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Darwinism and the Scopes Monkey Trial, 2004.
An examination of Charles Darwin's controversial theory of human evolution and the Scopes Monkey Trial.
1,777 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Charles Darwin's theory of evolution has met with much controversy throughout history. The paper points out that the issue of whether an all-mighty God created the universe and people or whether people evolved from monkeys remains a heated topic. To illustrate this, the paper focuses on the Scopes Monkey Trial in 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee in the Rhea County Courthouse. John Scopes, a substitute biology teacher, was accused of breaking the Butler Act, prohibiting the teaching of the evolution theory in all the universities and public schools of Tennessee. The paper asserts that the trial went beyond being just the trying of a man who taught evolution against the law. It became a trial of religion vs. evolution. The paper concludes that, although Scopes lost the case, he won the public's favor.
From the Paper
"Dayton Tennessee was a small town and many Daytonians viewed the Scopes trial as an opportunity to put their town on the map. Under normal circumstances, the law would not have been challenged but a plan was hatched out by George Rappleyea, a staunch evolutionist and local businessman in Rhea County, who saw the trial as a way to attract money and attention to the small town, helping to raise up its failing economy. During the trial, the normally quiet yet prosperous town became, for about two hot weeks in July, a fair of lemonade and hotdog stands, banners and monkey pennants, caged apes, hawkers of religious tracts and biology texts, Holy Rollers and evangelists, and hundreds of members of the press. Dayton was, however, a very religious community, and with nine churches in town, it was apparent why the people did not want evolution taught in the classrooms. H. L. Mencken, a writer who once visited the town said it was "full of charm and even some beauty" but also complained that because of its strong religious beliefs the town had "no bootleggers, no gambling, no place to dance, and that no fancy women." During the trial however, it was said that the town "was literally drunk on religious excitement." There was seating available in the courthouse for 700, but 300 more standees crammed in to watch Dayton's most historic event take place. Rappleyea's plan was coming into play and working just as he had hoped. Attention to the town was coming from all over as the trial began."
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The Scopes Monkey Trial, 1995.
Discusses some of the aspects of the famous Scopes Monkey Trial, in which the ACLU fostered a test case to help ban religious teaching from schools.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 23.95
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From the Paper
"The Scopes Trial remains a central example of the battle between science and fundamentalist religion, or religion which is based on received truth and which denies the validity of much scientific inquiry. In many ways, America in the 1920s was divided into two nations, one urban and one rural, and therefore the battle in the Scopes case has been presented at least in part a battle between urban modernism and rural backwardness. The nation was also beset at the time with a nostalgia for a simpler past, a result of relief at the end of World War I, and many in rural areas sought to reassert the old verities.
H.L. Mencken certainly presented the issues in this light, depicting the urban nation as more accepting of scientific truth and so more willing to adapt to reality, while the rural region was clinging to old truths and refusing to accept new knowledge. In ..."
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The Scope Monkey Trials, 2004.
A comparative analysis of the Scope Monkey trials and the movie adaptation "Inherit the Wind".
1,299 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how "Inherit the Wind" was written by playwrights Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee as a response to the threat to intellectual freedom presented by the anti-communist panic of the McCarthy era. The film does not claim to be an historically accurate depiction of the Scopes trial and place names and names of trial participants are changed. It analyzes how the movie promotes a stereotype of the public debate about the creation and evolution that gives all virtue and intelligence to the Darwinist.
From the Paper
"Rachel and her father are fictitious additions to the historic reality of the trial in order to draw the audience to the side of the authors more enlightenment. The slap in the face to Rachel by Mrs. Bryan is also impossible due to Rachel's nonexistence as wells as Mrs. Bryan's crippling arthritis which confined her to a wheelchair. The nightmare prayer meeting did not happen since Reverend Brown is the author's character added to stereotype fundamentalists as vicious, ignorant, Bible thumping bigots."
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The Scopes Trial, 2007.
An analysis of the relationship between the Scopes Trial in the 1920s and the new way of thinking today called "intelligent design."
