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School Size and Academic Performance, 2002.
A literature review of the effects of the student body size on school costs and academic performance in Mississippi high schools.
5,217 words (approx. 20.9 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 129.95
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Abstract
One of the most heated point of contention within school districts currently is the variable effects of school size, school funding and student performance. There are costs and benefits associated with school size and especially class size and those issues affect school funding, as it is largely accepted that less schools, therefore larger schools equals less cost overall. Yet, the concern in any district is the trade off associated with increasing the size of the student body and therefore almost assuredly increasing the class size and the student to teacher ratio. Mississippi schools are not alone in their quest to find an answer to this growing dilemma. A review of current literature assists educators in a greater understanding of the inherent problems and solutions offered for both increasing school size and decreasing or maintaining current status. This analysis assesses the current state of information on the interrelated issues of student body size, school costs and academic performance. A short summary of the conclusive evidence within the literature, shows that there is a growing trend to determine just what the best size is for secondary schools. The overwhelming evidence is in favor of smaller schools that incorporate the use of many interdisciplinary tools and use careful coordination to ensure that diversity remains within the school curriculum. Researchers from all over the spectrum are searching for ways to determine the best possible results for all students within the compulsory education system and the focal point could just be the very question this paper asks: How much does school size affect cost and student success?
From the Paper
"Not only does Roellke suggest that smaller schools are just as effective as larger schools on the issue of curriculum and that there are possibilities that can be offered only by smaller schools, he also contends that smaller schools are the best trying ground for curricular improvement efforts. ?Lower enrollments allow for such engaging and meaningful instructional practices, suggesting that small schools are ideal sites for curriculum reform efforts.? (Roellke 1996) Roellke also stresses that some of the ways in which smaller high schools offer greater curricular diversity than they might have in the past, is through the implementation of greater collaborative efforts and also the use of technological advances. Roellke is one of many researchers making the connection between school size and curricular diversity a less important factor through further investigation."
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Class Size and Student Performance, 2002.
A review of the research and a study proposal on the subject of reducing class size as a means of improving student performance.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
While studies suggest that there is a correlation between class size and student performance, the extent of this correlation is, as of ye,t unknown. This unknown quality is what has justified maintaining reduced class sizes, for the expenditure of hiring additional teachers and equipping them in order to reduce the size of the average classroom is a costly procedure that requires extensive validation. If there is a statistically significant increase in student performance in classes with a reduced size, this then arguably validates reducing class size. The evidence thus far suggests that there is a statistically significant increase in performance and that steps should be taken to reduce class size.
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Reducing Class Size, 2000.
The benefits to the teachers, students, and parents of reducing class size. The many strategies and methods used to decrease class size.
1,754 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 56.95
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Class Size, 2004.
A look at the effects of class size on high school students' proficiency exams.
2,067 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how a 'hot topic' in education has continuously been reducing class size as part of education reforms designed to improve the achievement of American children. It looks at how President Clinton?s education initiative called for the reduction of class sizes and how, with the induction of the ?No Child Left Behind? legislation, the Bush Administration's new emphasis on accountability have made class-size reduction less of a priority. It discusses how the concept of smaller class size remains popular among parents and teachers, with an emphasis on the overall goal of improving student academic achievement, especially at the high school level, thus increasing standardized test scores.
From the Paper
"Smaller class size would allow teachers to work and devote more time to the individual needs of each student. This would include providing classroom time or help, while also providing feedback on homework and tests in a timelier manner. However, there are several concerns with the reduction of class size. Budget constraints are a great issue since hiring more teachers and support personnel would be required. Next, the supply of certified teachers is in demand therefore, the lack of quality may result by producing quantity. Also, administration would need to support such a move therefore producing more facilities for classrooms and providing more time for professional development opportunities. Various studies have been conducted to support the concept that smaller class size has a positive effect on high school proficiency exams."
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School Size Restructuring, 2004.
This paper argues that schools should be restructured to permit smaller schools and class sizes.
1,020 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that smaller schools and class sizes produce improved student literacy, academic achievement, and social skills. The author points out that children taught in smaller size classes, especially in grades K-3, receive more personalized attention, which leads to improved student learning and long-term academic achievement, thereby, laying the foundation for a brighter economic future for both students and society. The paper also relates that smaller school sizes are less likely to foster alienation, drug use, and risky behaviors found on large campuses; students at small schools also benefit from a sense of belonging, as the schools are more like a community.
