequality through violent revolution."
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Socio-economic Growth and Protectionism, 2005.
This paper uses a socio-economic growth approach to examine income distribution in terms of politics and economics and explores import protection policies that countries impose to stabilize their economies.
3,630 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that many theories and empirical data support the hypothesis that an increase in scale concentrates social power (economics), which refers to individuals' abilities to impose their will on others. The author points out that commercial growth seems to shift social power to the top at an unprecedented scale; as a result, the absolute number of poor appears to be increasing faster than the number of truly wealthy. The paper relates that one method used to measure the degree of protectionism within an economy is the average tariff rate because tariffs generally reduce imports of foreign products; therefore, the higher the tariff, the greater the protection afforded to the country's import-competing industries.
From the Paper
"Thus, we might imagine an index of protectionism (IP) defined mathematically as follows: The numerator to represent the sum of all exports and imports across all trade categories given the current set of trade policies, while the denominator would represent the sum of all exports and imports that would obtain if the government employed a set of domestic policies that had no impact on trade of goods and services with the rest of the world. If IP = 1, it would indicate that current government policies are completely non-restrictive and the economy could be characterized as being in a pure state of "free trade." If IP = 0, then government policies would be so restrictive as to force the economy into a state of isolation. If we could calculate and compare the index across many countries, then we could say that countries with a smaller value were more protectionist than countries with a higher value. We could also monitor changes in the index over time for a particular country. Increases in the index value would indicate trade liberalization, while decreases in the index would indicate growing protectionism."
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Brazil, Socio-Economic Indicators and Developments, 2002.
Presents a detailed statistical analysis of the Brazilian economy (1999) and its development over the last 30 years.
1,775 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Brazil's economic statistics (GNP, GDP, etc.) over the past 30 years as well as socio-economic indicators, focusing on the high level of inequality in Brazil. It includes detailed statistical charts.
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Socio-Economic Hemorrhage, 2000.
An analysis of the economic and political structural differences between settlement in North America and Mexico caused by the building of the Transcontinental Railroad.
1,687 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the furtherance of economic political and social structural inequities between Mexico and the U.S., a process which culminated into the establishment and juncture of the Transcontinental Railroad and various railroads in central Mexico. It examines how from the very beginning, Mexico?s economy and government were at a disadvantage while the United States benefited from the growing economic independence that was able to tap the non utilized labor resources of Mexico. It analyzes how this railroad mobilization vented a surplus labor supply which was never and has never been sustained in Mexico, by improvements in its own economy. It evaluates how, if these structural inequities continue to grow unilaterally as they have been to the present day, Mexico will continue to experience an irrecoverable population hemorrhage to the north and a damaged economy.
From the Paper
"The very beginnings of a diverted relationship in the development of nation-building between the U.S. and Mexico goes as far back to initial colonization efforts by both Great Britain and Spain leading to opposing economic footholds. It is quite surprising to note that by the 1607 establishment of Jamestown, the first American colony in North America, Spanish colonialism had been in effect since 1536 (Saragoza 2). With a time differential of 71 years, it would be logical to believe Spanish settlements would thrive sooner than those of American origin. However, in order to understand why that was exactly what did not happen, we must observe the circumstances under which each government saw their new territory?s raw economic potential. In Latin America, Spain found what they called the ?El Dorado,? an abundant source of gold and silver."
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The Socio-Economic Impact of Illegal Immigration, 2006.
An overview of the problem of illegal immigration into the U.S. and all of its implications for the US in the coming century.
6,347 words (approx. 25.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 147.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a detailed look at the growing problem of illegal immigration into the United States. The paper examines what kind of social and economic impact such large numbers of illegal immigrants will have on the country and considers concerns about what the growing number of illegal immigrants entering the country mean for the future. The paper also looks at what will happen if nothing is done to stem the tide of illegals entering the country and what solutions are available to address the problem of illegal immigration.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Impact of Illegal Immigration
Proposed Solutions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Republican National Committee began in June to run a television advertisement in California and 17 other states regarding the costs of illegal immigration. Democrats claimed the ad, based on a 1991 Backgrounder by the Center for Immigration Studies, contained a "blatant and demonstrable falsehood." The controversy is centered on the audio portion of the ad, which begins "Did you know there are over five million illegal immigrants in the U.S.? And that you spend five-and-a-half billion dollars a year to support them with welfare, food stamps, and other services." The cost figure is from "Estimated Annual Costs of Major Federal and State Services to Illegal Aliens" (Center for Immigration Studies Backgrounder 2-91), one of the first attempts to quantify the fiscal cost of illegal immigration. The paper estimated that the total cost of 13 major federal and state services to illegal aliens in 1990 was $5.5 billion. (This is a gross number; i.e., it does not attempt to balance fiscal costs with taxes paid by illegal aliens. Even in net terms, however, illegal aliens are acknowledged by all immigration researchers to be a drain on the public coffers.)"
