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The Russian Revolution and Its Aftermath, 2007.
This paper discusses the Russian Revolution and its aftermath and explores whether or not this caused a dramatic change.
1,172 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer opens with the theory that few nations have been so convulsed by revolutionary change as early twentieth century Russia. The writer then notes that Crane Brinton theorizes that revolutions generally do not produce the kind of complete alteration in national structure and outlook that might have appeared to have been the outcome while the revolution was in its active phase. The writer maintains that revolutions, especially violent revolutions, tend to be highly ideological in outlook. The writer argues that Russia changed as a result of the great Revolution of 1917, but in a startling number of ways it remained true to its history and traditions. The writer concludes that Crane Brinton's theory on revolution applies to Russia as it applies to so many other places and times, showing as it does, the difficulties, and near-impossibilities of completely transforming a nation in a short period of time.
From the Paper
"Continuity in the underlying theories of political power meant also a continuation of previous ideas in regard to ideas about the proper organization of society. On the surface, pre-Revolutionary and post-Revolutionary society could not have appeared more different. Tsarist society was nearly medieval in its organizational scheme. All Russians were carefully grouped according to hierarchical classes that were largely hereditary in origin. Some movement between classes was possible, but on the whole, the vast majority of Russians remained peasants with little hope of ever leaving the land. Though serfdom had been ended decades before, the peasant, even in 1917, was unlikely to be the possessor of much in the way of private property. In late Imperial Russia, the mir had seen to it that peasant villages functioned as collectives. Collectivization was one of the mainstays of Stalin's policies. The collective farm, or kolkhoz, was, in so many ways, the mir by another name."
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Russian Revolution, 2005.
An overview of the Russian Revolution.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper is on the Russian Revolution, its causes, its aftermath, and the rule of Stalin through the first half of the twentieth century. The paper notes that the Russian Revolution in 1917 was based essentially on principles espoused by Marx and Engels and then reshaped by Lenin and others in the era prior to the onset of the revolt. The revolution was an expression by the Russian people that they wanted a change in leadership, in economic structure, and in how society was ordered.
From the Paper
"The Russian Revolution put the ideas of Marx to the test, but ideology was not the cause of the revolution but only one of the tools brought to bear in a social situation that had already deteriorated to an intolerable degree. The revolution was directed in part at correcting the ills of the serfdom that marked the agricultural sector. (Keep 3). Marx and Engels never wrote directly about the situation in Russia in any depth, but they did make certain references to it that would demonstrate to us how they viewed the matter."
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Haitian Revolution, 2006.
An historical review of the Haitian Revolution.
1,390 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the Haitian Revolution of 1791-1804. The paper discusses how this particularly bloody slave revolution came on the coattails of the French Revolution, in which the Declaration of the Rights of Man paved the way for a new paradigm of social and political reality. The paper first studies the impact of the revolution domestically, illustrating how Haitian culture was also able to forge a unique, vibrant identity in its aftermath. The paper also demonstrates the far-reaching effect of the revolution -- it paved the way for subsequent victorious slave uprisings and revolts, including those that occurred in the United States. Therefore, the paper concludes that the Haitian Revolution was ultimately successful in its promotion of universal emancipation and initiating an end to eighteenth-century economic infrastructures based on slavery. However, the paper also examines current affairs on the Caribbean island nation, noting that many historians now wonder how meaningful the Haitian Revolution really was.
From the Paper
"Nesbitt calls the Haitian Revolution a definitively "successful guerilla war that for the first time forcefully expanded the universal human right of freedom from enslavement beyond the province of Western Europe," (19). As such, the Haitian Revolution was a key harbinger of similar movements in the future. While it may not have been the first time that slaves revolted against their maters, the Haitian Revolution was one of the first if not the first instances in which the slaves successfully deposed its colonial leaders, ousting them from power. Historians must be careful, though, to avoid romanticizing the Haitian Revolution. Phillipe R. Gerard, in his review of Laurent Dubois' book Avengers of the New World, states that "English language historiography of the Haitian Revolution has long been inadequate at best," (138). While some accounts "portrayed the rebellious black slaves as barbarians," other works "glossed over the horrors of the Haitian Revolution in order to describe its participants as heroes of the black race," (138). Because the Haitian Revolution was socially, economically, and politically complex, it is necessary to avoid generalizations or romanticism. The proposed hero of the Haitian Revolution, Toussaint L'Overture, has been frequently portrayed as "a black Spartacus," even though he himself owned slaves and sympathized with exiled white leaders (Gerard 140). Like many such revolutionary figures, especially the ones glorified in the historiography of the dominant cultures, L'Overture straddled both fences: he appeased the oppressed while he pandered to the oppressors. Such tactics still work today. All oppressor nations know that such leaders make brilliant revolutionaries. Most of the despots put into power by the United States in nations around the world shared features in common with L'Overture."
