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Social Impression Theory, 2008.
An analysis of social impression theory, focusing on positive and negative social rewards.
1,532 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how social characteristics are created, defined and learned. The paper explains that when we start interacting with a stranger, we practically construct learning functions for some of his characteristics, and these functions are defined as the social impression functions. The paper points out that as long as the interaction with this person proceeds, we gain more knowledge about him, and that this knowledge is interpreted by us in the form of positive and negative rewards and the more time we interact with this person, the more accurate will be the social impression of each of his characteristics. The paper then looks at how rewards will eventually lead to a decision whether the impression function value of a specific characteristic is above or below a pre-learned behavior threshold. In conclusion, the paper shows that by evaluating social rewards correctly, it is possible to address questions such as "do people tend to better remember impressions that are derived from negative rewards?" and "do people who succeed to get more positive rewards live longer?".
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Impression Types: Direct - Indirect
Hypothetical Case Study - Within the Family Circle
Summary and Future Research
From the Paper
"How do you determine whether a person is kind, intelligent or honest? Why would you reason that a person you just met can be classified to have certain characteristics? Why is someone considered to be brilliant and another one is just "relatively smart"? How long does it take to label a person according to one or several characteristics?
It can be assumed that for each individual there is a subjective definition for all characteristics that define a person. A characteristic is a social measure that quantities a continuous human behavior. Examples include "warm", "clever", "predictable", "frugal", "energetic", "strict", "introvert", "reckless", "quarrelsome", etc. Each one of us has a subjective definition for any possible characteristic. Over our life time we have developed the ability to classify other individuals (and also to classify ourselves) with certain degree of membership by comparing specific behavior patterns to a threshold value that we defined for each characteristic."
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World System Theory and Regime Theory, 2005.
An exploration of two systems theories (World System Theory and Regime Theory) within the discipline of global political economy.
2,290 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with two system theories that attempt to explain how asymmetrical power relations in respect of economics, politics and society from the global organisation of nations and states. It includes a brief history of these system theories, their ontology and epistemology and an analysis of their critiques.
From the Paper
"The idea of a systems approach to political economy originated in the natural sciences; the world is seen as a whole entity and in this respect it is a holistic view, i.e. the properties of a system cannot be determined or explained by the sum of its components alone. This is a departure from previous subjectivist theories that considered the objective sphere an unknown and/or an unknowable concept. "
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Chaos Theory, Complexity Theory and Health Services, 2005.
A discussion on "In Commentary: The Potential of Chaos Theory and Complexity Theory for Health Services Management", by Margaret Arndt and Barbara Bigelow.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Margaret Arndt and Barbara Bigelow's book which discusses the relevance and potential of the chaos and complexity theories in terms of improving health services management in the United States. It highlights that reevaluating professional knowledge and assumptions in a field as complex as health care can be unsettling, but it can also invigorating.
From the Paper
"In "Commentary: The Potential of Chaos Theory and Complexity Theory for Health Services Management", Margaret Arndt and Barbara Bigelow examine the relevance and potential of these theories in terms of improving health services management in the United States. They emphasize that reevaluating professional knowledge and assumptions in a field as complex as health care can be unsettling, but it can also invigorating. Because of the potential benefits of such an approach, Arndt and Bigelow (2000) argue in their article that applying chaos theory and complexity theory to health services management is worthy of pursuit, despite potential controversy or disputes regarding the validity of this approach. Since America's health care system is plagued by inherent complexity and chaos, applying ..."
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Mcgregor's Theory X & Theory Y, 1990.
Origins of concepts, content, assumptions and impact on supervision in workplace.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"Theory X" and "Theory Y" are terms devised by sociologist Douglas McGregor, in the late 1950s, to describe two fundamentally contrasting theories towards the nature of work and human motivation. "Theory X" is the view that workers basically do not want to work, and will do anything to avoid it; the essential business of management is therefore to use a combination of threats and rewards to keep their workers at work. "Theory Y" is the view that work is in fact as natural to human behavior as play or rest; management can thus function best by harnessing this natural human tendency to make the workers' own work.motivations harmonize with the needs of the organization.
