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The Short and Long Term Memory of Infants, 2008.
An analysis of the literature regarding the presence or absence of memory in infants aged 6-12 months.
1,461 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the literature regarding long term and short term memory in infants, focusing on infants aged 6-12 months. The paper hypothesizes that short and long term memory is evident in infants and that evidence of this will exist in some infants, while it will not exist in others. The paper also looks at the role that environment plays in determining the retention of memory.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Methodology
Literature Review
From the Paper
"Bergman, Mahler and Pine (2000) conducted research in relation to infant memory and have concluded that the events that occur within an infant's life not only can be recalled, but are the basis for personality development throughout life (p. 6). This information is based on a theory of the infant-mother relationship in which Bergman, Mahler and Pine (2000) stipulate serves as the foundation of all memory in infancy and supports cognitive development consistently (p. 6). The researchers have concluded that it is this relationship that will indicate whether or not the person has later psychological issues that must be addressed and this relationship that affects how the person will ultimately function in the world. This research, however, is limited because it only provides for a comparison of theories that are then evaluated to support the research concept and it draws conclusions about infant memory that are not based on actual data from the observation of participants."
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Short-Term Memory and Aging, 2008.
A discussion of the possible causes for short-term memory loss in old age.
2,550 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses short-term memory loss among the elderly. The paper points out that the habit of viewing difficulties of short-term memory loss as normal in aging is countered by knowledge of the phenomenon as a frequent indication of changes in other memory functions. The paper mentions current models, which address short-term memory in relation to brain connectivity, such that impaired short-term memory may be read as a sign for other alterations in memory or brain function that are more significant. The paper looks into a variety of causes in order to gain a better conceptualization of a condition that is a frequent symptom, rather than a disorder all its own. The paper concludes that symptoms involving cognition and memory indicate something, and are not reducible to old models of steady decline, especially mental decline, in old age.
From the Paper
"An aging North American population and much research attention given to Alzheimer's and dementia have produced considerable knowledge of help in understanding other conditions of brain function including mental and nervous disorder. Grady, Furey Et Al (2001) examined altered brain connectivity and the decline of short-term memory of a sample of Alzheimer's patients and a normal control group. Alzheimer's disorder is increasing defined as a syndrome of dysfunctional connectivity within the brain whose most apparent indication is often much impaired short-term memory. Given the technology available to neurologists and neuro-psychiatrists of today, much more is understood of what happens to the memory of the Alzheimer's patient in addition to knowledge allowing us to know more of the normal or aging person who does not present the condition. Delays in cognitive processing due to Alzheimer's changes affect other aspects of memory. For instance, impairment in the functioning of the prefrontal cortex of means the patient cannot recognize a once familiar face, or the face of a caregiver or other individual that is seen daily."
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Experiment In Short-term Memory Recall, 1971.
This paper describes the methods used, including visual data, of an experiment in short-term memory recall. The paper includes the completed research study, charts and graphs.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"The short-term memory experiment to be described in this paper is an attempt to verify the Bieder-Szafran experiment, which is a variation of the Buschke experiment of 1962. Previous to the time of Buschke's experiment, short-term memory studies had been conducted according to the classical method of simply presenting a given amount of information to a subject, who was then asked to recall or recognize, either in oral or written manner, as much of the material presented as he could. G. A. Miller used this approach in the study in which he determined the memory span for humans to be seven, plus or minus two. Miller also stated that the accuracy and amount of recall depended not on the information content of the material, but instead on the number of items presented. This was in 1956."
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Stress and Short Term Memory, 2007.
An examination of the realms of stress and the impact of stress on memory.
5,934 words (approx. 23.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 141.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the different types and causes of stress and looks at their impact on the body. In particular, it reviews the literature and proposes a study to investigate the effects of physical and mental stress on both short and long-term memory.
Outline:
What is Stress?
