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Greek and Roman Architecture, 2007.
This paper discusses and compares Greek and Roman architecture.
1,559 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Greek architecture has long been identified with the creation of the three classic architectural orders, the Doric, Ionic and Corinthian. The writer points out that Greek temples were not directly linked to the orders but show basic features that are much alike. The writer then discusses that Roman architecture reflects a way of public and private life, borrowing elements from the Greeks and the Etruscans. The writer concludes that Greek architecture is more limited in scope and adheres more closely to ideas of unity and symmetry, more like chamber music. The writer maintains that Roman architecture is more expansive and more inclusive, balancing different elements in the manner of the symphony.
From the Paper
"The Greeks studied proportions to secure a general harmony in the relative massiveness or slenderness of all the parts as well as a mathematical relation between their dimensions. This process could be likened to that involved in chamber music, where harmony among the elements is controllable with the limited number of instruments and the unity of musical elements."
"R.W. Livingstone cites some of the differences between the Greek and Roman approaches to architecture in terms of the Greek dedication to the architectural order as the vocabulary of Greek architecture, stating ... "
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Roman Architecture, 2005.
This paper examines Roman architecture within a kinesthetic approach.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer looks at William MacDonald's review of the architectural achievements of classical Rome, 'Architecture of the Roman Empire'. The writer discusses that MacDonald contends that architecture works through a kinesthetic process by which its shapes and surfaces impact our consciousness and serve as devices of physical and mental learning. This essay explores this approach with reference to the Markets of Trajan, the generic structure of Roman baths and the Roman amphitheatres. This analysis argues, with reference to both particular structures and generic styles, that the Romans conceived of their architecture as conveying messages in stone and educating citizens and foreigners alike, in the values and culture of Rome.
From the Paper
"William MacDonald, in his review of the architectural achievements of classical Rome Architecture of the Roman Empire, contends that architecture works through a "kinesthetic" process by which its shapes and surfaces impact our consciousness and serve as devices of physical and mental learning. This essay will explore this approach with reference to the Markets of Trajan, the generic structure of Roman baths, and the Roman amphitheatres."
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Roman Architecture, 2005.
An examination of why Roman architecture is considered of such high quality.
846 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the important characteristics of Roman architecture. Ancient Romans introduced many modern and sophisticated techniques in architectural design and were the first people to use concrete in their buildings. The writer explains that this is one reason why most of their buildings have managed to withstand the test of time.
From the Paper
"Roman architecture is considered one of the greatest accomplishments of the Roman Empire because of the lasting impact of its magnificent buildings and sheer grandeur of the architectural designs. Roman architecture finds its roots in the Etruscan architecture of 12 B.C. and was markedly influenced by Greek architectural designs too. But Roman architects brilliantly added and subtracted on the architecture of preceding eras to introduce new unique techniques and established their name firmly in this field. They left an indelible mark on the architectural world with the power of their grand designs and original style."
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Ancient Roman Architecture, 2002.
A paper which studies the influences of ancient Roman architecture on modern architectural designs.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that ancient Roman architects implemented the elements of space, symmetry and construction with exceptional innovative skill. Although their most notable achievements, the arch and vault construction, was first conceived by the Etruscans and had a profound influence on Roman architectural style and design, the paper shows that the innovations made by the Romans were still tremendously substantial and distinct.
From the Paper
"Another revolution can be seen in the Roman network of roads. The Romans were the first civilization to make well-designed roads. Around the time of Augustus the major roads were constructed to keep the incredibly large empire linked to avoid collapse. The Romans contributed a number of things to the basic idea of roads, such as archways, city streets, and arch bridges. This greatly increased the ability to build because of the way the roads were laid out. The roads allowed the Roman Empire to expand Rome in every direction; hence the saying ?All roads lead to Rome?. In fact, they were so abundant and well constructed that many of them still exist today as memorable landmarks today."
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Greek & Roman Art & Architecture, 1989.