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The Industrial Revolution, 2004.
This paper discusses the social implications of the Industrial Revolution.
2,085 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Industrial Revolution left in its wake an upheaval in the lifestyle and social fabric of society, which had never occurred before quite so rapidly or radically except as the aftermath of protracted warfare or natural catastrophes. The author points out that, to alleviate the harmful effects of the industrial revolution upon workers and their families, governments tried to intervene by introducing the first legislation and supervision of industrial working conditions, such as the Factory Act of 1833, which regulated children in the factories of Britain, and a series of parliamentary insurance acts in Germany addressing illness, accident, and old age. The paper relates that the Industrial Revolution divided society into two categories of the "haves" and the "have nots", which continues today, both on an individual level and on an international level as demonstrated by the "Industrialized West" and the "Third World" nations.
Table of Content
Introduction
New Hardships of Industrialization
Early Reforms
England and Germany: Different Responses to the Same Human Problem
The Industrial Revolution in Historical Perspective
Contemporary Industrial and Social Exploitation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Industrial Revolution brought about a migration of workers from the land to urban centers, when production by hand was superseded by power driven machinery. These machines were too expensive and heavy for home use, and could only be housed and maintained in large industrial factories. Before the subsequent advent of steam engines, factories were located near streams, which provided the water necessary for their operation. Workers had to leave their homes in the country and settle in factory towns, where they earned their livelihoods.
The small workshops of individual craftsmen and laborers had to give way to the modern factory. Many men who once made a comparably good living as weavers, for instance, were out of work once textile mills and factories became equipped for power weaving. In order to earn a living, they had to join the migration to the factory towns and industrial centers."
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The Chinese Cultural Revolution, 2002.
Discusses this late 1960s period, examining Jonathan D. Spence's "The Search for Modern China" and other sources of literature.
2,256 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
The late 1960s in China was known as the period of the Cultural Revolution and this was an attempt on the part of certain central Communist Party members to weed out dissent and to exert a tighter control. The paper discusses Jonathan Spence's "The Search for Modern China" which shows that the Cultural Revolution was a direct attack on all the old elements in Chinese society. The paper shows that what began as a push for the socialist purification of art would become pressure for the socialist purification of all aspects of society and life. The paper also examines "Chinese Awakenings" by James and Ann Tyson which documents the aftermath of the Cultural Revolution.
From the Paper
"The structure of this book takes the reader from the peasant class upward through other levels of society to show how different individuals in different social classes are reacting to the new opportunities and the new economic forces. The idea of the entrepreneur is foreign to Communist China but is becoming more accepted. The question asked is, if it is desirable that some people become rich before others, then who should the people be, and what should be the extent of the income differences? The view taken now is that those who contribute most to the creation of society's wealth, and thereby set a good example for others, deserve to become rich first, and this group includes the entrepreneurs. This group came into existence in 1978 when the government decided to permit private individuals to engage in petty trades and services--areas in which the state sector had performed poorly--to help solve a growing unemployment problem. Because they provide much-needed services and are flexible in terms of business hours and locations, the business operators have prospered in general and have tended to earn more than state employees, and this in turn has caused some resentment."
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The Russian Mafia versus the Japanese Yakuza, 2008.
This is a comparative paper between the Russian Mafia and the Japanese Yakuza and includes the topics of how each is organized, the methods used, and their respective histories.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the many similarities and few differences between the Russian Mafia and the Japanese Yakuza. Specifically, the paper looks at how each is organized, the methods each employs, and the respective histories of each organization. In so doing, the paper ultimately argues that the chief differences between the two organizations are twofold: the Russian Mafia, for historical and cultural reasons, is even more powerful than its Japanese counterpart because of its close ties to the Russian state, and the Russian Mafia is even more brutal in its methods than the Yakuza - or most anyone else. In the final analysis, Robert I. Friedman and other close observers are not wrong to view the "Red Mafiya" with trepidation and dread.
Outline:
Introduction
How the Japanese Yakuza is Organized
How the Russian Mafia is Organized
The Methods Employed by the Japanese Yakuza
The Methods Employed by the Russian Mafia
History of the Japanese Yakuza
History of the Russian Mafia
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Russian Mafia has been around at least as long as its Yakuza counterpart. James O. Finckenauer writes that stealing the Czar's timber was not considered criminal during much of modern Russian history and professional criminals in the early years of the twentieth century conspired with Marxist political revolutionaries to overthrow first the Czar and then the short-lived revolutionary government that followed. While it is not clear, it appears as though the modern-day Russian Mafia was shaped by the exigencies of the Soviet-era Communist economy - an economy that often failed to provide adequately for its citizens. As a result, a 'shadow' economy sprang up, and it was one in which a criminal entrepreneurial class able to operate outside the law found the perfect climate in which to flourish."