Types of Stress
Symptoms of Stress
Stress and Memory
Analysis of Questionnaire
Analysis of Pulse Rate
Analysis of Blood Pressure
Analysis of Salivary Cortisol Levels
Results of Memory Clinic Tests
Limitations of the Study
Suggestions For Additional Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"On a lighter note, research has found that the Cortisol induced inhibition of short-term memory is reversible. Elzinga documented that though working memory was inhibited in the Stress State, the rats returned to normal functioning after only ten days of non-stress situations (2005). Signifying with appropriate coping and managing stress individuals can ensure their health. There are a number of ways in which individuals can reduce the effects of stress in their lives. Exercise, proper diet and relaxation techniques can help with releases for built up tension and stress for individuals. Exercise has proven very effective in stress reduction."
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Relative Kicking Frequency of Newborns, 2005.
This paper provides a review of the article "The Relative Kicking Frequency of Infants Born Full-term and Preterm During Learning and Short-term and Long-term Memory Periods of the Mobile Paradigm".
1,421 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer discusses the article "The Relative Kicking Frequency of Infants Born Full-term and Preterm During Learning and Short-term and Long-term Memory Periods of the Mobile Paradigm". The writer explains that this experiment was done to compare full-term infants' to preterm infants' kicking in a task-specific manner, which is the mobile paradigm. The writer maintains that one purpose of the study was to see if infants would increase the kicking of their tethered, or right leg, to make the mobile turn. Further, the writer notes that another purpose of the study was to test if the infants would not only learn the mobile paradigm on day one, but would also retain this task for a short-term memory period of 24 hours, and the long-term memory period of 1 week.
Outline:
Hypothesis
Participants
Setting
Research Design
Procedure
Results
Methodological Issues
Integrated into Classroom Material
Personal Reaction
From the Paper
"For the first three minutes there was baseline; the mobile was attached to the left side of the crib so that when the infant kicked the mobile did not turn. For the next nine minutes, called acquisition, the mobile was moved to the right hand side of the crib so that when the infant kicked their tethered leg the mobile moved. For the comparison group the mobile remained on the left and the investigator moved the mobile with a transparent wire. During minutes 12 to 15 there was extinction where the mobile was back on the left hand side and the kicking did not move the mobile. For the full-term group there were three testing sessions. The first two were on consecutive days and then the third one was one week later. The preterm group had 12 testing sessions: 2 sessions consecutively for 6 weeks. During each of these sessions the kicks of the tethered and non-tethered leg were recorded."
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The Psychology of Memory, 2006.
A discussion regarding the sensory memory, working memory and long-term memory.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper looks closely at a chapter describing the inner workings of our human memory, and the three component system that we utilize to retail information. Using sensory memory, working memory and long-term memory we can learn to better encode information in order to be more successful students. The more meaning we can attach to our memories, the stronger memories they become.
From the Paper
"Memories can seem to be fleeting moments, shocking us when we can not seem to recall the most standard pieces of information, or surprisingly dense, as when details one thought completely unimportant rise clearly into our thoughts. Understanding the processes behind memory can aid our quests to recall specific information similarly to how an information processing system such as a computer or database works. Through a clear understanding of the three component model of memory--sensory memory, working or short term memory and long term memory--one can apply this awareness towards creating specific rehearsal and encoding cues which will be more likely to remain stable in our long term memory. While the processes of memory have been speculated upon for centuries, a current model describes memory utilizing technological imagery. "
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Visual Memory and Eye Movements, 2008.
A study of the correlation between visual short-term memory, eye movements, human behavior and comprehension.
1,360 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the nature of temporal memory, visual perception, and attention shifts through eye movement prove intriguing subject matter. The paper looks into two particular experimental designs used to investigate these issues. The first investigates how eye movement and visual short-term memory are related to pedestrian traffic behavior. The second experimental design tests the correlation between television viewing and the ability to read stereograms. Both television viewing and comprehension of stereograms require a long period of looking at once spot and taking in visual information, though one involves absorption of moving information and the other involves absorption of still information. The paper explains that both designs observe eyeball movement and visual focus in terms of competency tasks and that one involves the real-life scenario of pedestrian behavior, while the other involves the ability to detect hidden geometric patterns using visual focus. The paper concludes that the first experiment is an important test to implement because pedestrian traffic fatalities prove to be a dominant and historical problem, while the second test is interesting because the ability to glimpse the hidden images in stereograms is still an unsolved mystery.
