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Scramble for Africa and the Berlin Conference, 2004.
An examination of the history of the colonization of Africa in the late 1800s and the consequential Berlin Conference in 1884.
1,024 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly discusses the period of history known as the 'scramble for Africa' when European countries tried to colonize as much of Africa as possible in the late 1800s until the start of WWI. It looks at the political, social, and nationalistic reasons for this hype and, in turn, discusses the resulting need for the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885. It explains how this conference was necessary to make international 'rules' about colonization.
From the Paper
"The competition among the European nations to colonize Africa led to the Berlin Conference in 1884-1885. This was necessary because of the intense amount of treaty-making and colony-building by the competing European nations, and it became a three-month bargaining session among the 14 attending nations regarding who would gain control over what parts of Africa, without regard for the cultural boundaries already in place. The nations attending were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Turkey and the United States. (Wikipedia) The main purposes of the conference became assuring nations access to major trade routes, suppressing the internal slave trade in Africa, banning the importation of firearms into Africa, and discussion of the occupation of territories. ?The result of this conference was a treaty called the Treaty of Berlin. By 1900, almost 90% of Africa was under European control.? (Bergstrom)
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The Scramble for Africa, 2006.
A paper explaining the economic impetus for the partitioning of Africa.
2,584 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper explains why the European powers decided to parcel out among themselves the continent of Africa and, in particular, West Africa. The paper explains that there were a number of factors that led to the partitioning of Africa including economic reasons, the ending of the "old" relationship between Europe and Africa, and the changing attitudes toward slavery. The paper also looks at the political reasons for the partition and explains that all these changes combined caused the peoples of West Africa to lose their place in the world's economic community and submit to change that ultimately denied them their right to self-determination and dignity.
From the Paper
"The stamping out of the West African Slave Trade by the Royal Navy was only the first step in a sweeping reordering of the Native West African World. Though eventually the entire continent was to be affected by British anti-slavery policies, West Africa was among the first and hardest hit. Many Native kings derived a large part of their wealth from the Trade. They were willing participants in an exchange that formed the basis of their states' economies. Ashanti and Dahomey are two examples of powerful West African kingdoms that attempted to preserve their traditional sources of revenue and life-ways."
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Colonialism and the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, 2007.
A look at the link between the 18th century 'scramble for Africa' and the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.
11,473 words (approx. 45.9 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 224.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the legacy of 18th century racist colonial ideology, and how this evolved into a justification for genocide two centuries later. It looks at the origins of this ideology, and the way it was used, first by Europeans and then by Rwandans themselves, and how it finally created the basis for segregation, racism and the murder of 100,000 Tutsi's. Central to the work is the argument that this racist ideology was imposed upon the citizens of Rwanda by the colonial powers, and in turn this ideology was used as justification for the atrocities committed in 1994.
Outline:
Introduction
Chapter One : Creating Political Identities From Hutu and Tutsi
Chapter 2: The Impact of the Structure of Colonial Administration
Chapter Three: The Legacy of Colonial Rule up to and After Independence
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The Tutsi-led RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front) invaded Rwanda from Uganda in 1990, demanding the right of return for Tutsi exiles, as well as the end to President Habyarimana's single party regime. This forced the international community, who had for long ignored the plight of Rwanda, to commit to a programme of democratisation within the country. The powerful elite, frightened for their political and material position, settled on a genocide to solve the 'problem' of democracy. The extremists used a propaganda campaign to incite the population to murder, and when the President's plane was shot down on 9th April 1994, the massacres followed immediately."
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The Rise of Liberalism and the "Race for Africa", 2008.
A discussion of the relationship between liberalism in Europe in the late 19th century and the "Race for Africa."
794 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at liberalism in European politics in the 19th century. It also looks at the "Race for Africa," the series of colonization efforts that occurred during that period and its relationship to the liberalism in Europe. The paper suggests that the greatest irony of the triumph of liberalism in European politics in the 19th century was that it paralleled the most extreme imperial ventures of European involvement in Africa during that period, the "Race for Africa" or the "Scramble for Africa."
From the Paper
"Despite its nominal attempt to avoid conflicts between nations, the result of the Conference was that the European colonizers began in earnest to extend their control over as much African land as possible, to avoid being shut out by competing powers. In this race for control, treaties were forced upon native rulers. The principles of liberalism, so dear to European republics back home, were rendered largely irrelevant. By 1902, 90% of African territory was under European control (Iliffe 3.) All in all, the contradiction that existed between the liberal policies and reforms in Europe and the imperialist practices by European colonizers in Africa was never acknowledged at the time of greatest imperialism."