Discusses Greek form vs. Roman space in architecture and idealism vs. realism in sculpture.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Greek and Roman art and architecture were both innovative and distinguished by features which can be compared and contrasted. In both cultures the major trends in art and architecture were set in their respective archaic periods. However, the comparison and contrasting of both are best restrained to the more mature periods of each society.
Classical Greek art begins around the Fifth Century B.C. During this time the Greeks had consolidated their military victories by ousting the Persian invaders, reduced civil unrest by removing the old kingships and replacing them with oligarchies and democracies, and limited the mercantilism of the Greek poli or city.states (Greer 66-69). In terms of art and architecture, however, it should be remembered that Greek art was largely commissioned by the demos of relatively small cities (...)"
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Roman and Christian Architecture, 1999.
Compares styles, themes, inspirations and cultural contexts, focusing on the Roman Parthenon and the Hagia Sophia of Christian/Byzantine influence.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, $ 63.95
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Abstract
"Greek architecture has long been identified with the creation of the three classic architectural orders, the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, though actually the Corinthian is a variation of the Ionic.
From the Paper
"Greek architecture has long been identified with the creation of the three classic architectural orders, the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, though actually the Corinthian is a variation of the Ionic. Greek temples were not directly linked to the orders but show basic features that are much alike. order and cleanness of lines marks Greek temples and other monumental Greek architecture. Roman architecture reflects a way of public and private life, borrowing elements from the Greeks and the Etruscans. The Pantheon is a large, round temple in Rome which shows the ability of the Romans to create vast interior spaces, perhaps for the first time in the history of architecture. Many Roman works are a mixture of styles, such as the Hagia Sophia, a monumental piece of architecture that links us with the era of Justinian's reign in Constantinople and is an interesting example of a ..."
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The Dome in Roman and Renaissance Architecture, 1992.
An analysis of renaissance architecture, with an emphasis on St. Peter's Basilica and Hagia Sophia.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 7 sources, $ 119.95
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From the Paper
"The Basilica of Saint Peter
Saint Peter's Church, Basilica of St. Peter, is the largest church in the world; located in the Vatican, Rome, over the grave of Peter the Apostle; has 29 alters in addition to the high alter. Interior length, 615 ft; width at front, 87 ft; length of transept 450 ft. First consecrated in 326 A.D.; rebuilt with many changes in plans, among which was Bramante's, which was later changed from a Greek cross to a Latin cross ground plan. After 1547, construction was under the direction of Michelangelo, who designed the dome, which has a diameter of 138 ft and a height of 404 ft to the top of the lantern; consecrated in 1626.
Hagia Sophia, is an outstanding example of Byzantine architecture (Constantinople); originally built as a church by..."
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Roman Architecture, 1997.
Evolution of 1st and 2nd Century works. Looks at influences and styles, and presents examples (Praeneste complex, monuments & temples).
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 7 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"The great revolution in Roman architecture is generally dated from the time of Nero's Domus Aurea (64-69 AD). But the expanded repertory of architectural shapes and procedures that was the foundation of that revolution first began to come together in the time of the Republic. Increased wealth and important political changes created a growing demand for architectural projects of all sorts. Simultaneously, the expansion of Roman power brought more Greek influences directly to Rome. Then, when the development of the potential of concrete construction made Roman innovations in vaulting and domes possible, architecture sped forward. The decades prior to Sulla's brief reign as dictator were particularly productive ones for architecture. But the subsequent periods of civil war and the emergence of an old-fashioned official taste under the..."
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Roman Architecture, 1996.
Origins (2nd Cent. A.D.), development, Greek influences, style, cultural philosophy, homes, temples and theaters.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Architecture that was distinctively Roman did not begin to emerge until the first century BC and only reached full development at the time of Augustus one century later. Because Rome was formed from interactions with many different Italian groups and because the Roman Empire took in so much area and so many different peoples, Roman culture was not homogeneous. Nearly every aspect of its culture was heavily influenced by other Italians (particularly the Etruscans), Greeks, and peoples of the Near East and Europe. Pollitt divides the long developmental period of Roman art and architecture into three phases. The first two were the Etruscan phase (seventh and sixth centuries BC) and the Italic phase (which corresponded with the beginning of the Republic and occupied the next two centuries). The third period was the Greek phase "dating to the third and.."
