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Rwanda Genocide Trial, 2004.
This paper discusses the effects of the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) sentencing two Rwandan journalists to life imprisonment for their role in fanning the flames of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.
815 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the ICTR decision comes almost a decade after the genocide in Rwanda, which began in April 1994 and continued for over 100 days; during this period, members of the Rwandan Hutu majority slaughtered over 800,000 members of the minority Tutsi tribe, mostly using machetes. The author points out that, though the trials are not over, the decisions are having an important impact on the future of Rwanda, such as the new Constitution, which prevents both the Hutus and the Tutsis from dominating the legislature or the cabinet. The paper stresses that one of the biggest challenges remaining is in the health service sector, in general, and among Rwanda's rising AIDS population, in particular.
From the Paper
"Economic analysts like Ford (2003) thus suggest that rather than trying to recapture the markets it lost in crops such as bananas, beans and sorghum, Rwanda could instead concentrate on trying to revive its coffee trade. This suggestion holds much merit, considering how the Rwandan landscape is covered with coffee plantations, much of the population lives in rural areas and the current boom in specialty and fair trade coffees. It is unrealistic to expect Rwanda to have any active tourism trade in the near future. Instead, Rwanda could capitalize on the coffee trade and should take care to diversify its export crops. Thus, after the coffee crops are underway, Ford (2003) suggests plantations could also cultivate tobacco and the government could look into developing Rwanda's mining industry."
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Rwanda Genocide, 2007.
This paper looks at the Rwanda genocide, concentrating on the failure of the United Nations to fulfill its peacekeeping role.
3,341 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer examines the causes and events that led to the failure of the United Nation's peacekeeping mission in Rwanda. The writer points out that, as the United Nations peacekeeping contingency embarked on its mission, it arrived in Rwanda to find the country in a crisis, composed of civil unrest between the Hutu and the Tutsi, that eventually deteriorated into genocide. The writer maintains that the evidence shows a complete failure on the part of the United Nations and in its ability to intervene or control or have any significant impact on the genocide taking place in Rwanda. Further, the writer claims that there is some evidence that contributions were made by individuals or small groups of individuals who were able to assist in saving a few number of lives, but nothing compared to the 800,000 Rwandans who lost their lives in one of history's darkest times.
Outline:
Introduction
Rwanda
Genocide
United Nations in Rwanda
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The policies of the government are set by the president in consultation with the Council of Government, which is composed of 17 cabinet ministers. The president introduces laws, which are then submitted for approval to the CND. During its first year, this parliamentary body passed 49 laws, including new tax laws, commercial regulations, and modifications to the criminal code. The government is characterized by political moderation and fiscal conservatism and has focused on development problems, especially food production, education, health care, housing, employment, and infrastructure. Ethnic harmony is the government's stated objective, though an objective that has clearly failed to date."
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Rwanda: Peacemaking and Reconciliation, 2005.
A look at why the United Nations failed to prevent the 1994 conflict and genocide in Rwanda.
1,711 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the reasons why the UN failed to find a solution to the 1994 crisis in Rwanda that led to the mass murder of Rwandan citizens. The paper argues that the reasons for the failure to prevent the genocide in Rwanda are because the situation was incorrectly evaluated, there was no will to do anything effective, and the media did not draw attention to the situation and arouse public opinion in favour of humanitarian intervention until it was too late. The paper further contends that the failure was not because the United Nations has used a single peacekeeping and peacemaking model since the end of the Cold War, as claimed by some political analysts.
From the Paper
"The United Nations peace efforts were not effective in Rwanda, not because there is something wrong with its peacemaking model in general as Clapham believes but, because it incorrectly evaluated the conflict. Stephen John Stedman explains that one of the most important conditions for the successful prevention of a conflict, for peacemaking or for peacekeeping is to identify the causes of the conflict and the obstacles for peace. These obstacles, known as "spoilers," can be defined as 'Leaders and parties who believe that peace emerging from negotiations threatens their power, worldview and interests, and use violence to undermine attempts to achieve it""
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Rwanda and the United Nations, 2008.
This paper explores the 1984 genocide in Rwanda and the role of the United Nations in this tragedy.
1,643 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the history of the ethnic conflicts in Rwanda and the outcome of the genocide. The paper determines that the United Nations (UN) facilitated the catastrophe and failed the suffering people of Rwanda. The paper also asserts that the UN may be closer to the brink of disaster than almost any of the conflict-torn states it has failed to help in the past. The paper includes a copy of the source material and an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"When the fighting broke out in April of 1994, most of the world was caught in the unhappy position of trying to figure out what could have triggered some monstrous acts. What it learned is that the history of Rwanda has long been, for all intents and purposes, a history of two people: the Hutu majority and the Tutsi minority. For many generations, there has been a lingering enmity between the two parties that only needed one spark, however contrived, to burst into a conflagration. In early April of 1994, the murders of Rwandan president, Juvenal Habyarimana, and Burundian president, Cyprien Ntaryamira, proved that fateful spark (Michaels & Mutiso, 44). The question thus becomes, what was it precisely that turned the Hutu against their Tutsi co-citizens in such a dramatic and barbaric way? The answer, perhaps not surprisingly, is found by looking at Rwanda's colonial past."