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Russian Futurism, 2002.
An analysis of Russian futurism and concepts of a Russian utopia through a literature review.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the ideas of Russian futurism that was so prevalent in the Russia at the beginning, and the middle of the 20th century. By realizing the contributions of some of its authors, a look at the language of Zuam will be analyzed, as well the literature that so powerful in setting this example for Russian culture. By arguing for a lapse in the final stages of a Russian utopia, we can see how this artistic was a valued one, but held secondary to the Dada Movement and other radical elements in the time that held greater sway in their influence.
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Russian Music, 2002.
An analysis of the history of Russian music, including a focus on its impact on present day Russian society.
1,062 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the ups and downs of Russian music throughout the Soviet Union?s tumultuous history. The paper examines the impact that music has on Russians today. This paper also discusses the music during the pre-revolutionary years, post-revolutionary years, the Stalin years, the post-Stalin years, and Gorbachev?s perestroika years.
From the Paper
"The years before the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the Russian revolution of 1917 are considered the pre-revolutionary years. The Russian Revolution of 1905 was an unsuccessful attempt to topple the ruling czar and it all started with the Bloody Sunday Massacre. The Russian revolution of 1917 succeeded in overthrowing the imperial government and replacing them with the Bolsheviks. The pre-revolutionary years, in Russia, were filled with Byzantium liturgical chants, nationalistic folk songs, operas, and symphonies. In 988, Prince Vladimir of Kiev decided that Russian?s national religion would be Byzantine Orthodoxy and that?s how the Byzantium liturgical chants ended up in Russia. However, after the Russians created their own style of liturgical chants, it was called znammeny chants. This type of music was entirely vocal and there were no musical instruments accompanying the chants."
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Russian Organized Crime, 2007.
This paper discusses the Russian mafia and the dangers they pose today.
914 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the origins of Russian organized crime and its activities in the U.S. The paper discusses how Russian organized crime exploits technology in a variety of white-collar computer crimes including counterfeiting, credit card schemes and insurance frauds. The paper labels the Russian mafia as one of the most dangerous organized crime groups in the world today. The paper relates that not only is the Russian mafia extremely violent and versatile in its choice of criminal activities, it also holds no qualms about trafficking in nuclear weaponry between countries and political terror organizations. The paper contends that the Russian mafia should be one of the top priorities for worldwide law enforcement and control.
From the Paper
"Russian organized crime (or the Russian mafia) spread quickly after the evaporation of the Soviet Union in 1991. Organized crime spread quickly in Russia, and many experts believe one reason was that the chaotic government system after the breakup resulted in an atmosphere of mistrust and bribery in order to survive. One historian notes, "In order to survive, ordinary citizens had to act like criminals; they had to master the intricacies of the corrupt state bureaucracy, learn how to bribe officials, and develop skills in forging and counterfeiting documents" (Kelly, 2000, p. 268). Thus, the conditions were perfect for the growth and sustenance of a healthy organized crime culture in the former Soviet Union, and this quickly spread to the United States."
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"Russian Folk Belief", 2004.
A review of the book, "Russian Folk Belief", by Linda Ivanits.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Linda Ivanits?s book, "Russian Folk Belief". The paper states that the book is a foundational, and possibly one-of-a-kind work, exploring concepts of Russian culture that have previously been unknown. The bedrock themes that are present within Ivanits's work are continually demonstrated within her text through real memories and experiences of Russian people. The paper describes how Ivanits clearly demonstrates how a tradition associated with eons of standards and cultural practices has evolved through more modern times into the age of Christianity. Each section of her book weaves the roots of Russian folk belief with the dominance of the Christian ethic and practice.
From the Paper
"Ivanits give and initial account of the Pagan history of many supernatural beliefs and identities all of which are rich and varied and inclusive of the Russian peasant lifestyle. Ivanits then moves on to introduce the reader to the themes as they associate to the names and faces of the Christian personages. Superimposition of the personification of the saints and characters of the past in Russian Orthodoxy is proven without a doubt to be associated with the foundational personifications of historical supernatural pagan identities. "
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The Russian Worker, 2001.
Examines the life of Russian laborers under the Tzarist Regime.
1,657 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The Russian working population changed dramatically when the country modernized during the late Imperial age. It was a drastic change for a Russian peasant to go from living in a small village and working a variety of tasks to going to the large cities and specializing in one task. Using Victoria Bonnell's book "The Russian Worker" as a reference, this paper evaluates this shift, as well as the Russian government's actions toward labor.
From the Paper
"As thousands of peasants moved out of villages, a new type of worker was formed. Their individual identities and their concepts of their roles in society all changed. The first revolution in 1905 was due to poor working conditions and the need on the part of the workers to be herd. Although the old regime stayed in tact, many workers began to comprehend the political power of their actions. After some time, many workers residing in large factories formed the working class."
