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Steps in the Scientific Method, 2005.
This paper examines the scientific method and how it is used.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explores the scientific method. The writer describes and defines the phrase scientific method. The writer then studies how the scientific method is used. In this paper, the writer outlines an example of use of the method in order to determine why the grass on one lawn is dead, while that on the neighbor's lawn is healthy.
From the Paper
"The scientific method is the process by which scientists collectively over time construct an accurate representation of the world. The first step is to observe and describe some phenomenon which is of interest. Next a hypothesis is developed to explain the phenomenon. In the third step, the hypothesis is used to make predictions about new phenomena or the results of these new phenomena. Fourthly, these predictions are tested by experimentation or further observation. Steps three and four are then repeated until consistent results are obtained. This often ... "
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The Scientific Method, 2006.
A discussion and description of the scientific method.
1,583 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a history of the scientific method of thought and explains its purpose, as well as the steps involved in the scientific process. The paper further explains that the scientific method is very closely related to science, the process of human inquiry that is a major aspect of today's modern world and, that, despite the fact that this method appears simple and logical in its explanation, we should still recognize the complexity that is involved in gaining new knowledge that can be applied to other situations in the future.
From the Paper
"The term "science" denotes both a certain type of activity and its results (Wolman 1960, p. 497). Frequently, delineation is made between the actual "research" conducted and the resulting "system," which are both described as scientific. Scientific research is aimed at the discovery of truth and a scientific system includes propositions, statements or sentences that represent this truth (Wolman 1960, p. 497). Whitehead (1911 p. 157) noted that common sense is "a bad master for the evaluation of knowledge." Science revolves around the terms "systematic" and "controlled." Scientists systematically build theoretical structures and exam them for any existing inconsistencies. Further, in scientific research, the scientist attempts to delete variables that are potential causes of the effects and not those that are hypothesized to be causes."
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The Scientific Method, 2004.
A look at the steps involved in the scientific method for verifying a scientific fact.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the steps involved in the scientific method and gives some examples of the concepts involved in the idea. It describes some experiments which used scientific method, and defines what is needed to make a hypothesis.
From the Paper
"The scientific method consists of a number of logical steps that are taken to verify a process situation or scientific fact. It begins by the development of axioms and assumptions which are usually made on the basis of observations by the scientists, e.g., Vesalius made the first accurate description of the arterial and venous systems of the human body based on first-hand observations he gained from dissection of a number of human bodies. "The accuracy of observations gains..."
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Scientific Method, 2004.
This paper explains the scientific method and applies it to two experiments.
1,133 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper shows how the scientific method of experimentation is used. The paper offers two examples of this process, one about growth hormones in eels and the other about distribution of black-legged ticks on animals. The paper focusing on eels mainly centers around testing; other steps were surely performed in some way, but are not clearly explained in the text. The paper focusing on the ticks is very straight-forward and includes each of the steps of the scientific method, one after the other.
From the Paper
"The scientific method is a process that has been used for ages, in one way or another. This method consists of a series of generalized steps that can be used to make new scientific discoveries. These steps include: Observation, Question, Hypothesis (Explanation), Prediction, and Test (Experiment) (Campbell & Reece 2002). These steps are not always followed in order, but most studies commonly use some form of this hypothetico-deductive reasoning (Campbell & Reece 2002). I have examined two biological research papers in order to compare their uses (if any) of the scientific method."
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Case Study: The Scientific Method, 2006.
A case study using the scientific method of problem solving.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews a case whereby the scientific method is used to solve a problem with a garden lawn. According to the paper, the lawn is short, brown, dry, and dead, while the neighbor's lawn is lush, tall, green, alive, and healthy. The first application of the scientific method raises the question "Why is the lawn dead while the neighbour's is alive?".
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Scientific Method, 2005.
This essay examines the various steps of the scientific method.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the steps of the scientific method. In this article, the writer offers an example of scientific method through the discussion of an experiment conducted using such method. In the second part, the paper explains the differences between living and non living things. The writer also discusses why some people believe that fire is a living thing. The writer concludes by explaining why fire is not living.
From the Paper
"The scientific method is a method of analyzing a scientific problem in a systematic way. In this method the scientist does not make assumptions, leap to conclusions, or make decisions based on feeling. This method is strictly based on observable facts. The five basic steps to the scientific method are research problem hypothesis problem, experimentation and project conclusion. To initiate an investigation, the scientist first selects a project topic to investigate. Then he researches it by collecting information on it from a variety of sources ... "
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Scientific Method and the Earthworm, 2002.
This paper explains the scientific method, the role of Rene Descartes in science and scientific information about the earthworm and then concludes with an elementary school project.
1,195 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
The paper commences by discussing, in detail and in a style that is easy to understand, the six steps of the scientific method. The next section of the paper presents Rene Descartes, mathematician and author of a text on physiology and psychology. Next, the author presents a detailed discussion of the earthworm. He designs an elementary education experiment project that uses the scientific method on earthworm segmentation. The author concludes that the earthworm is fascinating to watch as it moves and wiggles.