The following report is a survey of McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y: their origins, their content and assumptions, their origins and place in broader human psychology, and their effect.."
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Sociocultural Theory and Input and Interaction Theory, 2004.
Compares and contrasts the Russian psychologist Vygotsky?s 'Sociocultural Theory' with 'Input and Interaction Theory'.
2,642 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 17 sources, APA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a definition of both Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory and Input and Interaction Theory. The paper then goes on to note how the two theories differ and where they are similar in their approach, as well as how they are applied to everyday issues, such as teaching language.
From the Paper
"Sociocultural theory was first conceived and developed by Russian psychologist Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky?s, (1896-1934). His most productive years were at the Institute of Psychology in Moscow (1924?34), where he expanded his ideas on cognitive development, particularly the relationship between language and thinking. His writings emphasized the roles of historical, cultural, and social factors in cognition and argued that language was the most important symbolic tool provided by society. His book, ?Thought and Language? is a classic text in psycholinguistics? theoretical contributions to the development of curricula and teaching strategies."
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Broad Nursing Theory and Mid-Range Theory, 2002.
Compares two different theories of nursing and argues that one of them is more conducive to experimentation and solid conclusions.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses broad nursing theory and mid-range theory. The specific theories that are used as examples are comfort theory (mid-range) and self care deficit theory (broad theory). The paper shows that both theories are constructive to nursing, but that mid-range theory allows experimentation and solid conclusions.
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Dependency Theory v. Modernization Theory, 2007.
A comparison of the modernization and dependency theories of under-development of third world countries.
1,824 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the modernization and dependency perspectives commonly raised when explaining third-world under-development. It assesses the strengths and weaknesses of each theoretical paradigm and aims to determine which of the two is more effective at illustrating why so much of the world continues to lag behind North America and Europe.
From the Paper
"As one might expect, this theory is highly controversial - with apparent weaknesses and strengths. After all, it has now been decades since the fall of "old-fashioned" colonialism and one would think that Global South nations would have finally developed institutional and economic innovations capable of sustaining them and capable also of pushing them forward. Moreover, the supposed technological transfer from developed to developing nations would surely seem like a phenomenon capable of rescuing developing countries from their relative poverty. Seen in that light, the dependency theory may seem like so much "excuse-making" for incompetent and/or corrupt national regimes."
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Margaret Newman's Nursing Theory, 2008.
An analysis of Margaret Newman's health as expanding consciousness theory and a comparison of the theory with Martha Rogers' unitary theory.
1,893 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly examines Margaret Newman's history, including the development of her health as expanding consciousness theory. The paper also examines the basic tenets of the theory and discusses two examples of expanding consciousness in nursing practice. Finally, the paper compares and contrasts Newman's theory with that of Martha Rogers' unitary theory.
Table of Contents:
Margaret Newman
The Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness
A Critique of Newman's Theory
Newman's Theory and Rogers' Unitary Theory
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Newman's theory is not particularly accessible to most people in or out of the nursing profession. Neither is it particularly congruent with reality. Referring back to McKenna, this theory does not appear to be a nursing theory as such, because it does not treat nursing as a unique profession (1997, p. 234). McKenna discusses the analysis of 62 nursing theories in terms of how their internal validity would stand up to testing. Of the 62 theories, McKenna indicates that only nine reached adequate levels of empirical testing. In the case of a grand theory such as Newman's empirical testing is difficult at best; it would seem unlikely that sufficient testing could be done to test its validity. In summation, then, while Newman's abstract theory may produce some basis for discussion, as a nursing theory its practical use is negligible."
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Theory Application, 2008.
An analysis of the application of the social constructionism theory, the labeling theory and the social exchange theory to the clients of the DePaul Family Services.