From the Paper
"Larger schools may well fulfill the federal and state governments need for accommodating more students within the available budgets and resources such as land. However, the question that really needs to be examined is whether such large facilities achieve long-term educational goals. The answer is clearly in the negative as indicated by research evidence from the results of over 100 studies on school size: ?Student achievement in small schools?often superior?. In addition, a large body of research in the affective and social realms overwhelmingly affirms the superiority of small schools.? "
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Body Size, 2003.
A discussion of what the advantages and disadvatages a large body size gives to individuals with reference to Cope's rule of phylogenetic increase.
1,303 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper describes how in 1896, Edward D. Cope first published his law of phylogenetic increase which states that body size and longevity tend to increase during the evolutionary history of a lineage. It shows how this seems to be true for most animal groups, with only a few notable exceptions. It examines how the advantages of having a larger body size are numerous and attempts to establish whether possessing a large body size confers advantage not just ecologically, in the short-term, but also in a long-term evolutionary sense.
From the Paper
"It is true, and seems obvious, that large animals make better predators. This is because if an animal is considerably larger than its prey, it can subdue this prey simply due to its size as it is bound to be stronger and more powerful. An example is the African lion, Panthera leo, whose paws have such immense strength that they can knock down an ox with one blow. Being larger also offers benefits to herbivores as safety and protection from predators. If an animal is large, a predator is less likely to attack it. It also means that the animal may be more able to defend itself or escape from these predators. Bigger, especially taller, herbivores also have the advantage of being able to reach food that is higher in trees or bushes, which animals that are not so tall cannot reach."
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Family Size and Educational Attainment, 2008.
This paper explores the relationship between family size and educational attainment.
1,092 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at studies that demonstrate how family size has an adverse effect upon the educational attainment of children. The paper then discusses a study that showed that Muslim nuclear families blessed with strong extended family ties can be large ones without their size negatively impacting the educational attainment of young people. The paper concludes that while there does seem to be a correlation between family size and educational attainment, other factors clearly come into play.
From the Paper
"To begin with, it must be noted that the correlation between family size and educational attainment is a phenomenon that can be explained by some (but not all) sociological theories. Structuralism, for one, is a sociological theory (as most students of sociology well know) that holds that people are shaped by the larger society of which they are part. In short, the values, the institutions, and the culture of a society shape the roles and actions individuals will play in life (incidentally, for an interesting comparison of structuralism to individualism within sociological theory, please see Gannon & Freidheim, 877-882)."
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Reducing Class Size, 2004.
A paper which argues that smaller size of classes, particularly in the initial years of elementary school, has a positive affect on the achievement of student.
1,438 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that reducing class sizes in the initial years of a student?s education have emerged to follow students all through their education level. It shows how these students graduate and move on to post-secondary education which is at higher rates as compared to their peers who had the experience of much larger class sizes.
From the Paper
"Eventually the conclusion given by the researchers was that they were unable to reveal the effect of smaller class size on student achievement. Even though test scores increased, but the researchers were not able to attribute the increase to small class size. However, the near-universal reduction in class sizes made it tough for the researchers to find comparison groups in which size of class was not reduced.
Researchers at the same time made few other interesting findings. For instance, as the new law was so quickly implemented, it caused a strong and unprepared demand for new teachers. The result of which was that qualifications for teacher radically dropped, particularly in schools that served disadvantaged to students."
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Reducing Student Class Size, 2004.
An opinion paper, which states that reducing class size improves student achievement.
1,584 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines whether a reduced class size would have a positive effect on student participation and achievement. It discusses several studies in this field and concludes that the benefits to both the students and the teachers are clear.
From the Paper
"Most studies have proved that smaller size of classes, particularly in the initial years of elementary school, has a positive affect on the achievement of student. Normally research has shown that the maximum impact on student achievement take place when the size of class reduced to less than twenty students. At the same time it is not only the student achievement but smaller class size further builds up teacher confidence as well as the amount of class time allocated to instruction is increased (Ivor, 1999)."
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Class Size Reduction (CSR).
This paper discusses the literature on the dilemma of class size reduction (CSR).
975 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that both research and simple logic demonstrate that class size reduction (CSR) improves learning outcomes; however, some educators have looked at the data and concluded that CSR makes no difference. The author points out that teachers who have fewer students in their classes report benefits, which cannot be measured on the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) or any other tests, such as having the opportunity to get to know each child better and a reduction in discipline problems. The paper relates that there are some concerns about CSR because it is very expensive: CSR requires not only expensive new classrooms but more staff.
From the Paper
"Bracey conducted a thorough review of the current literature on the topic. The school district of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, conducted a study of their small class initiative, titled Project SAGE. Their results were thought provoking. They tried several approaches, including some classes with 15 students and one teacher, but other classes with 30 students and two teachers. Interestingly, both formats worked equally well. However, the population of students was overwhelmingly poor minority students. If this result continues over time and was not just a one-time aberration in the statistics, it could reduce one major cost of reducing classrooms, because the number of classrooms would be adequate."