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Gothic Architecture and Renaissance Architecture, 2005.
A comparative analysis of Gothic and Renaissance architecture.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper compares Gothic architecture and Renaissance architecture, showing the change that came over architecture with the shift from the more massive and decorated style of the Gothic to the cleaner classical lines of the Renaissance, a period which also borrowed from the Moslem style to make new use of the dome, as in religious buildings by Brunelleschi.
From the Paper
"Gothic architecture developed from the Romanesque style and emerged in the twelfth century. It prevailed until the Renaissance beginning in the fifteenth century. Gothic architecture was marked by size and elaborate decorations. However, Gothic architecture was first defined in terms of a change in Romanesque church architecture diagonal ribs were added to the groin-vault, as was first seen at the Abbey Church of St. Denis near Paris (Frankl 1). In part because of its origins, Gothic architecture has long been associated with France and is considered a French style, though in fact, others used it as well. Gothic architecture is probably represented for many people by Notre-Dame de Paris, a facade known from countless stories and other representations as well as for itself. "
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Roman Slavery and Roman Comedy, 2004.
An analysis of Roman literature's comedic view of enslavement.
822 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines, through a literature review of such works as Plautus?s two comedies, ?The Pot of Gold? and ?Pseudolus?, how Roman drama is not a seamless construction of slave identity, or even a seamless construction of a world of upside-down power relations between master and servant. It shows how it is an uncertain negotiation of real life tensions where harsh realities and punishments of slaves existed simultaneously with portrayals of individuals in the Roman media of the day who were clearly human.
From the Paper
"Clearly, slavery in the ancient Roman world was socially stigmatized. However, what is so fascinating about the Roman?s version of this ?peculiar institution,? as slavery was often called in the American South, was that slaves did not occupy a stigmatized racial class, as they did in the American South. That is to say that in the racist, antebellum South, a free black man was still stigmatized by his race. However, in Rome, an individual who was a slave might be highly regarded as well as treated like chattel, if he or she possessed special educational or artistic skills. Slaves were often captured prisoners of war, and valued for their social contributions as well as socially despised."
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The Evolution of the Roman Theater, 2005.
The history and development of the architecture of the Roman theater building. An in-depth look at how the ancient Romans borrowed heavily from the Greek example, but improved upon it to create a building that was uniquely Roman.
2,698 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses in great detail the evolution of the Roman theater, beginning from the Greek wooden origins to the stone monuments that became iconic with Roman architecture during the Republic and the Empire. A brief history of theater is discussed in the beginning of the paper, with special attention given to the religious implications of how theaters were originally set up. The importance of the orchestra and "skene" are given historical background, dating back to early Dionysian worship. The layout of the early Greek theaters are discussed, with a complete layout included that describes the circular performance area, the seating arrangements, background adjustments and a rudimentary stage. The rest of the paper deals with how the Romans, eager to take the art of theater from being a religious practice to more of an entertainment value for the masses, incorporated their own unique designs to the Greek theater layout to create a more efficient and clearly Roman design. Heavy attention is give to Vitruvius and his work " De Architectura" which provides a step-by-step process in which Roman theaters were built. Improvements are discussed from eliminating the completely circular stage to a half-circle, as well as creating an official stage that persists in modern theatrical performances. The paper takes each part of the theater and discusses the area extensively in terms of what the Romans did to improve upon or change from the early Greek models.