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Black Socio-Economic Underachievement, 2006.
An analysis of M. Kim Young's article: "Whites' Explanations of Blacks' Socioeconomic Underachievement: Individualism, Structuralism, and Status Inconsistency, Current Research in Social Psychology".
2,634 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines M. Kim Young's 2000 article entitled, "Whites' Explanations of Blacks' Socioeconomic Underachievement," which demonstrates that white individuals with different backgrounds perceive the lower social economic status of blacks from different perspectives. The paper looks at the methodology used, as well as the results of the study, amongst other things.
Paper Outline:
Methodology
Hypothesis
Dependent Variables
Independent Variables
Analysis and Statistics
Possible Problems with Methodology
Results of the Study
Discussion
Further Research Possibilities
Footnotes
References
From the Paper
"Kim Young states that most whites do not endorse that blacks are disadvantageous because of their inborn disability. On the other hand, he notes that slightly less than 60 percent of whites believe it is due to lack of motivation among blacks. Young's results show that whites are more likely to see unequal chance for education than discrimination as a major cause. They tend to see that lack of resources rather than differential evaluation of such resources is more important in determining blacks' crippled position. The study also indicates that underachievers are far more likely than overachievers to see that discrimination and unequal chance for education are the reasons for blacks' underachievement."
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Social Inequity, 2002.
Discusses different forms of social inequity in the United States, besides the socio-economic perspective.
1,066 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
When people think of social inequity, they generally frame this in terms of socio-economic class. This paper shows, however, that there are many forms of social inequity and stratification. In the United States, for example, much of social interaction is mitigated by gender and race. The paper shows, for example, statistics which present a wage gap that exists between the genders. Despite pay equity laws and a growing awareness of gender discrimination and women?s rights, salary disparities continue to exist between men and women across a broad range of occupations. The paper shows how much of the overt social inequities of American society have been addressed through liberal means. These include granting marginalized groups greater access to institutions of public life. In this sense, the greater freedoms enjoyed by women and minorities are a sign of American society?s progress towards a more encompassing egalitarianism. The paper shows, however, that problems such as the gender wage gap and the disproportionate percentage of African American people in jail is also a testimony to how much work remains to be done.
From the Paper
"Much of the agitation against the civil rights movement in the 1960s was also predicated on the fear of change. While black citizens were clearly denied many rights and suffered from social inequity, opponents of the civil rights movement feared that white citizens would lose many of the privileges they currently enjoy. Viewed in this light, people?s response to social inequity can often be dictated by the privileges that are accorded to them based on their socio-economic status."
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The Stimulus FDI has Provided in Harnessing India's Economic Potential, 2002.
An in-depth analysis of the role FDI (foreign direct investment) has played within the Indian economy.
10,670 words (approx. 42.7 pages), 25 sources, APA, $ 212.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the role Foreign Direct Investment has played within the Indian economy. It traces FDI's history in India as well as the socio-economic and geo-political factors which have led to the inflow of FDI. The paper studies the success and failures within industry- specific areas such as power, telecom, IT and BPO. It also deals with India?s struggle through policies of protectionism and repudiation to large scale reforms, divestments and privatization. The research is somewhat critical of the use of FDI but looks at all aspects of FDI and its role within the Indian economy.
