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The Effects of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, 2002.
Examines the cultural effects of the mass deportation of slaves from Africa to the European colonies.
1,064 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
Slavery resulted in the deportation of between eight and 10.5 million people over the course of over 200 years. Countries affected included Gambia, Ghana, Senegal, Benin, Mauritania, Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Cameroon, as these were the locations of European slave forts operated by the Dutch, British, French, and Portuguese. This paper looks at the cultural effects of this trade on the African countries, some of them which may be considered positive. It covers several issues including the introduction of Christianity to Africa, the economic prosperity of countries from which slaves were taken and the rise in literacy in these countries.
From the Paper
"Areas that were involved in the European slave trade eventually prospered, as they developed commercial ties with the west, while those that profited from the traditional Arab slave trade in Eastern Africa declined alongside the Ottoman Empire. The biggest material difference between areas in which the slavery of Africans by Europeans predominated and other areas is that the former areas were early to adopt Christianity, which continues to divide some countries such as Ivory Coast and Nigeria as these coastal Christians clash with inland Muslims. It could be said that slavery caused Africans to develop a negative opinion of whites, but this would be the case only in that such a negative relationship complemented the latter, more pervasive one: colonialization. Whereas the Arabs, Turks, and Egyptians had practiced slavery in Africa for a much longer period of time, the slavery of Africans by whites was best understood as a precedent for the context in which Europeans would engage in relationships with Africans: as a stronger, alien culture with a history of conquest."
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Alcohol in Early America and the British Empire, 2006.
Examines how alcoholic beverages in early America impacted the relationship with the British Empire.
4,033 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 109.95
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Abstract
The alcoholic beverages that eventually played such a pivotal role in the politics of the American Revolution and the original colonies' relationship with the British Empire in the 17th and 18th centuries had a tradition that began long before the first settlers traveled to North America. This paper showed that the tradition continued in colonial America as people used alcoholic beverages and public drinking as an extension of their culture, a forum for ideas, a method of communication, a source of news/current events, and a way to interact with strangers in a time when travel was slow and dangerous. In order to fully understand this unique relationship between alcohol and early America, this paper presents a look into England's past.
Paper Outline:
The Origins of Alcoholic Beverages in England
Britain's "Spiritual" Tradition
Alcohol Arrives in Colonial America
The Colonial Tavern as Political Forum
Beer on the Battlefield?
Our Founding Father and Alcohol
Other Aspects of Alcohol in the New Nation
Final Thoughts on Alcohol in Early America
Works Cited
From the Paper
"The jovial atmosphere, often accentuated by entertainment of various types and fueled by rivers of beer, loosened tongues and encouraged free speech. Far from being restricted, free speech in local taverns, as well as the operation of the taverns themselves, were encouraged by local governments and the English crown, but more for the reason that the contentment, or lack of it, among the English subjects could be monitored(Smith). In spite of this supervision, or perhaps in part because of it, people began discussing the possibility of breaking away from English rule."
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Native Americans and Slavery in Early America, 2002.
An overview of the issues concerning native Americans, African Americans and slavery in early America.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the issue of African Americans and indigenous peoples in colonial and the slavery of the South. By understanding the certain principles of slave behavior, economic factors, and the roles of slaves in these periods of history, we can assemble an analysis of early America in this way.
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"A Family Story from Early America", 2005.
A review of the book "An Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America" by John Demos.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes John Demos' work entitled "An Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America". It is a response of sorts to John Williams publication of A Redeemed Captive, written in the early 18th century. The paper discusses the writing style, as well as the effect the author's use of dates and statistics has on the reader's enjoyment of the book.
From the Paper
"John Demos' The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story From Early America is a narrative history regarding captivity by Indians in 18th century New England. As thus, it is written in a fictional manner, with the historical facts being processed as they likely were through the central characters. The writing style makes the book an appealing read, as the statistics, dates and facts are interspersed with a lively account of the situation at hand. In Chapter One, Demos begins by relating the Deerfield, Massachusetts Massacre, which occurred in February of 1704. Accounting first for the motives that spurred this incident, Demos then focuses on the Williams family, most of whom are taken captive to Canada by their French and Indian enemies."
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Social Control in Early Republican America, 2001.
A comparison of the way women and people of different ethnicities and races were treated in early republican America.