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Cell Size, 2006.
A look at the metabollic reactions of the cell and how this affects cell size.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The cell engulfs food oxygen and lets out carbon dioxide yet everything must go through the cell membrane which is also the total surface area of the cell. This paper discusses metabollic processes within the cell and how these processes affect the cell's size.
From the Paper
"The nucleus and cytoplasm use oxygen and food while producing waste through volume and weight. At times, the cell needs more membrane space in order to provide greater area for intake of oxygen and food and to release waste. However, as the cell grows larger, the ratio of the total surface area-weight ratio decreases. In other words, the greater cell content needs more oxygen and food than the membrane can take in and produces more waste than the membrane can release; its hydrophobic interior excludes the aqueous solutions of the cytoplasm and the external environment. "Although a large cell would be able to withstand more metabolic reactions (due to its larger volume) than a smaller cell, the larger..."
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Population Size in Lynx Canadensis, 2008.
An analysis of the environmental, predation, competition and food availability factors that affect the population size of the Canadian lynx.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the factors that regulate the population size of the lynx canadensis, the Canadian lynx that is common to boreal forests in nearly all of Canada, Alaska and the northern contiguous United States. It specifically looks at environmental, predation, competition and food availability factors. The paper includes graphs in its explanations.
From the Paper
"When the hare population begins to increase, the Lynx population follows the trend, as there is more prey available to feed on. Once the point where there are more hares being killed than are being born is reached, the prey population begins to fall. Due to the decreasing food supply, the Lynx population begins to suffer and declines as well. This is crucial in understanding why the lynx species does not grow out of control or suffer extinction (King & Schaffer 2001). During the low cycle of the hare population, the Lynx switches to hunting red squirrels; this shows the adaptive capabilities of the lynx that prevent the species from going completely extinct. However, as the hare population begins to rebound, the Lynx return to the hare as its primary source of prey and the cycle begins again (O'Donoghue et. al. 1998). The Lynx shows clear functional responses to changes in the densities of hares. Kill rates of the lynx varied from 0.3 to 1.2 hares per day, with the highest kill rate being one year after the peak in hare density (King & Schaffer 2001). This cyclic concept is illustrated in Figure 2."
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Class Size, 2001.
A discussion on the benefits and importance of reducing class size at the elementary school level.
1,750 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how reducing class size effects elementary school children, teachers, and parents. It also addresses class reduction strategies.
From the Paper
"Being just another face in the crowd has never been at the top of anyone?s list. In particular, children do not typically set out to blend in with those around them. It is commonly known that most children at young ages crave the attention and devotion of others. This is why small class sizes in elementary schools are so essential in today?s society. Class size is ?the number of students in a single class grouping under the direction of a particular teacher,? (Koeppe, Shafritz & Soper, 1988, p.43). Small class sizes are necessary in elementary schools and lead to overall success for individual children."
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Birth Cohort Size, Alcoholism & Crime, 1996.
Research proposal. Analyzes findings, techniques & methodology of research on relationship among the size of age-group populations, criminal deviance, mental problems & drug/alcohol abuse.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 18 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"Steffensmeier, Streifel and Shihadeh (1992) have noted that:
Involvement in crime generally diminishes after adolescence, implying that fluctuations in the age composition of a population may have a significant impact on overall crime rate. (p. 306)
The authors provide an example in the dramatic increases in the rates of serious crime in American observed during the 1960s being linked to the rise in babies associated with the post-World-War II "baby boom." Similarly, they note that the fact that these rates leveled off in the 1980s was associated with the post-1960s "baby bust."
Given that there appears to be a systematic association..."
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"The Approximate Size of His Favorite Humor", 2001.
An analysis of one of Sherman Alexie's short stories entitled "The Approximate Size of His Favorite Tumor."
1,507 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 0 sources, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This is an examination of one of Alexie's short stories from the collection "The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight In Heaven." In this specific short story the writer discusses how two different characters deal with human mortality and the role humor plays in both their grieving processes.
From the Paper
"In the short story collection The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight In Heaven Sherman Alexie deals with a number of difficult subjects and controversial issues with biting humor. Jimmy Many Horses, the main character in ?The Approximate Size of My Favorite Tumor,? approaches the idea of his impending death in the same manner. For this evident detachment, his wife leaves him. She returns however, when she discovers that he is as frightened about his illness as she is. Alexie explores the different ways in which two people react to the thought of human mortality and the way in which they finally come to understand one another."
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