Outline:
Introduction
Experimental Design
Non-Experimental/Correlational Design
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The problem is how to test the hypotheses in an ethical fashion. Restricting the potential eye movement and scope of vision of pedestrians as they walk through real-life traffic would be very ethically wrong. Instead, a simulation needs to be developed whereby the safety of subjects is not compromised. In this case, the simulation can come either via reconstruction of a traffic scenario (difficult to enact) or in terms of a computer simulation (which poses no safety risk). A number of computer games already exist in which traffic and pedestrian behavior are a major part of the game. An obvious example is Grand Theft Auto, though as this game is controversial (violence, bad language) it may not be appropriate. The game "City Life" would be better, as it is visually very realistic and easy to maneuver. Other Sims games may be also appropriate and are readily available. However, in order to eliminate the chance of video prowess of being an extraneous variable, the game should be very simple and easy for computer game "beginners" to maneuver. A pedestrian street version of city life, or a fairly "clean" part of Grand Theft Auto, may be appropriate. The scene selection is one whereby intersecting traffic is a consideration and the A to B point of pedestrian travel is a fairly straight, easy-to-monitor course."
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Recovered Memory, 2008.
A discussion of recovered memory and repressed memory.
773 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the mental faculty of recovered memory and the neurological mechanisms involved in retaining and recalling past experiences. It takes a particular look at the controversy among psychologists regarding repressed memory and whether or not it actually exists. The paper asserts that much scientific research supports the validity of repressed memory. The paper also points out, however, that this research does not address whether repressed memories are true or false, such as in the case of testimonies when dealing with abuses or crimes. The paper concludes that such accounts should indeed be taken very seriously and should be critically examined in relation to other evidence.
From the Paper
"False memories are memories that were distorted or even created within and outside of the therapeutic context. Patients with psychological distress see a therapist as a source of help in their search for an "effort at meaning" (Clansy, cited in Furtado, 2003). Patients' memory is extremely susceptible that the subtlest suggestion made by a doctor can alter or create false experiences such as memories of abuse. They can be created by the use of several techniques, such as recovered memory therapy, hypnosis, guided imagery, and dream interpretation (Davis, Loftus, & Follette, 2001). An experiment carried out by Dr. Nader and Dr. Shafe may give a neurobiological insight into how memories are updated. Using the fear conditioning process, they trained rats to associate a tone with an electric shock. Once the memory was consolidated, they presented the tone and immediately injected a drug that would inhibit the production of proteins. The fact that the animals reacted instead of freezing at the sound implied that the memories became vulnerable to suggestions, and that the production of new proteins were needed to store them back into long-term storage (Blakeslee, 2000)."
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Human Memory, 1997.
Definition and function of the human memory, including different theories on short- & long-term memory. Examines organization, psychological & neural aspects, forgetting and aging.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
" THE HUMAN MEMORY
Introduction
The human memory includes mental representation of our knowledge of the world, how we access that knowledge, why we fail to access it, and how we integrate new information. Memory organization and psychological and neural aspects are included, as is the memory system in normal and pathological aging (Klatzky, 1980).
Function & Process
The human memory can be viewed as an information processing system which is divided into three storage structures which correspond to a stage of processing stimulus. Sensory register, (registers for the five senses, visual, hearing, touch, smell, and taste; vision and hearing registers have been studied the.."
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How Stress Affects Memory, 2007.
This paper explores stress and memory and how these two factors interact in various ways.
1,353 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper offers the psychological and neurological definitions of stress and memory and explains how men and women handle stress in different ways. The paper looks at how teenagers of both genders may be especially vulnerable to stress. The paper studies the effect acute stress has on the short term memory and how chronic stress can negatively impact both short and long term memory of a sufferer in a permanent fashion. The paper provides suggestions on how to reduce stress and considers areas of future research.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
What is Memory?
What is Stress?
Gender, Age and Various Stressors
Acute Stress and Memory
Chronic Stress and Memory
How to Reduce Stress?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A memory is a kind of neurological activity of imprinting or retrieval. Different areas of the brain coordinate different areas of memory, such as phonological, or acoustic and linguistic memory, as opposed to visual and spatial memory. These different types of memory stimulate different areas of the brain. Intense personal memories appear to affect a particular structure of the limbic system of the brain, in addition to the hippocampus. This structure is called the amygdala and regulates human reactions to fearful situations."