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AIDS in Africa: Mother to child transmission, 2006.
A discussion regarding the issue of mother to child transmission of AIDS in Africa, focusing specifically on South Africa.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 10 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how AIDS is the most virulent disease even known to affect humanity, and Africa has been particularly hard hit. This paper examines this pandemic in terms of its incidence and its epidemiological profile. The paper focuses on Africa and more specifically on sub-Saharan Africa. In addition this paper pays special attention to the interesting case of South Africa and the crucial subject of mother to child transmission.
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"Understanding Contemporary Africa" by Douglas Gordon, 2002.
A look at neo-colonialism in Sub-Saharan Africa through a review of "Understanding Contemporary Africa" by Douglas Gordon.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 1 source, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the elements of neo-colonialism that seems to have affected a large part of the Sub-Saharan parts of Africa within the book "Understanding Contemporary Africa" by Douglas Gordon. This paper will focus on the ways that this has been achieved in the rules that the colonials have created upon the African learning systems here. With this in mind, we can see how they function in tandem.
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Migration in Africa, 2005.
A discussion on rural-urban migration patterns in Africa.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at rural-urban migration patterns in Africa. It examines patterns in South Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, West Africa, Nigeria, Zambia and Ghana. The paper looks at the reasons for the migration and its effect on the rural areas and on the cities.
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South Africa's New Imperialism, 2006.
This paper examines the role of the British government in southern Africa during the phase of "New Imperialism" between 1880-1900.
1,604 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper details the impact of the British government's involvement in southern Africa during the phase of new imperialism between
1880-1900, in which various European governments began to scramble for land in the region. This paper explores Britain's interests in southern Africa, which were heightened with the discovery of prolific deposits of gold and diamonds. The writer discusses the lack of investment into the local economy which combined with a policy of black segregation and the enforced migration of labor, created a situation of devastating poverty among the black Africans. This paper paper also focuses on the segregation policies of the diamond mines which set a direct precedence for the establishment of the apartheid policy in the South African government.
From the Paper
"An interesting feature of the diamond industry was the unmarketability of the gems. They were luxury items that held varying degrees of popularity in Europe at the time, and the responsibility for the successful sale of diamonds rested on the shoulders of London merchants. What resulted was an increased financial involvement between British businessmen at home and overseas, thus strengthening British private investments in the region. Politically, the British were unwilling to provide their annexed territories with ample governmental administration. Instead, they preferred to rely on the cooperation of the local white population."
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Struggles within South Africa, 2002.
This paper is an investigation into the effect of colonization on South Africa and the people of South Africa.
4,134 words (approx. 16.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
This is an in-depth paper of what the country of South Africa went through during the years of Dutch and British colonization. Discusses issues such as segregation, apartheid and freedom fighting. It begins with the Dutch colonization in 1652 and how this impacted the life of the African and Khoi Khoi natives. It examines how these early relationships gave rise to the hundreds of years of oppression and discrimination of the ruling white colonialist over the black natives. Studies these complex relationships until the time of the release of Nelson Mandela.
From the Paper
"Colonization is defined by Webster?s Dictionary as an act or instance of colonizing. To South Africa and the South African people colonization has a much deeper and much more complex meaning. Colonization began in South Africa with the entrance of the Dutch in1652 and again with the British in 1806. The colonization by the Dutch was brought on by the need for a supply port to help ships sailing around the southern tip of the African continent. The Dutch?s philosophy regarding the indigenous African people was one of separation and isolation. The Dutch urged their colonist to stay away from the native people and try to have little or no contact or interaction with them. One of the first conflicts between African and Dutch interest occurred between the Dutch and the KhoiKhoi. This conflict began when the indigenous KhoiKhoi realized that the Dutch settlers were in South Africa to stay. The KhoiKhoi believed that the Dutch intended to continue encroaching on the farmlands of their people. This tension between the Dutch and Africans broke out into a war, which last four years. The KhoiKhoi resistance was stopped by the Dutch due to the superior tactics and superior weapons used by the Dutch army. This conflict was one of many in which the native Africans attempted to take back their homelands, but fell short of their goals. In 1806 the British seized control of the South African colony in order to utilize its location and natural resources. "
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AIDS in Africa, 2001.
This paper discusses the policy problems of fighting AIDS in Africa, highlighting the countries of Uganda and Senegal.