2,888 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how interactions with people, places and situations all leave their imprint on a person's way of being. The paper discusses whether a client's behavior is the result of the events occurred within his society, community and family or, if he is the intersection of the macro, mezzo and micro environments. It also discusses where personal characteristics intervene and impact of the resiliency and strengths of the individual. The paper focuses on the DePaul Family Services and analyzes their clients from three theoretical standpoints: the social constructionism theory, the labeling theory and the social exchange theory.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Agency Description
Agency Client
Theory Application
Social Constructionism Theory
Labeling Theory
Social Exchange Theory
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Resiliency, in the general meaning of finding the strength to pick up the pieces and carry on, is vital for the success of the DePaul clients. The area in which the social organization activates is extremely tough and challenging and it often offers more disappointments than actual successes. The social workers in the organization are constantly faced with refusal and a generally negative outcome. But they know not to give up, for the beneficial result of these humanitarian actions resides in persistency. It is impossible to teach and integrate a child with mental disabilities from the first day of program implementation. But with persistence, the results will show in time. Character strength and resiliency is also a must for the client and his family. Parents and other close family members generally find it hard to accept that their child is mentally challenged and when they do seem to find a solution in the DePaul services, they soon come to expect a miracle. And when this miracle does not happen, they often feel frustrated and tend to take it out on the representatives of DePaul and its social workers. But the employees at the organization and the family members only represent the close environment of the client's and their being resilient is required in order to support the client. He is the one that must truly be resilient and strong to make sure the treatments take effect. This is one more proof that the microenvironment directly impacts the behaviour of the client."
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Communication Theory, 2006.
A summary of the uses and gratifications theory and the agenda-setting theory, two of the most popular and widely recognised theories in communication science.
3,236 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper studies a local publication, the South African edition of "Men's Health" to investigate the reasoning behind mass media public reading and exposure to this print media product. In order to explain the research findings two prominent mass communication theories are used as theoretical frameworks in the study. This is because an international publication that has over twenty-five versions all over the world, such as "Men's Health", is accessible to many different people on many levels of society and so it therefore forms an integral part of the mass media and provides for an ideal case study. The two theories used are the uses and gratifications theory and the agenda-setting theory, two of the most popular and widely recognised theories.
Outline
Introduction
The Publication
Two Communication Theories
Uses and Gratifications Theory
What Gratifications Are Sought And Obtained?
Media's Role in the Gratifications Process
The Three Processes
Expectancy-Value Theory
Dependency Theory
The Agenda-Setting Theory
Definition
Core Assumptions
Theory Framework and Developments
Contingency Factors
Issue Obtrusiveness
Levels of Agenda-Setting
Critique
Uses and Gratifications Theory
Agenda-Setting Theory
Conclusion
Sources Consulted
From the Paper
"The very first definition of the uses and gratifications theory, put forth by Katz, Blumler and Gurevitch (1974), is still among the best and most accurate, stating that the uses and gratifications theory addresses the social and psychological origins of needs, which generate expectations of the mass media or other sources, which lead to differential patterns of media exposure, resulting in need gratifications. This means that the readers of the Men's Health publication are specifically choosing to read the stories in the magazine because they appeal to a certain need that the reader is trying to fulfil. They expose themselves to the media because the contents such as health reports are fulfilling a social or psychological need. "
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Impression Management, 2007.
This paper examines Erving Goffman's theory of impression management.
724 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper draws upon Erving Goffman's dramaturgical approach to discuss how several groups, including athletes, college instructors, parents, physicians and politicians, engage in "impression management." The paper explains that social interactions invariably entail a sort of "performance" in which we act in accordance with the pressures exerted upon us by environment. The paper illustrates how we put on a facade in order to achieve our personal objectives.
From the Paper
"According to Goffman (1959), impression management is fundamentally about "expressive responsibility;" that is to say, it is about self-consciously crafting an exterior appearance that will not offend the sensibilities of the audience. In other words, social interaction is an act of dramaturgy in which we "perform" in accordance with the pressures exerted upon us by environment, the nature of our environment and with the goal of manufacturing "performances" that are "consonant" with our own desired goals (Barnhart, n.d.). To sum it all up, we put on a facade because we believe that doing so will enable us to gain the favor of those around us whose good will we need in order to achieve our personal objectives (like a well-dressed person speaking in proper English and with an upright posture at a job interview)."