1,410 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 46.95
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Abstract
An examination of social control measures in republican America. The author looks at the way which women, men of color and people of varying ethnicities were treated and controlled. An examination of race, ethnicity and gender in the areas of politics, economics and social structure in early republican America. The author argues that these groups were subjected to similar measures rendering them subordinate.
From the Paper
"While there were important differences in the ways in which Native Americans, black Americans and women were treated in colonial and early Republican America having to do with the complex ways in which race, ethnicity and gender intersected with the spheres of politics, economy and social structure. But against these differences may be weighed the many similar ways in which members of these three groups were subject to the same forms of social control, for women and men of color all found their bodies controlled, their destinies foreshortened, their economic prospects diminished, and their potential sense of agency stolen from them because of the social category to which they belonged."
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Early America, 2005.
Critique of Colin Calloway's book about early American history, "New Worlds for All: Europeans, Indians, and the Remaking of Early America".
1,008 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper critiques Calloway's book about the uniqueness of the American nation and how evidence of this uniqueness can be found in history long before the founding of the nation itself. The paper concludes that the book is valuable not simply because of the wealth of information it includes, but also because it shows that, from the beginning, there was no seamless and harmonious American identity, that America was a land founded on many cultures.
From the Paper
"When positing why America is unique as a nation, Americans often respond with references to American legal guarantees of freedom that date back to the founding of the Constitution, or, at the earliest, the 1776 Declaration of Independence. However, early American historian Colin Calloway contends that America's uniqueness as a nation extends far back in its history, long before the founding of the nation itself, to the plurality of nationalities and cultures that made up its early ethnic and cultural landscape during the first American settlements. Calloway challenges the idea that America was 'naturally' of the Native peoples and then impinged upon by European cultures. He also challenges the European historical worldview that Native culture was completely destroyed by immigration and European encroachment. Rather, he suggests that the varieties and pluralities of Indian culture were in dialogue with Europe in the so-called New World, and these cultural dialogues created a cultural landscape never seen before. Although the Europeans may have ultimately become the conquerors of the territory of what is now the United States of America, the cultural dialogue between native and conquering people is still in evidence. This has been true throughout history, from the Anglo-Saxon absorption through cultural "confluences" after the 1066 sacking of England, but is no were 'as true' as the European settlements' role in reconfiguring the culture of the Americas. (Calloway, 2)"
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Early America, 2002.
An analysis of the origins of early America, looking at the influence of Africans, Native Americans and Europeans.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the beginnings of American culture and technology and seek to understand how Africans, Native Americans and the Europeans that colonized the North American Continent were influential in creating what is now called America. By revealing the different ways that this was achieved, we can see the work and techniques that drove the new country and how this was created by the political, as well as ideological ramifications of their labors. With all of these contributions to the new country of the United States, we see that the formation of the world power was built on the principles that the early settlers created in their work.
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The Slave Trade, 2002.
Examines the history of the African slave trade before the nineteenth century.
3,037 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
The slave trade carried Africans far from their homeland, but the problem of slavery began in Africa as warring tribes captured members of other tribes and sold them into slavery. The paper shows that the slave trade in West Africa served the labor requirements of the New World and other areas for more than three centuries. The slave trade in West Africa began with the Portuguese in the fifteenth century and increased until it was a major trade linking Africa with Europe and North and South America. The paper examines how slave ships, heading for the New World, would stop at sites along the West African coast to pick up their human cargo, often purchasing members of one tribe from another. The Spanish and English would also become involved in the slave trade over the next two centuries and slavery in the New World in particular would be a matter of economic need because of an agricultural system that needed a large labor force for as little economic outlay as possible. The paper shows that when the Native American population did not prove viable as a labor force, the various European settlers turned to Africa and the slave trade to solve their labor problems.
From the Paper
"The entry of the Portuguese into Africa came at the same time as the Turkish Ottoman conquest of Africa's Mediterranean and Red Sea areas. Portugal at that time expanded into Africa's Atlantic and Indian Ocean coasts and introduced new weapons and new demands for war captives throughout the continent. Different communities and different kingdoms adapted in different ways to this new supply of guns and new demands for war captives, and at the same time, Spanish, Dutch, British, French, German, Scandinavian, and Arab armed ships joined the Portuguese in demanding increasing numbers of young Africans for the international slave trade. This was during Africa's "early modern" period from 1600 to 1800, at which time the gold, sugar, tobacco, and cotton produced by African slaves in the New World contributed toward making more capital available for the "commercial revolution" taking place in Europe in banking, corporate stock arrangements, insurance, and investment houses. This trade then helped fund European expansion in overseas trade, colonization, and the scientific and industrial revolutions (Khapoya 92)."