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Rwanda: The Search for Justice, 2005.
A look at how Rwanda can best achieve post-conflict peace.
1,829 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the task of bringing justice to the victims of the Rwandan genocide, as well as reconciliation between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes. The paper describes a judicial system known in Rwanda as "gacaca" and argues that it is the wisest method of bringing about quick and fair justice to the people of Rwanda and of creating an atmosphere of reconciliation between the tribes.
From the Paper
"The extent of the Rwanda genocide is critical and can only be resolved through a speedy justice. The genocide began in April 1994 and lasted only one hundred days. However, as George Packer writes in "Justice On A Hill: Genocide Trials in Rwanda," during those one hundred days, almost one million Rwandans were killed. In some villages, this meant that 75% of the population was murdered (59). Encouraged by their government and radio broadcasts, the Hutu population went to the streets and killed Tutsis. Even Hutu and Tutsi friends, who had grown up together became enemies. The actual events of the genocide, day by day, are still not known. As Packer explains, there are different accounts and different view points regarding the events that occurred during the genocide. Some assume that all Hutu were involved."
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Human Rights and Genocide in Rwanda, 2003.
An overview of human rights issues concerning the 1994 genocide in Rwanda.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the human rights issues surrounding the 1994 genocide of almost one million Tutsis in Rwanda. It looks at how the genocide demonstrates the failure of human rights organizations to respond and also discusses the lack of overall action regarding the genocide.
From the Paper
" The genocide that occurred in Rwanda in demonstrates the failure of human rights organizations to act in the face of clear evidence that human rights abuses were about to occur as well as their failure to address .."
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Genocide in Rwanda, 2006.
This paper examines the massacre and issues relating to the genocide in Rwanda.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the topic of the genocide in Rwanda. The writer looks at statistics at details of this massacre. The writer makes use of various sources to show that this was one of the worst cases of human genocide in history.
From the Paper
"In 1994 Rwanda was the site of one of the worst cases of genocide in human history. For example, in Rwanda, Ten Years On when talking about the Genocide, Filip Reyntjens states, ...about 1.1 million dead, 2 million refugees abroad, over 1 million internally displaced, tens of thousands of deeply traumatized Genocide survivors, and over half a million 'old caseload' (i.e. Tutsi) refugees returned in a chaotic fashion. When a massacre of this magnitude takes place it is not surprising that everyone began to search for answers."
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The Genocide of Rwanda, 2005.
A paper about Rwanda and the lack of United States and United Nations intervention.
969 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the genocide in Rwanda and why neither the United States nor the United Nations ran to help those in need. It describes some of the events of the war including the true victors, the Rwandan Patriotic Force.
From the Paper
"During the conflict, the UN managed to extract non-Rwandans from the nation before the killings became uncontrollable by the government. American, Belgians, French and all non-Rwandans were escorted to safety, but those being slaughtered were left behind to die. This method is really unacceptable. Really, why did the UN not get the hint that militaristic forces were needed when their own men were becoming trophy kills? When the Rwandan Hutus would manage to kill a UN soldier, they celebrated in the streets. Crowds roared; there was celebration all for the killing of one UN soldier."
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Rwanda: The United Nations' Failure, 2005.
A look at how and why the U.N. has failed in its peacemaking efforts in Rwanda.
1,612 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the United Nations has not responded to humanitarian crisis and conflicts like Rwanda in an efficient and effective way. The UN has failed not only because of its inherent weakness and poverty of means and resources, but also because of the fundamental flaw in its post-Cold War peacemaking approach.
From the Paper
"Although Clapham's claims contain some truth his article has a methodological weakness. It is flawed because it takes a very narrow view of UN peacekeeping and peacekeeping models. Clapham, for example, argues that the UN has only used one peacekeeping model during the post-Cold War period and insists on examining the United Nations' role in the ethnic conflict in Rwanda through that model. However, the point is that this model does not apply to Rwanda because the United Nations never used it in that country. His methodology provides insufficient explanation for why the Rwanda conflict was not prevented or contained, because it is based on the argument that the United Nations had intervened in Rwanda while it had not."
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Peacemaking in Rwanda, 2003.
An analysis of the failure of peacemaking in Rwanda.
1,581 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, while political theorists are correct in arguing that the United Nations' efforts at peacemaking were not successful in Rwanda, they are wrong in ascribing that failure to the post-Cold War peacemaking process. The paper contends that the nature of the conflict and its roots led to complications and that theorists incorrectly present the theory that the United Nations has only used one single peacemaking approach in the post-Cold War period.
