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Ricardo Free Trade Theory, 2004.
This paper argues against the common view that free trade is somehow based on ,or at least parallel to, Ricardo's theory concept of comparative advantage.
1,035 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that the entire export-import theory of Ricardo stops working when government intervenes, which explains why his theory of free trade was flawed. The author points out that David Ricardo believed when free trade takes place, goods and services move from one country to another, which means production levels would have to increase. The paper stresses that Ricardo?s theory may not be able to stand the test of close analysis and examination because it is based on rather unrealistic assumptions.
From the Paper
"For decades, people have readily embraced this theory believing it to be the most important concept in economics and especially in free trade. However, that is not the case especially not after most barriers to international trade have been removed. This is because with more mobility of capital and labor, countries, which previously did not enjoy comparative advantage in some product, can now easily shift prediction to cheaper locations and reach the same level of resource consumption as its rival countries."
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David Ricardo & Free Trade, 1997.
Analyzes this economist's views on absolute & comparative advantage, income shares, tenant farming, Corn Laws, modern application. Compares his opinions to those of Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus and Marx.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
David Ricardo was a self-made millionaire landowner who argued vehemently against the interests of landowners. He published only one book, Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, but is recognized for putting forth an economic theory based on business interests. In putting forth economic theories that contradicted the interest of landowners, Ricardo incurred the criticism and anger of others in his class. Nonetheless, Ricardo continued to be a vociferous critic of laws which favored landowners, most notably the so-called "Corn Laws" and argued in favor of free trade as a way of better distributing goods across international borders. This research examines Ricardo's arguments and positions, and evaluates his contribution to modern economic and political discussions regarding free trade and distribution of wealth..."
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Ricardo's Theory Of Rent, 1973.
This paper discusses Ricardo's theory of rent, its ramifications. and modern theories which refute Ricardo.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
This paper will trace the history and development of the theory of rent as set forth by David Ricardo. The earliest school of economics was that of the physiocrats, an 18th century group who paved the way for Adam Smith and the economic theorists of the next hundred years. The essence of the physiocratic system lay in the concept of a God-ordained "natural order," in which every social fact had its place. A person's first obligation was to understand this order; the next was to conform to it. This order was the revelation of an inner principle, not the result of external observation. The physiocrats' respect for property and authority reflected their belief in the "natural order.".
Every undertaking involved a certain expense. Wealth was spent in the production of new wealth. This expense, subtracted ... "
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Ricardo's Law, 2007.
This paper examines David Ricardo's international trade theory of comparative advantage.
2,330 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The paper defines David Ricardo's theory of comparative advantage, known as Ricardo's law. The paper looks at its strengths and weaknesses and compares Ricardo's original theory to today's international trade theory.
From the Paper
"David Ricardo is regarded as one of Britain's greatest economists. He was important in the development of economic theory especially in the "classical system" of political economy. He was rare in that he was able to have both wealth and a famous legacy through economics. His background is as interesting as his achievements in economics. One of his most important findings is in the "theory of comparative advantage", a theory that is popularly known as Ricardo's law. The theory of comparative advantage is one of the most important concepts of international trade."
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Free Trade vs. Managed Trade, 2002.
A comparison of free trade to managed trade in today's global economy.
1,275 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the values of free trade to managed trade. It begins by defining trade and identifying the ideal trade. The paper argues that free trade is the best policy to increase prosperity and equality in a capitalist society. It describes managed trade as the current situation, as tariffs and trade policy try to create fair grounds for commerce between two nations, as seen through the example of Japan and the United States. The writer states that protectionist policies, as used in managed trade, have been the anthem of the past and have led to war and conflict.
From the Paper
"Trade is the exchange of goods and services between two countries. In order for trade to be successful, both sides must perceive that they benefit from the exchange, or the trade will not take place. In a perfect world, both parties go away from the trade happy that they have ridded themselves of something of which they have surplus, and gained something of value to them. However, in the real world, this does not happen all of the time and one party or the other walks away feeling ?cheated.?
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Free Trade/ Fair Trade, 2007.
An argumentative essay on the benefits of fair trade over free trade.
2,280 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how those that promote free trade claim that overall production and profit is the highest good, and define efficiency and success as the ability to produce great quantities and great profit with a business. Those in support of fair trade, however, point out that productivity itself is not a good, but is only useful inasmuch as it improves the lives of the mass of people. The paper examines whether
countries should be allowed to protect their industries with tariffs or control them with regulations, despite the concerns or desires of other countries.
From the Paper
"Of these two arguments, Morris' is by far the most convincing, in part because he is far more holistic in his analysis of the situation. Irwin focuses primarily on the over-all financial gains for nations, but does not specify who those gains go to. Though he seems to believe that an overall per capita increase in national product will raise national standards of living, he seldom produces evidence to this effect and does not take into consideration that what may be true for one nation, such as Japan, would not be true for another nation which was emerging from a long history of serious economic depression (such as former colonies). Moreover, he seems to confuse personal well being with the well being of the international money market."
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The World Trade Organization And Trade Policies, 2002.
Examines the effects of the WTO on government trade policies in many countries such as China.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The World Trade Organization has an effect on developing governmental policies concerning trade in many countries such as China.
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Trade Spaces in "Trading Spaces", 2002.
A representation of hegemonic masculinity in the popular television series "Trading Spaces".
3,010 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
The textual analysis of the TV series "Trading Spaces" explores the possibility of interchanging gender roles in this home improvement showcase. A strong case is built on the unchanging male hegemony. However, the paper shows that the series does focus, in a particular way, on issues of gender and power, and especially on the supposedly changing nature of masculinity. Provides limitless examples from the show to exemplify gendered television.