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Patterns of Dislocation: The Slave Trade within Africa, 1990.
Examination of the slave trading era from the African perspective. Discusses how slave trade was the principle export of of sub-Saharan Africa. Also discussed are possible consequences such as depopulation and a depressed economy.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"PATTERNS OF DISLOCATION
The Slave Trade Within Africa
The slave trade of the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries is known, in popular imagination, primarily for those parts of it in which Europeans or people of European descent participated directly. We can draw on vivid images of slave ships making the Middle Passage, or of slaves being sold on the block or working in the fields in the New World. But, though the kidnapping of Kunte Kinte figured in Roots, the African end of the slave trade is far less familiar.
Yet the slave trade was the principal export trade of sub-Saharan Africa through much of the slave-trading era. By the same token, the trade goods which European slavers brought in.."
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The Atlantic Slave Trade, 2002.
Presents the issue of the four hundred year trans-Atlantic slave trade from an Afrocentric perspective.
2,356 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
The Portuguese arrival on the Gold Coast of Africa in 1439 brought the beginnings of the Atlantic Slave Trade, subjecting the continent to four centuries of depredation. The paper argues that the intensity of the suffering endured by the African people should be described nothing short of a Holocaust. By examining tragic facts in the form of tables, this paper analyzes the Atlantic Slave Trade from an Afrocentric point of view rather than from either a Eurocentric or even Africanist perspective. In other words, this paper makes little or no apology for presenting material from an African perspective or for identifying emotionally with African history. Instead the paper "presents an insider's perspective which more overtly embraces an African identity."
Paper Outline:
From Harmony to Holocaust
Africanist vs. Afrocentric Point of View
The Effect of the Atlantic Slave Trade on African Culture (in General)
The Effect of the Atlantic Slave Trade on Specific African Cultures
African Complicity?
The Problem Remains the Same
From the Paper
"The observations made by Tunde Obadina above are echoed in "The Maafa: A Holocaust of Greed." In this reading, the situation on the African continent resulting from the slave trade is described as one of pure chaos. Kingdoms would rise and fall depending on how well they filled the individual ?slave-quotas? dictated by the Europeans. Cultural continuity was almost a contradiction in terms as established groups would pass from the scene in quick succession, one after the other. So to ask if the African cultures were affected by the slave trade is go about understanding this situation in completely the wrong way. The effect was a given. Better to ask exactly how much damage was done to African culture as a result of the trade in Africans. This much is clear, the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade was "an event which destroyed peoples and whole cultures, an event which would destabilize a continent, changing it forever.""
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Slave Trade in West Africa, 2001.
This paper studies the history of the ongoing phenomenon of slave trade in West Africa.
1,850 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper endeavours to explore the impact of the slave trade on West Africa. It examines how the historical injustices of the slave trade have undeniably affected West Africa detrimentally in the political, economic and social arenas. It details the recent discussions by leaders of nations historically involved in the slave trade as they determine what reparations can be made to the victims of this inhumane practice. It gives an historical overview of the slave trade in general and specifically in West Africa.
From the Paper
"Before embarking on the political, economic and social fallout of the slave trade on West Africa, it is important to give a brief description of this blight in history. From the middle of the 15th century, the Portuguese initiated the slave trade. They were followed by the Spaniards and at a lengthier period (1562) by the British. Then in rapid succession by the Dutch (approximately 1620), the French (approximately 1640), the Swedes, Danes and Prussians, before culminating in its most awful activities in the 18th century (Morel, E.D., 1920, 4). Foreigners conducted wholly unprovoked attacks on African villages and kidnapped the young people who were strong enough to work their sugar and coffee plantations as well as for domestic servitude in their homes. The export of Africans to the New World furnished the workforce for the colonial plantations and mines whose yield (gold, silver and, most importantly, sugar, cocoa, cotton, tobacco and coffee) were the principal components of global commerce (M?Bokolo, E., 1998, 2). The horror of the Africans being torn from their homes and their families is matched only by the horror of the number of Africans who perished in the course of transportation on the slave ships
??. the slaves could not turn around, were wedged immovably, in fact, and chained to the deck by the neck and legs?.not infrequently would go mad before dying of suffocation?.in their frenzy some killed others in the hopes of procuring more room to breathe?.men strangled those next to them, and women drove nails into each others? brains.? (Morel, E.D., 1920, 4)."