889 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the famous Scopes Trial that took place almost 80 years ago, which debated whether the theory of evolution should be taught in the classroom. The paper discusses how the verdict of the trial was considered a big victory for science and reasoning and how it later got interpreted as the victory of free speech against oppression. The paper relates this trial to the current way of thinking called 'intelligent design'.
From the Paper
"The trial did create an impression for a while but disbelief in Darwinism did not disappear completely and time and again it started showing its face in public sphere in different modes. Let's not forget the Edward J. Larson's Pulitzer Prize-winning book 'Summer of Gods' in which he made his anti-Darwinism ideas loud and clear. Also Church kept on raising its voice in different ways against Darwin and his evolution theory. A large number of American people kept on subscribing to literal interpretation of Bible while being skeptical of the beliefs of Darwin. The movement that was curbed temporarily by the trial kept on gaining force with the passage of time and now the religious conservatism can be seen on the rise again. In the decade of 70s the emergence of Reagan in the presidential office got the agenda of religious beliefs and conservatism back on the forefront."
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The Scopes Trial of 1925, 2000.
An examination of the legal and cultural background, the issues, outcome and impact of trial of the instructor for teaching evolution in Tennessee school.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"In 1925, science instructor John Scopes was prosecuted for teaching evolution in his classroom, a violation of Tennessee law. Scopes' case has become known as the "Monkey Trial," where the many facets of American cultural life collided in a steamy courtroom in Dayton, Tennessee. This paper will examine the Scopes trial and why it is the trial of the century.
The theory of evolution, first proposed by Charles Darwin in 1858, gained increasing acceptance in American textbooks beginning in the 1880s. By 1920, the teaching of evolution had become widespread. Meanwhile, America's public schools experienced an explosion of students, as the nation became more urbanized and secondary school education became mandatory (Larson 15-27).
This expansion coincided with the Progressive Era..."
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The Origins of Trial by Jury, 2003.
Discusses the origins of the modern-day jury trial from the systems of trial by ordeal and trial by combat from the medieval English system of trial and punishment.
4,285 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
The paper describes, in detail, the systems of trial by ordeal, including the various types of ordeals and how they were carried out, and shows the reasons for the creation of the modern jury trial system and how it was first implemented in medieval England.
From the Paper
"Although they are sometimes controversial, the rights of accused persons are among the most important rights guaranteed all persons residing within the United States. The right to a trial by a jury of ones peers is the heart of those rights guaranteed to accused persons. This is related to English constitutional history because it is here where we find the origins of the jury trial system. We will trace the ways in which accused persons in medieval England were tried, beginning with the various forms of trial by ordeal, trial by combat, and ending with trial by jury. Our discussion of the various forms of trial will follow the following form: 1) We shall first discuss trial by compurgation, its practice, and its limitations. 2) When possible we shall discuss trial by ordeal as a necessary alternative to trial by compurgation, as well as the historical origins of the various types of ordeals used in medieval England. 3) We will discuss trial by battle as an alternative to trial by ordeal and compurgation, its origins, and how it was practiced in medieval England. 4) We will discuss origins of trial by jury in medieval England and the reasons for how and why it eventually replaced the various forms of trial by ordeal."
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The Scottsboro Boys Trial, 2001.
A look at the famous Scottsboro Boys trial and the events that took place leading up the trial as well as during the trial.
1,519 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 3 sources, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper chronicles the famous Scottsboro Boys trial. It?s a story of racism in the 1930?s that describes the events leading to the trial, the trial itself and the outcome. The paper describes what happened to the boys while they were in jail and the events and outcome of their second trial. Racism appears and reappears throughout the story of the Scottsboro Boys, as they were sentenced to death on several different occasions, despite obvious inconclusive or debatable evidence. Finally, the paper briefly describes the fate of all people involved in the case.