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Separating False Recollection from True Memory, 2002.
Analyzes Repressed Memory Syndrome and the problems involved in using memories as evidence.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the so-called "Repressed Memory Syndrome." The author discusses how the issue is controversial in that as the so-called victims are winning large settlements in courts, the number of therapists and cases is rising dramatically. While most psychiatrists admit that repressing traumatic memories does indeed happen, many do not believe in the existence of Repressed Memory Syndrome. The paper makes this case by discussing a slew of psychiatric evidence, all of which suggests that memory is not absolute, memories can certainly be created and that the tools therapists use to revive memories can actually help create them. The most damning evidence against RMS has been findings which suggest that the social and legal goals of the rememberer can influence memory. The author closes by arguing that more research needs to be done into how memories are created and how they can be distinguished from false ones, so that actual victims of child abuse need not be trivializes.
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Autobiographical Memory, 2002.
This paper discusses autobiographical memory, one's ability to store information for events and issues related to one's self.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that autobiographical memory includes, not only memories for specific experiences, but also memories for the personal facts of one's life. The author points out that the brain uses two forms of memory storage: Semantic memory and episodic memory. The paper relates that autobiographical memories are some of the most important memories we have because they include our self-image, our knowledge of the world around us, and the recall of emotional and specific events, which help to influence our lives.
From the Paper
"Episodic memory plays a role in autobiographical memory in a number of ways. First, parts of autobiographical memories involve "flashbulb memories", or the memory for a situation in which we had high emotion or surprise. For example, one may remember the day in which the World Trade center was attacked. The memory of this event includes information such as the place of the event, the event which was interrupted by the high emotion, where one received the news, the feelings associated with the news, and the emotions of those around them."
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Memory: How Reliable Is It ?, 2003.
Explores human memory and questions the reliability of memory.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains human memory and discusses how it is formed. It explores the mysteries the mechanisms of memory, the different levels of memory, and its reliability.
From the Paper
"According to the article by Dr. Helen Silvia, the temporal lobe is a region of the brain that presents a significant involvement with memory. It is localized under the temporal bone (above the ears) so named because hair in this region frequently is the first ones to become gray with time. There is considerable evidence pointing to this region as being particularly important for the storage of past events. The temporal lobe includes the temporal neocortex, which could potentially be the region involved with long-term memory."
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Alcohol and Memory, 2002.
Studies the effects of alcohol on memory and the variants of the concepts 'alcohol' and 'memory' in pscychological research, using articles as references.
775 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 30.95
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Abstract
In experimental psychology research that studies the effects of alcohol on memory, there are significant differences in the ways "alcohol" and 'memory' are conceptualized. In the articles reviewed here, this paper will be drawing attention to the differences of context, that is, how the researchers have identified the relations of alcohol and alcoholism in contexts of studying memory processes.
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Memory Research, 1999.
Examines the history of experimental research in human memory. Discusses processes and structure, definition, researchers, models and theories, learning, short-term, long-term and more.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 14 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
The subject of human memory has fascinated thinkers and scientists throughout recorded history. What people remember, and how they remember it, has an impact on every aspect of life. The performance of the simplest, everyday tasks is based on the ability to recall how they are done, and new information and experiences can only be fully assimilated if a framework of past experience exists
From the Paper
"The subject of human memory has fascinated thinkers and scientists throughout recorded history. What people remember, and how they remember it, has an impact on every aspect of life. The performance of the simplest, everyday tasks is based on the ability to recall how they are done, and new information and experiences can only be fully assimilated if a framework of past experience exists. Despite its overwhelming importance, however, human memory was, for centuries, only a matter for speculation. It was not until the late nineteenth century that the empirical study of memory began. As successive theories of memory were proposed, they were subjected to testing. Whether the proposed theories were confirmed or denied by the testing, the results inevitably suggested new paths for investigation, and further theorizing. After over one hundred years of study and ..."
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