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Africa and the Atlantic Slave Trade, 2006.
A review of the Atlantic slave trade from Africa to America.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how history has traditionally taught students that the Atlantic slave trade was about the capture and torture of African people by Europeans and Americans over a 400-year period. The involvement of the African people in the sale of their own citizens to slave traders has only been explored in the last few decades. The paper further discusses how this is perhaps due to the fact that the realization that a nation would sell its own people in exchange for goods is almost unfathomable; yet, it is a realistic fact of the Atlantic slave trade. The reasons behind Africa's involvement in this manner include economics, fear and a struggle for power. Although some historians contend that these reasons expressed monumental concerns of the rulers of Africa, it is also apparent that not all rulers of the regions believed that selling their citizens was a just course for the nation.
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Early Colonies of the Americas, 2006.
This paper examines the early establishment of the Spanish and English colonies in the Americas as quests for gold, God and glory.
2,435 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, soon after word of the great wealth and abundance of potential converts, discovered by Christopher Columbus, spread across Europe, other nations expeditiously sent their own ships to the new world to establish settlements, extract the land's wealth and convert the natives. The author points out that, while the Spanish immediately laid claim to Central and South America and later ventured north into New Mexico, the English followed over a century later by establishing their first permanent settlement in Virginia. The paper stresses that each group of settlers had different reasons for choosing to colonize the Americas. The author concludes that these groups' expectations for their colonies, their relations and early encounters with the natives and their fundamental long-term goals catalyzed the experiences of the early colonists and ultimately shaped the structure of these early American settlements.
From the Paper
"By 1622, the settlers of the Chesapeake had established what they considered to be a peaceful and friendly dynamic with the Indians, living in a hierarchical, dominating peace with the natives. In the massacre of 1622, the Indians cunningly preyed upon the English settlers' sense of safety and their naivety to the Indians' true feelings regarding their relationship. Although the efforts of the Indians were largely successful, it was also the catalyst for their demise, as it brought about a valid excuse for the English to assault the natives and steal their lands which, it can be argued, had been their intention from the start."
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The Atlantic Slave Trade, 2002.
This paper studies the reign of two African rulers, King Afonso I and Queen Njinga Mbande, showing that all the slave trade began with the consent of African rulers.
2,228 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 7 sources, $ 69.95
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Abstract
The writer asserts that the slave trade from Africa to Europe was not possible without the aid of African leaders. The paper looks to prove that African leaders clearly participated voluntarily in the slave trade and that it wasn?t until the reign of and King Garcia II that the slave trade became an illegal trade in Africa.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Slaves and Social Structure
King Afonso
Queen Njinga Mbande
King Garcia II
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The slave structure that was in existence when Alfonso opened his country to Portugal was a transformation of an established social class. The jonya system which existed in the Western portion of Africa established a class of people in society that was part of a lineage and socio-political category that was part of the ruling class. In essence, they were captives belonging to the royal and were not transferable. Eventually, with the outside influence of Muslims and Christians, this system was replaces with the slave system in which the individual?s ownership was transferable (Ogot 15-16)."
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Islam and the Slave Trade, 2007.
This paper discusses the role of Islam in the African slave trade.
2,830 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the topic of slavery in the Islamic world with the intention of showing that, contrary to some popular myths, the slave trade was not a European invention but that there was already a well established industry in this regard prior to European colonization. In this article, the writer relates the contention made in many articles and studies, that the fact of slavery in the Islamic world has not received the same moral criticism and censure as the better known slavery in the European world. Furthermore, the writer notes that scholars also state that not only did Muslim slavery predate European slavery in Africa, but it has also been more resistant to abolition than European slavery; and in some instances the claim is made that the Islamic slave trade provided the model and motivation for slavery for other cultures and nations.
Outline:
Introduction
Evidence of the Pre-Colonial Islamic Slave Trade
The Characteristics of Slavery in Islam
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"The fact of Islamic slavery is further substantiated by the attitude towards slavery from the tenets of the Islamic faith. In Islam and the Koran there is a general acceptance of slavery as part of social life. However this fact should come as no surprise, as slavery is one of human societies most endemic and ancient institutions; and a defense of slavery can, for example, be found in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible as a basic feature of human civilization. Neither were the Islamic nations the first to enslave Africans. Before them the Egyptians enslaved Africans on a large and systematic scale."
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