From the Paper
?When the train that they were riding on stopped in Stevenson, Alabama, the small group of black boys decided to walk along the tracks. A short while later they met up with some more black boys from another car. The boys decided that they would get back at the white boys who had been throwing rocks at them earlier. Once the train started again, the same group of white boys started throwing rocks at the blacks from a lower car. The now rather large group of blacks got in the car that the whites were riding in and started fighting them."
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Slobodan Milosevic"s War Crimes Trial, 2004.
A look at Slobodan Milosevic's trial at the Hague and how this trial will change the way the world views and undertakes trials of war criminals.
4,304 words (approx. 17.2 pages), 39 sources, MLA, $ 113.95
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Abstract
The first former head-of-state to be tried for war crimes, Slobodan Milosevic, was a powerful leader in Yugoslavia. He is currently being tried at the Hague as a war criminal. This paper questions how war crimes trials worked in the past and how they will work in the future. The writer points out that by looking at the Milosevic case gives insight into the future of war crimes trials.
I. Introduction
II. Review of the Literature: Questions Surrounding War Crimes Trials
III. The Case of Slobodan Milosevic
IV. Revisiting the War Crimes Trials Questions
V. Implications for the Future
VI. Conclusion
VII. Bibliography
From the Paper
"With the current trial of Slobodan Milosevic taking place at the Hague, war crimes trials have gained renewed interest. War crimes trials of the past look much different than those of today and likely those of the future. Looking at the Milosevic case, predictions can be made regarding the future of war crimes trials and how former heads of state may be tried. As the first former head of state to be tried for war crimes before an international tribunal, Milosevic?s actions and the outcome of the case will set a precedent for all future war crimes trials."
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The Scottsboro Trial, 2002.
An examination of the verdicts in the Scottsboro Trial - a series of trials between 1931-37 of nine African-American teenagers for the rape of two white women.
1,258 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines whether the verdicts in the trials were inevitable or whether the defense teams made mistakes that were serious enough that, if they had not been made, might have resulted in different verdicts. The writer argues that the guilty verdicts in the trials were inevitable considering the prevalent social, cultural and political attitudes of the American South at the time. There is no doubt that the defense teams made serious mistakes during the trials but the verdict would have been the same even if these mistakes had been avoided.
From the Paper
"During the 1930s when the Scottsboro Trials took place, white jurors in the Deep South were unwilling to accord a black man, accused of raping a white woman, the presumption of being innocent until proven guilty. At best, the accused were lucky not to be lynched without a trial. So the Scottsboro Boys started off at a great handicap when two white women, Victoria Price and Ruby Bates, (who, later withdrew her accusation) chose to accuse them of rape while riding a freight and gravel carrying train from Tennessee to Alabama."
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The Salem Witch Trials. 1692, 2001.
A chronicle of the events that led up to the Salem Witch trials and a synopsis of the trials and the people involved.
1,298 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper chronicles the witch trials of 1692 and argues that the main reasons why the witch trials occurred were conflicts dealing with politics, religion, family, economics, and fears of the citizens.
From the Paper
"After the investigation, Hawthorne and Corwin decided that the three women were all guilty of witchcraft. They were all taken to a Boston jail, where Sarah Osborne would later die from natural causes. Even after the three women were taken to jail, the accusations still continued in the village. "
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The O.J. Simpson Murder Trial, 1999.
Analyzes trial and pre-trial events, media, jury, evidence, police, the role of race, prosecution and the reason for the verdict.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 8 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper examines how the evidence in this case was used by the jury to find the defendant, O. J. Simpson, not guilty. The predominantly black and female jury took less than four hours to arrive at its verdict. Such a speedy decision appeared to many to be strange behavior after a case which took nine months to try and involved 1015 pieces of evidence, 45,000 pages of transcript and scores of witnesses (Behind 27). This led many observers to conclude that the jury had ignored a 'mountain of evidence' against Simpson and had voted to acquit based on its emotional biases and external perceptions unrelated to the evidence. A more accurate interpretation would be that the jury made up its mind before it began its deliberations and found that a reasonable doubt existed as to Simpson's guilt, largely because..."
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Clinical Trials, 2002.