From the Paper
"Rene Descartes was a believer in the scientific method. His works often disagreed with the Catholic churches. He had a commitment to the scientific method with a vast array of other subjects. Mathematics was his greatest interest. Descartes wrote a text on physiology and psychology. He said that emotion was finally the physiological base and argued that the control of the physical expression of emotions controlled the emotions "
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Scientific Method, 2002.
This paper defines and analyzes the tenants of the scientific method, a procedure for the empirical investigation of a problem.
827 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
According to the paper, the procedure includes observation, deduction and research question development, hypothesis formation and experimental testing. The writer illustrates how employing the scientific method consists of seven steps-- observation; idea; logic, major and minor premise; hypothesis, necessary conclusion; hypothesis testing and experimental design; data evaluation; and results interpretation.
From the Paper
"Step four, hypothesis with necessary conclusion, involves the development of a testable hypothesis. When the hypothesis is generated, valid selection criteria must be used. This criteria includes the following: multiple working hypotheses, with a minimum of null and principle hypotheses; objectivity; presentation which seeks to gain knowledge rather than to presume outcome; falsifiability, hypotheses must be susceptible to adverse developments; consideration of the most parsimonious hypothesis when multiple equal ones are given; and the hypothesis must be logically valid (Gastaldo, 1999, pp. 1-2)."
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The Scientific Method, 2002.
An analysis of the evolution of the scientific method that resulted from Scholasticism and Humanism.
7,238 words (approx. 29.0 pages), 16 sources, APA, $ 161.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the religious philosophies and teachings of Scholasticism and Humanism, followed by a discussion of the various permutations these have caused since their inception. It provides an analysis of how the scientific method emerged from this environment and a description of real-world applications of these principles in the classroom today. This is followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion. Several graphics are also provided.
Outline
Introduction
Review and Discussion
The History of Discovery
A. Physics
B. Astronomy
C. Chemistry
The Rise of Scientific Experimentation and Famous Experiments
A. Galileo
B. Newton
Methodology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Religious Philosophies and Teachings. Scholasticism is the philosophic and theological movement that attempted to use natural human reason, in particular, the philosophy and science of Aristotle, to understand the supernatural content of Christian revelation. It was dominant in the medieval Christian schools and universities of Europe from about the middle of the 11th century to about the middle of the 15th century. The ultimate ideal of the movement was to integrate into an ordered system both the natural wisdom of Greece and Rome and the religious wisdom of Christianity."
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Sociology and Science, 2006.
This article analyzes the connection between sociology and the scientific method.
1,234 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
Sociology studies human behaviour and society. The writer points out that sociology also is a science; it subscribes to the accepted scientific method of the other natural sciences, however there is much debate and contention about the nature of the scientific method and whether it is entirely applicable to sociological discourse. The writer explains the debate and concludes that sociology is a science - but this statement has to take into account the changing view of what science is.
From the Paper
"Sociology as a discipline is part of the scientific examination and understanding of human behavior and society. In this sense, and as a science, it attempts to "... discover the causes and effects that arise in social relations among persons and in the intercommunication and interaction among persons and groups." ( Sociology) As a scientific enterprise sociology also includes within its parameters the "... the study of the customs, structures, and institutions that emerge from interaction, of the forces that hold together and weaken them, and of the effects that participation in groups and organizations have on the behaviour and character of persons." ( ibid) Sociology therefore subscribes to the accepted scientific method of the other natural sciences. However there is much debate and contention about the nature of the scientific method and whether it is entirely applicable to sociological discourse."
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Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management Movement, 2007.
An analysis of the lasting effects of Frederick Taylor's scientific management movement.
1,758 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
Many theories and methods have been devised to help managers organize their work areas, processes and workers toward the greatest possible good since the emergence of the factory in the 1800s. This paper examines how one such idea is Frederick Taylor's (1856-1915) scientific management method. It looks at how the founding idea behind the theory is the concept that the principal object of management should be to secure the maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for each employee. The paper also examines how Taylor's theories can be seen in many organizations that exist today and in particular looks at how they are used in the processes that characterize the popular fast food chain MacDonalds.
From the Paper
"Taylor's theory centered around the concept that management and the workforce should work in tandem for a mutual benefit, but that it was essential for management to make benefits directly applicable to the employee who worked hard. He noted that "there is no question that, throughout the industrialized world, a large part of the organization of employers, as well as employees, is for war rather than peace" (Taylor, 1911: 67). In order for an organization to prosper, Taylor argued, it was necessary for the organization to enable and encourage the employee on an individual basis to reach their full efficiency. "In a word, that maximum prosperity can exist only as the result of maximum productivity" (Taylor, 1911: 68). The only way to encourage the individual to strive to their full efficiency, though, was to enable them to receive some kind of direct benefit, such as a higher wage for a higher productivity. "
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The Father of Scientific Management ? Frederick Winslow Taylor, 2006.