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Contingency Theory, 2007.
An analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the contingency theory for use as management theory.
1,382 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the practicality of using the contingency theory as a management theory. The paper describes the contingency theory and when it would be useful and work well for use by a manager. The paper presents the advantages and disadvantages of the contingency theory and concludes that flexibility of leadership style is what primarily remains a key ingredient to management success.
Table of Contents:
Contingency Theory as Management Theory
Change Management Initiatives and Contingency Theory
Cost Efficacy
Recommendations
From the Paper
"Contingency theory can provide a platform or paradigm for successful leadership, particularly in the global marketplace where the market remains volatile and ever changing. Given the right circumstances this style of leadership can help promote cost reduction if it takes into consideration the environmental and situational factors that drive organizational performance. However, there may be cases where a proven management or leadership style is more apt to facilitate communication and greater response rates. This is something that organizations must consider when evaluating the pros and cons of a particular management theory."
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Crime and Social Theory, 2000.
A discussion of the differences and similarities between social disorganisation theory, social control theory and opportunity theories.
2,610 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how theories on crime have been devised by numerous disciplines including economists, psychologists and sociologists were among them. It provides a definition and an overview of social disorganisation theory, social control theory and opportunity theories in relation to drawing on the work of Shaw and McKay (Chicago School) and Burgess' zonal theory of city development as well as the opinions of Hobbes, Nye, Reckless, Huschi and Burke.
From the Paper
"In further support of the theory of social disorganisation is the Chicago Area Project, established by Clifford Shaw, which aimed to put some organisation back into these areas. It encouraged locals to form committees to fight crime and held recreational activities for youths to get them off the streets and give them something other than crime to do. An evaluation by Schlossman, Zellman and Shavelson in 1984 concluded that it had effectively reduced incidences of reported juvenile crime."
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Rational Choice Theory and Post-Modernism, 2002.
Discussion of the Rational Choice Theory and the Post-Modernist Theory, and how these two different theories can, to some degree, be reconciled.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
The development of Rational Choice Theory in the 20th century arose out of economic theory. Through such thinkers as Homans, Blau and Coleman it has emerged as an important school of thought. The theory focuses upon the rational calculations carried out by individuals guided by self-interest. Post-modernism, another contemporary theory, is in many ways in friction with rational choice theory, for the fundamental capitalist drive espoused by rational choice is seen as nothing but a social construct by the post-modern tradition. Alfred Schutz, a twentieth century phenomenologist, reconciles these two strains of thought to some degree by bringing up the notion of individual perception which encompasses both the social constructs and the drive for self-interest.
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Symbolist/Idealist vs. Materialist/Realist Theory, 2007.
This paper examines the key differences between the symbolist/idealist theory and the materialist/realist theory.
805 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper discuses the major differences between the symbolist/idealist theory and the materialist/realist theory which help define the theories' foundational characteristics. The writer names several theorists for each theory and notes their contribution to the theory. The paper explains that both theories believe that knowledge is developed through the theory's foundations, however, each theory has a different viewpoint on what that knowledge is derived from. The paper shows how symbolism is based in the more emotional and fluid experience while materialism/realists are proponents of experiences, aside from any emotions that may be created within that experience.
Outline:
Introduction
Materialist/Realist Theory
Symbolist/Idealist
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The most important difference in the factors between materialist/realist and symbolism/idealist theories is direct experience as it relates to direct knowledge. Experiences are concrete evidences of the external world through the use of the world as it is today. What someone experiences is tangible, definable and explainable therefore gives strength to the materialist/realist theory(http://websyte.com/alan/symbolsm.htm)."
"In the symbolic area of life things including emotions, feelings, induced actions or beliefs are all components of symbolism which are not as tangible or definable as actual experiences can be."
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