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The Search for Longitude, 2002.
An insight into the discovery by John Harrison of how to measure longitude using a clock.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper gives a history of the invention of longitude measurement through the review of a book and a program: Dava Sobel?s book "Longitude: The True Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Problem of His Time" and the NOVA program ?Lost at Sea: The Search for Longitude? . It examines why it was that longitude was so difficult to measure to begin with and the different theories put forward it the time of how it could be measured.
From the Paper
"Other inventors believed that more accurate stellar and lunar charts were the key to accurately measuring longitude. Sobel?s book is in some ways the recounting of the contest not just amongst different individuals desirous of the acclaim and wealth that would accrue to the winner of the prize for discovering how to measure longitude but also a recounting of the struggle between two different ways of thinking. Both Sobel in her book and the contributors to the NOVA program (which of course includes comments by Sobel) suggest that Harrison was victorious not only because he was both smart and incredibly persistent but also because he was the most forward-thinking of those seeking to understand the technical problem of longitude. Those trying to come up with ever-more accurate stellar and lunar charts were in many ways clinging to the past: They were trying to fine-tune the ancient technology of navigating by the skies. Harrison, on the other hand, understood that any given technology can only be improved to a certain extent, and beyond that one has to develop an entirely new technology. This is what he set out to do."
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The Search and Seizure Law, 2007.
This paper discusses the Fourth Amendment and the controversy surrounding vehicle searches and consent to search issues.
2,777 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses federal and state case law involving the Fourth Amendment. The paper shows how the right to protection from unreasonable search and seizure is not a simple issue, particularly when dealing with the search of vehicles. The paper highlights how there are no consistent laws regarding search and seizure of vehicles; there are differing opinions of various courts on these issues. The paper concludes that motorists will continue to be confused and the rights of American citizens will continue to be in jeopardy.
From the Paper
"When originally drafted, the Fourth Amendment sought to protect the colonists from unreasonable search and seizure in smuggling cases. Prior to the Amendment, the English authorities used writs of assistance, or general warrants that authorized officials to search anything and seize any goods. These writs remained in effect for the lifetime of the king. In 1760, when King George II passed away, these writs were challenged by James Otis on the grounds these writs went against the English constitution (FindLaw, "History."). As a result, when the Amendments to the United States constitution were drafts, a protection of unreasonable search and seizure was included in the rights of the people."
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Bioinformatics Search Engine, 2007.
Describes the Western Washington University Periodic Search Agent for Protein Database Information or WWU Search Agent, a research project developed under the guidance of one of Western Washington University's biosciences professor.
959 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a recent initiative of the The National Center for Biotechnology Information, which is a national resource for molecular biology information. The project is known as Western Washington University Periodic Search Agent for Protein Database Information or WWU Search Agent. This web-based search engine browses and does periodic searches of the protein databases of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool or BLAST. The writer describes the benefits of this project, which include its interfacing with the NCBI BLAST and the continuous updates and enhancements done by NCBI on the system.
Includes Charts:
Chart - Content of Protein Sequence Databases
Fig. 1 - General Subsequence and Database Input Area
Figure 2 - Options for Advanced BLASTing Input Area
Figure 3 - Format input area for report outputs
From the Paper
"The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) finds regions of local similarity between sequences. The program compares nucleotide or protein sequences to sequence databases and calculates the statistical significance of matches. BLAST can be used to infer functional and evolutionary relationships between sequences as well as help identify members of gene families. The summary of the Content of Protein Sequence Databases with the sequences they contain are as follows: (NCBI, 2006)"
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Search for Extraterrestrial Life, 2005.
An overview of the Search for Extraterrestrial Life project and the technology it uses in its search for extraterrestrial life.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) project and its search for extraterrestrial life via the capture and analysis of radio signals and use of cutting edge technology.