An analysis of Frederick Winslow Taylor's seminal work detailing his philosophy on scientific management, "The Principles of Scientific Management".
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper studies "The Principles of Scientific Management," the definitive philosophical work of Frederick Winslow Taylor, published in 1911. The author assesses Taylor's philosophy, which is based on four principles: (1) developing the best work method for every job; (2) scientifically selecting and developing workers; (3) combining the best work method and the best workers to complete the task according to that method; and (4) co-operation of managers and non-managers. The paper concludes by looking at modern day examples of Taylor's philosophy in action, particularly in the franchise industry.
From the Paper
"Frederick Taylor was depicted as the "father of scientific management". Taylor believed it was the management of an organization that was the key to solving any industrial problem. He was one man that recognized that there was no incentive for workers to increase their productivity rate because they might just work themselves out of a job. He also believed that hourly or daily wages were also no incentive to increasing productivity. Most of the ideas in scientific management were already known before Taylor's time. Taylor's contribution was to combine them into one, all-inclusive philosophy. His definitive work was The Principles of Scientific Management, first published in 1911."
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"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions"--A Review, 2007.
A review of Thomas Kuhn's influential book, "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions."
2,744 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Thomas Kuhn's book about scientific advances entitled "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions." The paper focuses on several key elements and definitions in the work, with an emphasis on the concept of the scientific paradigm. The reviewer then discusses the role of paradigms in scientific revolutions, citing Kuhn's theory that revolutions appear when an old paradigm is substituted by a new one. Finally, the paper presents Kuhn's view of the past, present, evolution and future of science. The reviewer further describes Kuhn's view of the importance of crises in facilitating the evolution of science. The review concludes that Kuhn 's theory of paradigm and paradigm shifts gives a revolutionary description of scientific progress.
Outline:
Thomas Kuhn's Concept of Paradigm
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Past, Present, Evolution and Future of Science
Reference List
From the Paper
" First of all, Kuhn (1996) introduces the notion of "normal science", that is, according to him, the science that bases its research on previous research which is recognized as valid by a scientific community. (p.10) It is the structure of normal science that the book proposes to investigate. Furthermore, Kuhn (1996) argues that the most salient aspect of scientific evolution in time is the fact that science does not progress through leaps or through unrelated sets of investigations. On the contrary, scientific research is always conducted under a paradigm, or, to put it differently, all research is based on previous scientific data. The scientific paradigm can be defined as a certain common pattern in scientific research, or a certain set of accepted world views that are held as true for a period of time. The paradigm is thus a set of common beliefs about the world, based on past research. "
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The Scientific Method, 1995.
Discusses the substance of rationality and the scientific method. Focuses on the insights of Paul K. Feyerabend into the relationship between theory and reality. Attempts to suggest a more humble but hopefully more accurate definition of scientific logi
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
In modern American society scientific rationality appears to represent the supreme intellectual perspective. Science and its "logic" is often presented as the ultimate arbiter of truth and value. However there are perspectives quite critical of this "immaculate conception" of science and the scientific method. The analysis which follows will focus on the insights of Paul K. Feyerabend into the relationship between theory and reality and in the process suggest a more humble but hopefully more accurate definition of scientific logic.
The Scientific Method
Feyerabend (1987) has pointed out how scientific progress is only incidentally rational. He maintains that science advances by ..."
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Kuhn s Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2002.
Provides an overview of Thomas Kuhn's approach to understanding scientific knowledge.
1,191 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
Thomas S. Kuhn's structural account on the production of scientific knowledge constructs a generalized picture of the process by which a science is born and undergoes change and development. This paper explains that for Kuhn, science is a social system. It looks at how Kuhn analyzes the structure of scientific revolutions using several key concepts. He uses the term paradigm for an archetypal experiment or problem solution that implicitly tells scientists how to look at the world. This paper discusses how Kuhn's thesis about scientific authority utilizes the notion of normal science which he defines as science that uses a past achievement as a model and guide for formulating and solving new problems about the world which are based on paradigms. In addition, scientific revolutions occur when one paradigm is replaced by another. The writer also explains that as a result, paradigms play an important role in both normal science and scientific revolutions.
From the Paper
"The production of scientific knowledge undergoes six main steps. The first is a pre-paradigm stage in which the natural phenomena that later form the subject matter of a mature science are studied and explained from widely differing points of view. Next comes the emergence of a paradigm, embodied in the published works of one or more recognized scientists, defining and exemplifying the concepts and methods of research appropriate to the study of a certain class of natural phenomena, and serving as an inspiration to further research by its promise of success in explaining those phenomena. The third stage in the development of scientific knowledge is a period of normal science in which theories are explored and scientific puzzles are solved. A critical stage is the discovery of natural phenomena that violate the expectations governed by paradigms. In this stage, new theories are designed to explain these anomalous facts and then an abrupt transition to a new paradigm takes place in which a new conceptual and methodological framework arises which replaces the old. The final stage in the structure of scientific knowledge is the continuation of normal science within the new paradigm. This continues until the whole process repeats itself."
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