From the Paper
"Ancient Rome's concept of art and architecture was heavily influenced by the cultures that the Romans had conquered, but were in no way identical copies of the art that existed in those subjugated areas. The Romans excelled at taking artistic ideas from other civilizations and molding them into a form that could undoubtedly be identified as uniquely Roman. This technique can easily be seen in practice when one examines the Roman theater building. Roman theaters can be found throughout the area that used to be the Roman Empire, with remnants of theaters all over Europe and the Mediterranean. These theaters have details and building techniques that are exclusive to Roman designs, but when they are viewed in comparison with ancient Greek theaters, one can clearly see where the Romans received their inspiration."
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The Roman Coliseum, 2007.
An historical approach to the architecture, symbolism and use of the Roman Coliseum.
3,021 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Roman Coliseum as it stood and as it was utilized during the first two centuries AD. In particular, it reviews the noteworthy architecture of the Coliseum as well as what the Coliseum stood for and what it was used for. The paper argues that the Coliseum, while a remarkably modern structure, was a symbol of exploitation and its presence on the Roman landscape today raises a number of dark issues about the psyche of the brilliant civilization that brought it into being.
From the Paper
"In closing, the last several pages have provided a brief historical sketch of the Roman Coliseum as it stood during its height - and the height of Roman power - in the first two centuries after the death of Christ. The paper has reviewed in particular the architectural features of the Amphitheatre and the paper has also examined what purposes it served and the uses to which it was put. Furthermore, the paper has illuminated the dark and exploitative elements which are also a part of the Coliseum's historical legacy. In the final analysis, what should emerge from this paper is an appreciation for the exquisite skill required to erect such a monument and a concomitant appreciation for the dark forces which linked the Coliseum with acts of almost unspeakable cruelty."
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Roman Dwellings: Villas, Houses and Apartments, 2001.
A detailed look at the early and later architectural designs of Roman dwellings.
2,095 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 15 sources, $ 65.95
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This paper provides a description of the early and later architectural designs of the Roman houses, villas, and apartments. The author offers a historic view of the designs found in excavations and on mosaics and discusses the social relevance of certain architectural designs.
From the Paper
"Architecture was outstanding among the Roman arts. Many of the outward forms of Roman architecture were taken over from the Greeks. It was through Rome that these forms became the common language of a great part of the tradition of western architecture. Connections between Greek houses and Roman ones provide important context both for Roman villas planned around peristyles as well as for the luxuriousness of the decoration and contents of late republican and early imperial houses and villas. This Greek luxury was a matter of some ambivalence for the Romans. Certain members of the Roman elite were eager to emulate the model of Hellenistic taste as found in Greek palaces of the fourth century B.C. and later (Robertson, 1986). But there has been a change of attitude about Hellenistic influence on architecture, painting, and mosaics: scholars are now stressing the ready naturalization of Greek art and ideas in the Roman context rather than using Roman art to reconstruct a hypothetical Hellenistic original (Jones, 2001)."
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Roman Pantheon, 2005.
An historical and architectural overview of the Roman Pantheon, focusing on the builders, the techniques, and the scientific and mathematical symmetry of the building.
2,823 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper tracks the origins of the Roman Pantheon from its conception in antiquity to modern-day times. It describes its purpose and functions, changes in architectural structure, and its unique building techniques. The latter part of the paper describes its novel uses throughout time in mathematical and scientific innovations.
From the Paper
"The period of antiquity now viewed as Ancient Rome was privy to a plethora of building construction. The glory of the Forum, the vastness of the Coloseum, and the intricacies of the Baths of Caracalla are now considered marvel relics, but all pale in comparison to the architectural wonder of the Pantheon. The building brings together the grandeur of the world and the wonder of the cosmos; adhering the two in a cutting edge and unique manner. The stately and overbearing monument has undergone many transformations through antiquity, often changing both shape and function. The function of the Pantheon is still a source of current debate among scholars, with arguments ranging from a temple to Augustus to an intricate sundial. While the controversy might never come to a conclusion, the exact scientific and mathematical precision of the Pantheon illustrates the intention of the building as a feat of engineering."
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