5,565 words (approx. 22.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that efforts to roll back the AIDS epidemic in Africa simply have not kept pace with the epidemic itself; therefore, the "International Partnership against AIDS in Africa," made up of African governments, the United Nations, donors, and the private and community sectors, was organized to establish and maintain processes by which governments, civil society, and national and international organizations working against AIDS in Africa can work together more effectively to curtail the spread of HIV. The author details the successful Brazilian policy program, which manufactures generic AIDS medicines and distributes them for free to HIV infected patients, and reviews the possibility of adapting this program in Africa. The paper concludes that, to be successful in preventing HIV transmission, countries need to work simultaneously on many fronts, such as schools, health facilities, and the workplace, through media campaigns, and through outreach to sex workers.
Table of Contents
The Problem
The Structure of the UN's Present AIDS Program
The UN's Present AIDS Strategy in Africa
The Cure
Policy Background
Path Dependency (What Is Being Done Now)
Possible Problems for Implementation
Lesson Drawing
Lesson Variables
Uganda and AIDS
The Problem
Government Response
Implementation
Monitoring
Senegal
Government Response
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The policy of drug manufacture and distribution is actually a quick fix in the Brazilian community. For two decades, NGO's (Non-Governmental Organizations) in Brazil have lobbied the government to take part in reforming the healthcare system in Brazil. NGO's are activist groups, which are largely community based and receive funding and organization from a wide variety of sources. Some NGO's are formed from international sources and many remain autonomous and independent. According to a survey done by Nelson Solano in Sao Paulo conducted of some 87 of these NGO's, about 51 were held to be autonomous, 19 to be religious based and 11 linked to sexual emancipation groups. Information about funding in the survey was lacking, however, due to the NGO's lack of eagerness to revealing their sources. NGO's have led the social movement against AIDS in Brazil and are mainly responsible for much of the progress toward treatment and a cure for AIDS in Brazil."
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Violations of International Humanitarian Law in Africa, 2001.
Analysis of human rights & religious violations & corruption in modern day Africa. Chad, Ethiopia, Somalia, South Africa, Namibia, Rwanda. Interclan politics, genocide. Response of international community.
7,425 words (approx. 29.7 pages), 37 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"Human rights violations and political corruption have gone hand-in-hand in Africa for many, many years. Both have become commonplace in Africa's pre- and post-independence history. Governments have resorted to mass arrests, detention without trial, and the ill-treatment (as well as the genocidal murder) of citizens (Kelso, 1994). Abuse and corruption, the latter characterized by the enrichment of self-designated elites who often pocket funds destined for development and humanitarian programs of vital importance, are seemingly endemic and self-perpetuating throughout much of modern-day Africa."
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South Africa, 2008.
This paper offers an in-depth review of the current issues facing South Africa.
2,829 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
The paper outlines the history of South Africa and the implementation of apartheid, which is considered to be the root of many problems South Africa faces today. The paper discusses how internally, the structure of government and society in South Africa are troubled and full of power struggles. The paper also looks at the major social problems facing South Africa, namely, the widespread outbreak of the HIV/AIDS virus and malaria, corruption and rampant crime in almost all parts of the country. The paper concludes that despite all this, South Africa has overcome a significant amount of internal and external conflict in its rather short history. The paper uses MLA style footnotes but does not include a source page.
From the Paper
"South Africa, at a glance, is a vibrant and magnificent country. Located at the southernmost tip of the continent of Africa, it is comprised of arid deserts and rocky mountains, as well as lush green forests and tropical flora. It shares its nearly 3,000 kilometer coastline with both the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans. At a closer look, it has a unique political system, which serves a diverse myriad of inhabitants. Cape Town is the legislative capital, which means it contains the Parliament and many government offices; Pretoria is the administrative capital, which means it is the location of the head offices of the armies, police force, correctional services, and other national departments; and Bloemfontein is the judicial capital, where the high courts and Supreme Court are located."
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The United Nations and Africa, 2005.
A discussion on whether the United Nations has actually failed Africa.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 22 sources, APA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
In order to understand adequately whether and to what degree, the UN has failed Africa, this paper examines the question on two levels: the political and the social. On the political side, it looks at the history surrounding the decolonisation of Africa and the role of the Security Council and peacekeeping forces in Africa, with a specific focus on Rwanda. On a social level, it scrutinizes the historical management, by the UN and its organs, of HIV/AIDS, as well as examining broader issues of social concern. Ultimately, it is argued that indeed, historically, the UN has failed Africa on a number of both political and social levels; however, it is also suggested that these failures, resulting largely from inaction and mismanagement, must not prevent African states for continuing to engage in the United Nations and its activities.