Table of Contents
Opening the Indian Economy and the Magnitude of FDI
Introduction
FDI and Comments on Governmental Policy Formulation for Promotion of MNE? s
Imperative of Attracting Export-oriented FDI through MNE? s
A Professional Approach to Promotion
The Socio-Economic and Geo-political Factors Leading to Liberalization- based Policies in India
Evolution of Government Policy in Conjunction with Promotion of FDI through MNE?s
Evolution of Government policy: 1948 ? 1967
The Restrictive Phase: 1968-1979
The Opening up of the 1980?s
Structural Adjustment and Globalization: 1990s
Government Policy and Trends in Foreign Investments and Collaboration
Inflows of FDI and an Analysis of Historic Comparative Advantages as Opposed to Knowledge Based Growth
FDI and Pitfalls Related to Inflow
Historic Comparative Advantages
Lost Ideologies in Globalized Paradise
Case Power Sector
Knowledge Based Growth
Case: Telecom Scandal
The IT and BPO sectors
Case Examples
Western Demand and Dupplies Curves
Comments
Indian Liberalization Targets vs. FDI policy Inflows
Foreign Investment Policy
Magnitude of FDI Inflows
Steps India Can Take to Accelerate Increases in FDI Inflows
National Promotion as Brand for Inflow of FDI
Focus on Tertiary Service Sector
Rural Cottage and Agro-based Businesses for Large-scale, Economic Production for Exports
Bureacracy Reduce
Privitzation Acceleration
Investment in Domestic Infrastructure and Projects
Conclusion and Recommendations
Limitations and Future Research
Conclusions from Investigation
Recommendations
Personal Review
From the Paper
"Various other policies have been laid out since and have been put into effect as an attempt on the part of the Indian government to firmly safeguard MNE ?s business interests and promote a competitive environment. Since 1991, India has received a number of delegations of potential foreign investors and the most recent one which is worth mentioning is Mr Bill Clinton?s delegation to India which has literally brought about huge FII (Foreign Institutional Investments) upto an estimated $4 dollars within a week. The US has also provided MNE ?s to borrow from the EXIM and World banks to further invest in India upto the tune of $750 Million. An indicator of the changed Indian environment is the fact that two giants that left the country following restrictions placed on them under FERA, IBM and Coca-Cola, have both recently come back. IBM has set up a joint venture with the TATA group of companies and Coca-Cola has taken over the local soft drink maker manufacturer, Parle."
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Economic Liberalization and Globalization, 2002.
A discussion of the factors needed for the economic environment to be conducive to economic liberalization and globalization.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
"The environment includes factors outside the firm which can lead to opportunities for or threats to the firm. Although there are many factors, the most important of the sectors are socio-economic, technological, supplier, competitors, and government." The paper goes through each factor and explains how each one affects business operations with an emphasis on business in a global economy. A special emphasis is placed on the role of governments in the globalization process.The paper also includes two other factors--physical or natural environment and the global environment.
From the Paper
"Economic environment refers to all forces, which have an economic impact on business. Industrial production, agriculture, planning, basic economic philosophy, infrastructure, national income, per capita income, money supply, price level, population, savings, stages in the economic development and trade cycles are major factors which make up the total economic environment. There is a close relationship between management and its economic environment. A business obtains all its needed inputs from the economic environment and it in turn depends on the economic environment to absorb its output."
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Locke and Rousseau on Economic Inequality, 2008.
A comparison of John Locke's "Second Treatise of Government" and Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality".
2,790 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This essay compares and contrasts two theoretical models regarding economic inequality. The first is presented by John Locke in his "Second Treatise of Government", which addresses the origins of economic inequality. The second, which is in sharp distinction to these views, is presented by French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau in his "Discourse on the Origin of Inequality". The paper outlines the strengths and weaknesses of both. It argues that, while both works are very similar in their imagined origins of economic inequality in the early history of property, they differ radically in how they represent property and the justifications for its differing accumulations that ultimately give rise to economic inequality. The paper concludes that Locke envisions property and moderate levels of economic inequality as a good thing, while Rousseau condemns this inequality as a corrupting influence upon human society in every respect.
From the Paper
"However, while there is a superficial similarity between how Locke and Rousseau each conceive of the state of nature, there is one important distinction between the two: property. While Locke conceives, as noted above, of an equality of property as existing in the state of nature, Rousseau contends that the innovation of property itself marked the ending of the state of nature and the beginning of human society.
"This is an important difference, and it goes to the heart of how each philosopher conceives of economic inequality. For example, it is clear from the outset of Rousseau's description of the state of nature and its defining characteristics that he sees property as not only a negative aspect of human society but as being fundamentally illegitimate as well."
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?Discourse on the Origin of Inequality? by Rousseau, 2002.
This paper discusses Rousseau?s ?Discourse on the Origin of Inequality,? a philosophical work that explains how society came to be and how inequality emerged and existed in the society.
590 words (approx. 2.4 pages), 1 source, $ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Jean Jacques Rousseau?s ?Discourse on the Origin of Inequality of Man?, that focuses on how man came to be different from other animals because of two characteristics: Pity and the need for self-preservation. The paper points out that a careful study of Rousseau?s work shows that man?s natural tendency for survival and self-achievement will drive him to want to dominate others, and that inequality will become the product of humankind?s selfish and self- achieving nature.