A discussion of clinical trial management practices in the United States and Europe.
1,495 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines clinical trial management practices and how they vary in the United States and Europe as a result of wide-ranging governmental bodies and regulations. It compares and contrasts the rules of the the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States and its equivalent in Europe, the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA). In particular, it provides a brief analysis of several areas involved with oncology clinical trial management in the United States and Europe, including a discussion of medical ethics, the role of the Institutional Review Board in clinical trials, quality of life issues and health economics in oncology studies. It also looks at investigator attitudes towards clinical trials, clinical trial length, compliance and decisions regarding new drug applications (NDAs).
From the Paper
"Investigator attitudes towards clinical trials vary widely and are often dependent upon the investigator?s direct involvement in the clinical trial as well as the balance between routine patient care and clinical trial management. According to Abelson, Welch, and Lynch (86), ?In a trial, the clinician?s judgment carries a lot of weight. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration bases approval of drugs upon a clinician?s judgment of who should be in the trial, how to categorize adverse events, whether there is a drug interaction and the interpretation of specific parameters. These judgments are critical.? Investigators are ultimately responsible for all areas of the study, from recruitment and participant selection to event reporting and monitoring."
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Post World War II - The Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials, 2000.
Looks at the effect these trials had on international law.
9,010 words (approx. 36.0 pages), 46 sources, $ 187.95
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Abstract
This paper examines both the Nuremberg and Tokyo War Crimes Trials following World War II and it?s impact on international law. It begins with a history of the development of international law up until World War II. It then recounts the events that led up to both trials followed by a description of the charter of both trials. Next is a recount of the three top defendants in both trials followed by the general argument put forth by the defense attorneys. After this there is a section on the impact of the trials on international law followed by a argumentative section on why the trials were ?victor?s justice?. The concluding section focuses on the Rwanda and Yugoslavia tribunals and an outlook for the future.
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The Salem Witch Trials, 2007.
A discussion and background of the Salem Witch Trials.
752 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper gives the historic background of the Salem Witch Trials, highlighting the mass hysteria that lead to such an event. The author argues that we can learn from the lessons of the Salem Witch Trials, in particular with regard to terrorist accusations, or other finger pointing based on fear not fact. The paper concludes with the outcome of the trials and how the accused and/or their families were eventually compensated.
Outline:
Introduction
The Trials
Events in Salem
Causes
From the Paper
"The of the trials was based in hysteria. People did not understand what was wrong with the young girls who initially became ill and they became fearful as it spread that if it were not stopped everyone was doomed. This fear spurned a hysteria in which anyone who acted remotely different or non sociable by society standards was accused of being a witch. At that time society had a fear of the devil and the devil's abilities that could overtaken common sense and did."
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The Nuremberg Trials, 2004.
An overview and discussion of the long-term impact of the Nuremberg trials for Nazi war crimes against humanity.
1,788 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, after World War II, judges from Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States tried twenty-two Nazi leaders, primarily Holocaust perpetrators, for crimes against humanity, violating long-established rules of war, and waging aggressive war, and how these trials would eventually become known as the ?Nuremberg Trials.? It looks at how many have argued that the long-term impact of these trials is that they were able to establish a stigma against governments that engage in genocide. It also discusses how the greatest lasting impact of the Nuremberg Trials is that, in the some 100-plus civil wars since 1945, no international body had been convened to try aggressor nations or individuals accused of war crimes.
From the Paper
"If we look back at Nazi war crimes, we may note that despite the reluctance of nations to unite in common cause and move swiftly toward a lasting road against aggression, the hope of a more lasting peace is likely to serve as a deterrent for all future warring factions. This was essentially the best that many judges and UN officials could hope for
as Nuremberg?s brightest promise. The world had a problem of what to do about the Nazi regime that had presided over the extermination of some six million Jews and deaths of millions of others with no basis in military necessity. Never before in history had the victors tried the vanquished for crimes committed during a war. Though, never in history
had the perpetrators been involved in a plot of such a mass destruction of the human populace."
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