Outline
Introduction
Failure and Success on a Political Level
Failure and Success on a Social Level
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As has previously been examined, the UN was largely successful in helping to decolonise various African states. However, a decolonized Africa was not necessarily a peaceful one and, as has also been previously examined, ethnic divisions, a legacy of colonialism, remained. The Rwandan genocide is no doubt the foremost example of this. Rwanda was once described as 'the Switzerland of Africa' ; however, starting in April 1994, and lasting around 100 days, Rwanda's Tutsi people suffered genocide amounting to the largest scale human atrocity to occur in recent decades, and indeed, one of the worst violations of human rights in modern times. Not only were an estimated 5-10% of the Rwandan population killed , but these events sparked the cycle of mass killings and bloodshed that would devastate the region for years to come. "
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The Rise of Islam and its Influence on Rome and Africa, 2001.
An in-depth look at Islam, its effect on the Roman Empire and its elimination of Christianity in Africa and its subsequent development and influence.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 7 sources, $ 43.95
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Abstract
The author begins this paper with an examination of the development and decline of the Roman Empire and its various trade connections. The author moves on to look at the rise of Islam in the 7th century and the subsequent fall of the Axum Empire. The author continues by looking at the rise of Christianity in the Mediterranean region and its move into Africa and then how Islam essentially eliminated Christianity in those regions. The author then discusses Islam?s effect on commerce and military matters and its development in Africa by means of conquests and it?s ideology of equality among believers.
From the paper:
?The spread of Islam, from its heartland in the Middle East and North Africa to India and Southeast Asia, revealed the power of the religion and its commercial and sometimes military attributes. Civilizations were altered without being fully drawn into a single Islamic statement. A similar pattern developed in sub-Saharan Africa, as Islam provided new influences and contacts without amalgamating African culture as a whole to the Middle Eastern core. New religious, economic, and political patterns developed in relation to the Islamic surge, but great diversity remained.?
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Economic Development in Africa, 2008.
This paper is a thorough analysis of economic development issues in Africa, along with theories that may be applied to the situation.
26,070 words (approx. 104.3 pages), 49 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses economic development in Africa through leadership, along with the impact of such development. The paper first looks at many theorists, such as David Hume, Frederick Nietzsche, John Locke and Karl Marx, and how their theories relate to modern issues in Africa. The paper posits that according to these theorists, nothing has changed in Africa because the people do not want the change. However, the author asks the question: Do the people of Africa know that there is a chance for change? Have they been told, in a way that they understand, that they can work to make a difference? People must have hope for the future, and if that hope can be coupled with knowledge of things that can actually be accomplished, there is a high probability that at least some of them will attempt to do something that will improve their lives and the lives of others. The most important part of this is that these people must be aware of the possibilities, and they must also see that there are actual, realistic ways to attain what it is that they want and need. If they can be shown these things, they may move forward into the understanding that there are other ways to look at the problems and issues that they face. Furthermore, the paper then applies these theoretical statements to a case in Ethiopia in order to make suggestions of how to help the region grow stronger and how to correct some of the problems it has been seeing.
Outline:
Section I. Theory
Section II. Literature Review and Current Research Issue
Section III. Practical Application: Ethiopia
From the Paper
"Despite this, though, these countries are also growing, and this has been taking place more rapidly in recent years as society becomes more global, and as outsourcing takes place. Because these countries are starting to expand and grow, they are more interesting to investors and other business individuals. As their growth increases, so will the direct investment that many companies are making into them. In turn, this will help their growth increase still further, boosting their economies and prompting others to invest in them more strongly. Based on this, not only will the investors prosper, but the developing countries will prosper as well, and this will benefit everyone that is involved.
"This is not to say that foreign direct investment is always good, or that it completely helps every country because, with economic growth comes changes to the way that people live and work, and some of these changes are not always wanted. More people having nicer things due to a better economy, for example, can make those that still do not have much envious, which can turn them to crime and other problems. However, overall, foreign direct investment appears to be a fast-moving and growing industry that is, for the most part, providing much to individuals in developing countries. Without further study of the issue, though, this cannot completely be determined. Foreign direct investment is not always the best choice, however, and there are other ways to encourage economic growth and development for countries that are not doing well, either because of governmental problems, because of wars, or for other reasons, such as famine and disease."
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