From the Paper
"The United Nations has many responsibilities towards the world and three most important responsibilities are those of the prevention of conflict, conflict resolution and peacemaking. These three are related to one another but, at the same time, are differently defined. In the duty of prevention of conflict, the United Nations is supposed to keep an eye on the developing of tensions between ethnic groups or countries and take an action to resolve them before they grow into serious conflicts (Richmond). Conflict resolution starts from the idea that these tensions have become conflicts and, tries to end those conflicts. As explained by Oliver P. Richmond in "A Genealogy of Peacemaking: The Creation and Recreation of Order," the main way of resolving these conflicts is through negotiations and "diplomatic compromise." The relationship between prevention of conflict and resolution of conflict is obvious. The first stresses on the "management" of tensions before they develop into "intractable conflicts," and the second on the reducing back of the conflicts into "management" of tensions (Richmond). Also related to these two is peacemaking. Actually, there are many theories about the most effective peacemaking processes such as diplomatic negotiations, to military interferences that prevent the two parties from continuing their violence on one another (Bertram). Looking at this, it appears that the United Nations is serious about its peacemaking and conflict resolution responsibilities but, the author of "Rwanda, the Perils of Peacemaking," argues that the United Nations has failed in both these responsibilities since the end of the Cold War due to an incorrect approach. Although Clapham is correct in arguing that the United Nations' efforts at peacemaking were not successful in Rwanda, he is wrong in putting down that failure to just the post-cold war peacemaking process. In the first place, the nature of the conflict and its roots led to complications and, in the second place, he incorrectly presents the idea that the United Nations has only used one single peacemaking approach in the post-cold war period."
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Rwanda: Recovering from Genocide, 2005.
This paper discusses Rwanda's response and recovery from the genocide that took place in 1994.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the 1994 genocide perpetrated in Rwanda. Further, the paper discusses the current government's response to same and the ongoing ethnic/racial tensions within the nation. The paper relates the manner in which the government currently is dealing with the issues that caused the genocide and the efficacy of same. While no final conclusions are made -- given that trials are ongoing -- the government appears to be largely giving lip service to the need to unify a historically non unified nation.
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Rwanda: Genocide, 2005.
An overview of the horrendous genocide against the Tutsi tribe in Rwanda in 1994.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a timeline of events and conceptual analysis of the events leading up to the genocide of the Tutsis by the Hutus in Rwanda in 1994. The paper examines causes of, as well as events which occurred during the genocide. It also looks at the reaction of the international community and what can be done in the future to prevent such a tragedy happening again.
From the Paper
"Many of the early requests and pleas for help were denied. There
was a peacekeeping force in Rwanda called the United Nations
Assistance Mission for Rwanda, but when Force Commander General
Dallaire became aware of the genocide and asked for soldiers and
logistical support, the UN Security Council refused and voted to
reduce UNAMIR down to 260 men. The international community did not
believe that they had any place or any reason to help in Rwanda.
Senator Robert Dole stated, "I don't think we have any national
interest here. I hope we don't get involved there." This was the
thought process of many government officials at this point."
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Rwanda Genocide, 2002.
An examination of the UN's responsibility for the Rwanda genocide.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the United Nation's responsibility for the genocide in Rwanda in 1994 and analyzes why the UN did nothing while the worst mass atrocities since the Second World War were perpetrated by the Hutus against the Tutsis.
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Rwanda Crisis in Media and Literature, 2002.
An examination of the manner in which the Rwandan Crisis was displayed in the printed press and in literature.
1,526 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes a media account of the crisis in Rwanda published within one year of its occurrence, "Traumatized Relief Workers Struggle with Horrors of Rwanda Crisis," by Vivienne Walt, and compares it to the novel "When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda," by Mahmood Mamdani. The book is a detailed historic account of the Rwanda crisis and what led up to it, while the article is a very personal account of what some relief workers found when they first arrived on the scene after the genocide of Tutsis in Rwanda.
From the Paper
"The news article "Traumatized Relief Workers Struggle with Horrors of Rwanda Crisis," by Vivienne Walt is a heart wrenching personal account of relief workers encountering the genocide of the Rwanda government against the Tutsi natives who rebelled against corrupt leadership in Rwanda. The ruling Hutus were desperately afraid the Tutsis would take over the government, and so, they exterminated them before that could occur. Relief workers who traveled to Rwanda after the genocide took place were unprepared for the carnage and cruelty they would find. One worker reported back to her main office, "'Working in this areas is like working in an open graveyard and sewer,' Barbara Smith wrote on Monday form Kibumba, Zaire to the Manhattan-based International Rescue Committee, one week after she arrived there" (Walt, A05)."
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Rwanda: Childhood in a Hateful Nation, 1999.
A look at the psychological effects on children of the Rwanda massacres of the 1990s and what the government must do to alleviate these problems.
1,187 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 10 sources, $ 40.95
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From the Paper
"The hatred of the 1994 Tutsi genocide touched nearly every child in Rwanda, and its effects are long lasting. Many health problems exist in Rwanda today, such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and malnutrition. However, the people of Rwanda, especially the children, are suffering from many mental illnesses, which must be properly treated immediately. If left untreated, the individuals may sink further into stoicism. Therefore, more of the Rwandan authorities must establish more medical centers specializing in psychological disorders."
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