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Russian Literature, 2002.
A discussion of the life and literary work of Russian emigres.
3,106 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the life and literary work of Russian emigres draws upon a very distinct Russian tradition of intellectuals in exile and how both the Russian Empire and Soviet Union had many exiles, both inside the empire and outside it. It looks at how many of those that left voluntarily early in their lives such as Vladimir Nabokov, Boris Pasternak, and Ayn Rand, reflected the sentiments of those that were later forced into political exile, which include Brodsky, Solzhenitsyn and Sakhalov. In particular, it focuses on Nabokov?s cohort of Russian emigres to Europe and America.
From the Paper
"Nabokov was a native of Saint Petersburg, which at the time of his childhood dominated Russian culture as it had been the home of the Czar and represented not only the seat of the Russian government but also its connection to the commerce of the west. Nabokov, like Rand and other emigres who grew up in Piter during the aughts and teens, was a child of privilege who vacationed in the Crimea and in continental Europe; in many respects he was similar to the upper middle class that one finds today in Moscow. Nabokov grew up in a wealthy suburb of St. Petersburg; at that time, small villages like Vyra and Tsarsky Celo had regular rail service to the center of town. He was taught by private tutors and spoke several languages from a very early age."
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Perspectives on the Russian Commune, 2002.
A description and comparison of the views of the Russian Commune
2,201 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper shows how The Russian Commune formed the backbone of the Russian Empire. It explores its functions and jurisdiction and shows that these are the key to understanding the daily circumstances of nearly 85% of the 19th Century Russian population.
From the Paper
"According to Hoch, von Haxthausen and Mackenzie Wallace ?the functions and powers of the ... commune were extensive? and ?constitute ? the real foundation of the entire social order? . In their view, the Mir provided a collective mechanism for addressing communal issues, and from a peasant?s perspective represented, as the word?s meaning suggests , the totality of their earthly experience. The Mir decided amongst others issues: land allotments, taxes, communal expenditures, punishments (for infractions among individuals of different households), supervised the heads of households, served as a safety net for indigent members of the community and importantly, decided who would be recruited into military service. Hoch, von Haxthausen and Mackenzie Wallace also coincide in the patriarchal foundation and egalitarian objectives of the Mir, which was dominated by the heads of households (Selski Starosta), who met as part of the village assembly (Selski Skhod) to regulate important matters. Clearly, the Mir did much to bind peasants to the land and each other. "
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The Russian Orthodox Church, 2005.
A brief history of the Russian Orthodox Church.
1,412 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the origins, history, traditions, and teachings of the Russian Orthodox Church. The paper also looks at the role it plays in the lives of many Russians, how the Church was treated by governments of different eras in Russian history, and describes the architecture and design of typical Orthodox Churches.
From the Paper
"The Russian Orthodox Church has a strong political and spiritual influence over the entire Russian state. They believe two thousand years ago, Jesus Christ, the Son of God, came to earth and founded the Church through his apostles and disciples, for the salvation of man. In the years, which followed, the Apostles spread the Church and its teachings far and founded many churches partaking of the Mysteries or Sacraments of the Holy Church. God the Father is considered the fountainhead of the Holy Trinity. Jesus Christ is the second person of the Holy Trinity, eternally born of the Father. The Holy Spirit is considered one of the persons of the Holy Trinity and is one essence with the Father. Incarnations refer to Jesus Christ coming. The eternal Son of God the Father assumed to himself a complete human nature from the Virgin Mary. Salvations means the divine gift through men and women are delivered from sin and death and united to Christ and brought into his eternal kingdom. Baptism means the way a person is actually united to Christ. The experience of salvations is initiated in the waters of Baptism."
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Russian Intelligence Structure and Operations, 2002.
Examines how the Russian government pursues its foreign intelligence operations and espionage, specifically in the U.S.
2,466 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the workings of the SVR (Russian Foreign Intelligence Service), GRU (Main Intelligence Directorate of General Staff) and FAPSI (Federal Agency for Government Communications and Information). It examines how the changing of the KGB into FSB affected the role of Russian intelligence. The paper explores how the Russians operate their espionage systems all over the world and specifically inside the U.S. Finally, the paper looks at how Cuba and its facilities are helping Russia perform espionage operations in the White House and the Pentagon.
From the Paper
"The Russian Federation has a significant intelligence capability that it inherited from former Soviet Union. Much of this intelligence collection infrastructure continues to focus on collecting information concerning the United States. Russia has the ability to use IMINT, SIGINT, HUMINT, MASINT and open source analysis to develop all source intelligence products for Russian political leaders, military planners, and industrial concerns. According to FBI, Russian intelligence operations against the United States have increased in sophistication, scope, and number and are likely to remain at a high level for the foreseeable future."
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