From the Paper
"Rousseau defends his primary claim about inequality by explaining how inequality came to be. Of course, Rousseau discusses the nature of man prior to the establishment of the society. Prior to Rousseau?s society, humankind is egalitarian in nature, and survival is only the main reason why people live (self-preservation). However, as time passes, and as man become more acquainted with other people, the need to achieve betterment, or perfectibility, arises; man thus aspire to attain superiority above the others (?In proportion as the human race grew more numerous, men's cares increased. The difference of soils, climate and seasons, must have introduced some differences in their manner of living?). Through this kind of thinking and objective, man becomes unfair individual, and the society that Rousseau talks about is created through the inequality of man."
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Students' Self-esteem, 2001.
This paper discusses how a student's socio-economic status affects how they learn.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses a personal belief of the author that a student's socio-economic statues affects how they behave, internalize and learn in an educational framework. It claims that children are affected by their environment and teachers need to take these factors into consideration when teaching.
From the paper:
"When a teacher is considering how she or he will relate to her students, that teacher must reflect upon how the educational opportunities he or she experienced were when he or she was a child and a student. One of the topics that were of great concern to me when I was growing up was my socio-economic status. Although I did not think of it in those terms at the time, of course, in retrospect I realize how deeply it affected me in a way that influenced my perceptions of myself as a good student. I hope to be more conscious of it than my own teachers were. Thus, the topic I have chosen for my own paper will be how a student?s socio-economic status affects how they learn and how they are taught. It is my thesis that socio-economic status has a direct impact on learning, and thus educators must take this into consideration when tailoring the standardized curriculum needs for their students."
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The Rise of Inequality in China, 2008.
An analysis of the historic development and implications for China of its growing economic inequality.
3,702 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper critically examines the issue of growing economic inequality in China. It discusses the issue in terms of its historic development and how it has shaped China today. It also describes its implications for China's future social and economic evolution and discusses the reason that this problem has been masked in the popular view of China today as an economic superpower.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Ideology of Equality in Communist China
China's Economic Reforms and Increasing Inequality
The Scale Inequality in Contemporary China
Inequality and Political and Migration Pressures
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In conclusion, the increasing levels of inequality in China - not only in terms of rural vs. urban, but also inland vs. coastal - present a clear and present threat to the legitimacy of the Communist government given its ideological origins in socialist egalitarianism. While the economic development of China and its opening to world trade has brought great wealth and development to parts of the country, other parts have suffered even more so. The geographic localization of this problem in rural/inland areas, as well as the discontent of many migrant workers in the urban areas, represents a disturbing prospect for the future of not only stable economic development in China, but for the continued rule of the Communist party and political stability in China as a whole."
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Inequality and Immigration, 2008.
A discussion of the ways that inequality can be seen in immigration in Canada.
2,289 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper argue that inequality today can be seen represented primarily in immigration, that has been exploited for the purposes of the elite of society. The paper provides a theoretical exploration of inequality and then explores how inequality manifests itself in terms of immigration in Canada. It demonstrates how this manifestation of inequality serves the purposes of the powerful, usually leaders of business and various industries, in Canadian society as a means of controlling and dividing the labor market.
From the Paper
"This insight is important, as it allows us to understand the critical importance of vulnerability in the role of the immigrants in western economies. From this point of view, it is of critical importance that immigrants are both politically and economically vulnerable and dependent, for this ensures the docility of the immigrant labor force, as well as its potential to be used against indigenous labour in countries such as Canada. Through this process of "divide and rule" business interests influence the direction of government policies in areas such as the recognition of academic qualifications from non-Western sources. By the denial of recognition of these qualifications, business leaders ensure that the immigrant work force will remain docile and vulnerable to the influence of business for as long as possible. While we may acknowledge that immigrant entrepreneurs often succeed despite these barriers, this success does not deny the reality of the barriers themselves, and how they are used to foster inequality and the vulnerability of the immigrant work force in countries such as Canada."
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Racism and Inequality in America, 2005.
Discusses the issues of racism and inequality in contemporary U.S. society.
1,854 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
Inequality and racism are fundamental issues that are in direct opposition to the principles of freedom, democracy and human rights that are such an important part of the American view of life. As such, racism and inequality are values that contradict the principles of freedom and equality that are enshrined in the American Constitution. This paper show, however, that the reality is that inequality and racism do exist in the United States. The paper discusses issues such as stereotypes and profiling, among others.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
The Prevalence of Racism in the United States
The Problem of Profiling
Causes of Racism
Economic Inequality
Solutions to Racism
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"While projects and organizations are essential components in the solution to racism, I believe that no amount of institutionalized projects can solve the problem of radial prejudice on a permanent basis. The real solution to racism in America lies in a change of perception and eradication of all stereotypical perceptions. In other words, the best method to eradicate racism is to do away with negative perceptions by making a concerted effort to develop an understanding of other cultures and to cultivate a more positive attitude towards life."
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