From the Paper
"Ever since ancient times, man has wondered about the existence of intelligent life on other planets. Speculation about what that life might be like has fueled the entire science fiction literary genre as well as a substantial number of movies, some of them excellent. Now, in the 21st Century, the search for extraterrestrial life has moved from the realm of science fiction into the realm of real science. New discoveries, new tools and cutting edge technologies have made the search for extraterrestrial life systematic, scholarly,..."
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Search and Seizure Laws, 2002.
This paper discusses search and seizure laws based on the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States.
2,080 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that the Constitution of the United States provides protection from illegal search and seizure through the Fourth Amendment, but the Fourth Amendment is written in such a way that it can be vague when it comes to what is and what is not a legal search and seizure. The author points out that searches and seizures must have reasonable reasons for being requested and for being authorized and conducted; when a search is allowed, it must be backed by affirmations or oaths that explain why the search is being requested. The paper concludes that any time one studies issues of the Fourth Amendment rights to be protected from search and seizure that is unreasonable, it is important to understand that the case may look very similar to others, but may be completely different when the facts are examined.
From the Paper
"The judges who ruled in each case commented that if the jacket had been locked in a briefcase within the van it might have called to question the driver?s ability to consent to a search. This was an interesting ruling especially since previous cases regarding similar issues have been decided I favor of the government as well as against the government and its claim to the right to search possessions within a stopped vehicle."
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Search Warrants, 2006.
This paper discusses the search warrant, its nature, the required procedures and issues faced by the criminal justice system today.
1,185 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in the United States, to search private property in their criminal investigations, the police are normally required to have a written search warrant. The author points out the very strict guidelines for search warrants, which were created to protect individual citizens from unwarranted abuses by the police and the justice system. The paper states that the hysterical reaction of the authorities and society to the events of 9/11 has resulted in a significant change regarding the criminal justice system and its rules so that searches, warrants and their concomitant rules have become flexible and arbitrary.
Table of Contents:
Requirements and Procedures
Exceptions
Additional Types of Search Warrants
9/11 Issues and Concerns
From the Paper
"Blood samples are normally required in situations where endangerment is caused by an over-indulgence in substances such as drugs or alcohol. Driving under the influence, for example, is such a situation. Surreptitious surveillance is also an issue that is under the control of courts and would be a violation of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms if conduced without a warrant. As will be seen, this has become an extremely controversial issue in the United States."
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Search Engines: Warehouses of Information, 2000.
An explanation of how various search engines on the Internet work.
1,630 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 7 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper defines what a search engine is and explains how various search engines work. There is a search engine glossary which provides an explanation of the various search methods and an evaluation of some of the bigger search engines on the Internet.
From the Paper
"As defined by an online encyclopedia called Webopedia, a search engine is ?a program that searches documents for specified keywords and returns a list of the documents where the keywords were found. Although search engine is really a general class of programs, the term is often used to specifically describe systems like Alta Vista and Excite that enable users to search for documents on the World Wide Web and USENET newsgroups?1. In a logistical sense, a search engine acts like a warehouse. The following demonstrates how web pages are found and indexed, then stored like inventory until a user requests the keyword(s) or subject found in those particular web pages."
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Search and Seizure Law, 2006.
This article looks at the history of the Search and Seizure Law, known currently in the United States as law under the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history and interpretation of the Search and Seizure Law. The writer discusses how such a law emerged and explains that those wishing to protect their property and privacy against unreasonable search and seizure have often battled governments, courts, employers, secular groups, and even one another in a struggle between the rights of the individual and the rights of the general public and legal systems. Yet while individuals struggle to retain their right to privacy and rights against unreasonable search and seizure, the United States Court system has consistently narrowed these rights. The writer maintains that it is this history of conflict that has led to the current interpretations of the search and seizure law, and has made these issues some of the most important in the United States culture today.
From the Paper
"According to Roman culture, the house was under special protection of the household gods. Anyone who reached the fireplace of a house was offered the protection of the gods. Even Cicero discussed the concept of the home as a protected asylum, when he stated that the house of a citizen was to be defended since in was "a place of refuge so sacred to all men that to be dragged from thence is unlawful" (Lasson, 15).
However, it is in these Roman times that one can begin to see the shift to allow for certain types of search and seizure within a court of law. While individual persons were responsible for their own prosecution against others, they were still given a warrant, which allowed them full rights to gather evidence. This "evidence" included all papers and documents relating to the case, and was obtained through a search of the home of the accused, or through a search of any other home (Lasson, 16). As one can see, the ambiguousness of the warrant for search and seizure allowed the prosecution to search anyone, and seize any documents they felt "necessary"."
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Search and Seizure, 2001.
This paper examines "The Automobile Exception" which permits a search and seizure policy.
1,245 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history and constitutional development of the "Automobile Exception" to the search warrant requirement of the Fourth Amendment which originated in 1924. The automobile exception allows police officers to search and seize a vehicle without a search warrant. It cites several relevant cases such as New York vs.Belton, California vs. Camey and their legal precedents.
From the Paper
"A woman and a man are sitting on a park bench chatting. A police officer approaches and notices a syringe in the man's shirt pocket. The officer asks the man why he has a syringe, and the man replies that he uses it to take drugs. The officer seizes a handbag that is close to the woman; he proceeds to search the handbag and removes the contents including her wallet and identification. Under the current law, this search would violate the Fourth Amendment since the officer did not first obtain a search warrant. However, in Wyoming v. Houghton', the United States Supreme Court held that a similar search was not a violation of the Fourth Amendment. The only difference was that the man and woman were in an automobile, and the search fell under an exception to the Fourth Amendment, commonly called the automobile exception", which was created in 1924 in the case Carroll vs. The United States. The automobile exception is an exception to the Fourth Amendment which eliminates the need for a search warrant when there is probable cause to believe that an automobile contains contraband or instruments/evidence of criminal activity. This paper will examine the history of the automobile exception and important cases that have involved and shaped this constitutional exception."
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Police Searches and Seizures, 2001.
This essay is an overview of police searches and seizures and the problematic aspects of them.
990 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a very brief overview of police searches and seizures in the form of a literature review of some of the most important issues that have been addressed in this area. It examines the arena of search and seizure from a legal point of view, because it is part of the law enforcement agency. It details the latitude that police and other law enforcement agents are allowed to carry out searches and seizures, and if they are rightfully carries out. It details jurisdiction of prevailing local political and judicial thinking and the considerable variance in the amount of protection given to the individual rights of the accused person because of local custom in different regions of the United States.
From the Paper
"The subject of police searches and seizures is both complex and wide-ranging and has been for a number of years one of the most important concerns in American policing and judicial circles. This paper provides a very brief overview of the topic in the form of a literature review of some of the most important issues that have been addressed in this area.The arena of search and seizure covers all those practices engaged in by law enforcement officers to gain sufficient evidence to ensure the arrest and conviction of an offender (Polyvios, 1982, p. 18). The latitude allowed police and other law enforcement agents to carry out searches and seizures varies considerably from jurisdiction to jurisdiction due to prevailing local political and judicial thinking and there is considerable variance in the amount of protection given to the individual rights of the accused person because of local custom (Rossow &Stefkovich, 1996, p. 38)." It gives examples of several cases where police searches were wrongfully carried out and details their rulings."
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Search and Seizure Law, 2006.
An overview and interpretation of the law of search and seizure in the U.S.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how search and seizure law, known currently in the United States as law under the Fourth Amendment to the Constitution, has been in existence in one form or another since biblical times. It looks at how those wishing to protect their property and privacy against unreasonable search and seizure have often battled governments, courts, employers, secular groups and even one another in a struggle between the rights of the individual and the rights of the general public and legal systems. It discusses how the United States Court system has consistently narrowed these rights and how it is this history of conflict that has led to the current interpretations of the search and seizure law.
From the Paper
"According to Roman culture, the house was under special protection of the household gods. Anyone who reached the fireplace of a house was offered the protection of the gods. Even Cicero discussed the concept of the home as a protected asylum, when he stated that the house of a citizen was to be defended since in was "a place of refuge so sacred to all men that to be dragged from thence is unlawful" (Lasson, 15).
However, it is in these Roman times that one can begin to see the shift to allow for certain types of search and seizure within a court of law. While individual persons were responsible for their own prosecution against others, they were still given a warrant, which allowed them full rights to gather evidence. This "evidence" included all papers and documents relating to the case, and was obtained through a search of the home of the accused, or through a search of any other home (Lasson, 16). As one can see, the ambiguousness of the warrant for search and seizure allowed the prosecution to search anyone, and seize any documents they felt "necessary"."
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Student Search and Seizure Case, 2007.
A case study of a hypothetical situation in which a student was searched and arrested at school for possession of cocaine and a comparison with real life cases of the same nature.
1,074 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This three page paper analyzes the constitutionality of searches and seizures in schools. The writer explores a hypothetical case in which a student was searched and arrested when a cocaine pipe was found in her coat pocket. It then applies real life cases to the argument that the search of the hypothetical student at school, was illegal.
From the Paper
"In the TLO case the court ruled that the authorities had no reasonable suspicion that there were cigarettes in the student's purse. In our case, the officer had no reasonable suspicion that the student's coat pocket would contain drugs therefore he had no right to perform the search of her person."
"The weakest argument we have is the argument that the school did not have the right to search because it has no claim as the parent substitute. Several courts have upheld school searches with the ruling that the school operates as the parent during school hours, therefore the student has no right to privacy from school authorities.
However in the case of New Jersey v. T.L.O. the courts found that schools do not in fact act as parents."
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Internet Search Engines, 2002.
A report of the results of the use of two search engines to elicit links to Web sites on the topic of project management.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, $ 55.95
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Abstract
A report of the results of the use of two search engines to elicit links to Web sites on topic of project management. Details the searches and "hits" found on the Google and Excite search engines. Discusses findings from several sites listed. Evaluates their merits for efficiency, content and comprehensiveness. 1 Chart.
From the Paper
"This research reports the results of the use of two Internet search engines to elicit so-called "hits," or links to Web sites covering the topic of project management. The research will set forth the details of searches and hits encountered on the Google and Excite search engines and discuss findings from ten sites listed in these search engines, as well as evaluate their relative merits for efficiency, content, and comprehensiveness.
The fact that proprietary search engines, or sets of computer programs that function as instruments of and portals to online information retrieval (Search, 2001), are of variable quality has long been acknowledged by information-industry experts (Salpeter, 2001; Goldsborough, 2001). This owes something to the information-retrieval utilities, conventions, and ..."
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Search and Seizure Laws, 2006.
A review of the laws pertaining to the searching of private property and the seizure of criminal evidence.
1,036 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of a particular crime scenario and relates how search and seizure laws and rules apply to it. The paper explores the scenario and how the defendant's attorney could effectively argue against some of the evidence that was obtained in the search of the home where the body was found.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
History
Search
Constitution
The Case
From the Paper
"The constitution addresses the topic of search and seizure and the boundaries that must be followed.
In another CA case a man was refused entry to his home until police officers could obtain a search warrant that uncovered some marijuana.
The police were initially called because his ex-wife was moving out and asked for a civil standby while she removed her things. As she was leaving she told officers that she saw her husband hide marijuana under a couch. Police refused to allow him entry to the home for 15 minutes while they obtained a search warrant because they believed if he got into the house he would flush the evidence. The courts held the actions were illegal. The law allows search and seizure without a search warrant in cases of extreme and immediate danger to someone's life. This was not the case in the marijuana search. "
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