From the Paper
"Since its launch in September 2000 as a late-afternoon show, Trading Spaces has regularly scored a 2 or 3 household rating in its universe in prime time, according to Neilson Media Research data, peaking one Saturday evening in April at a 3:2 for an episode featuring the Dixie Chicks. With that all-time household record for TLC, Trading Spaces also beat out all broadcast networks in delivery of adults 18-49 that night (the network regularly ranks in the top 10 of all cable networks in delivery of adults 18-49 and adults 25-54). By the conclusion of its third season, Trading Spaces will have taped 65 new episodes compared to last season?s 40, and can be seen in 70 million homes in America, and internationally in Canada, Japan, Australia, Thailand, and the Philippines (Foege)."
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Comparative Advantage Theory, 2005.
A brief overview of this economic theory that was developed by David Ricardo and how it is applied to modern day international economics.
1,223 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
Adam Smith envisioned the idea of free trade with his "invisible hand doctrine". But, it was David Ricardo, working in the early part of the nineteenth century who provided the proof for this doctrine in his theory of "Comparative Advantage". The paper shows that Ricardo realized that absolute advantage was a limited case of a more general theory. It examines how Ricardo argued that trade is based on comparative advantage, and not absolute advantage. The paper examines how this theory can be applied to modern day economics.
From the Paper
"If China, for one, is to be considered the major market opportunity for nearly every global conglomerate or corporation, what can China provide that they can produce more cheaply than Western nations? The answer is obvious: labor and the real estate to build new plants at a lower cost than in a Western Nation. What are the difficulties? China's immense and dense bureaucracy, a mountain of permits and documents to be signed by dozens of functionaries large and small, most wanting a capitalist portion of the eventual pie."
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Value Theory, 2004.
An examination of the ideas of Marx, Menger, Ricardo, Say, and Smith on value theory.
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
Value theory has been interpreted and described in many different ways throughout the course of history. There are classical theorists, early classical theorists and socialists, and even those who are categorized as late Ricardians. This essay focuses on the definition of value theory as defined by the following theorists: Marx; Menger; Ricardo; Say; and Smith. Each of these economic theorists presented a slightly different take on how value is derived in an economic environment. For some, value is created from labor exerted by workers. For others, supply creates demand and subsequent value. Some have argued that value is created in the marketplace as consumers exchange goods and services; buyers and sellers create demand, supply and demand, and any good is only as valuable as the time the producer puts into it. All of the theorists explored have both positive and negative factors related to their theory of value. Each of these schools of thought is explored in greater detail.
From the Paper
"Marx claimed that value is a physical and social substance or ?social labor? (Kim, 1998). Marx?s value theory asserts that ?the value of an object is solely a result of the labor expended to produce it? (Isil, 2004). Marx also suggests that an object is worth more relative to the amount of labor or time that is put into its development. His theory was popular at the time among working class individuals who exuded a lot of effort creating value in the goods and services they produced.
Marx defines value in essence as ?consumed labor time? meaning that goods are simply a product of the labor that goes into producing them, and only as valuable as the value of the labor put into them (Isil, 2004). There are many that have argued against Marx?s ideals, in part because of his strong beliefs that workers who invest a significant amount of time creating a product should enjoy the fruits of their labor to a much greater degree than they are often compensated."
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Labor Theory, 2002.
An analysis of David Ricardo's labor theory.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
A paper comparing two principle articles and one minor article with regard to David Ricardo's labor value theory.
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The Theory of Value, 2003.
This paper traces the evolution of the labor theory of value.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 10 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the evolution of the labor theory of value from Adam Smith through Karl Marx. The author includes focus theorists include Smith, Marx and David Ricardo. The paper presents three broad approaches to the analysis of value.
From the Paper
" In the development of economic theory, there have been three broad approaches to the analysis of value. First, there are the general use theories."
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Biography as Theory, 2006.
A discussion regarding the factors influencing the biographical development of economists.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the biographical development of Smith, Malthus, Ricardo, Mill, Marx, Marshall, and Keynes. The paper analyzes the premise that these economists' biographical development also deeply influenced their economic theories to some degree. The degree of this influence is apparent in relation to Marx's poverty and his subsequent development of socialism and its redistribution of wealth.
From the Paper
"Glass, D. V., ed. 1953. Introduction to Malthus. London: Watts. Helburn, Suzanne W. and David F. Bramhall, eds. 1986. Marx, Schumpeter, & Keynes: A Centenary Celebration of Dissent. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Hollander, Samuel. 2000. John Stuart Mill on Economic Theory and Method. London: Routledge. Moggridge, D. E. 1995. Maynard Keynes: An Economist's Biography. New York: Routledge. Raffaelli, Tiziano. 2003. Marshall's Evolutionary Economics. New York: Routledge. Ross, Ian Simpson. 1995. The Life of Adam Smith. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Spiegel, Henry William. 1991. The Growth of Economic Thought. 3rd ed. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Taylor, Overton H. 1960. A History of Economic Thought: Social Ideals"
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Theories Of Alfred Marshall and John Maynard Keynes, 1999.
Examines Marshall's contributions to Keynesian theory including the concept of expectations, monetary theory, quantity of money, liquidity preference. Discusses the impact of theories of Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Stuart Mill and others.
8,100 words (approx. 32.4 pages), 32 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this research to consider the Marshallian contribution to the Keynesian argument. These contributions are related primarily to the concept of expectations, and to monetary theory. With respect to monetary theory, the emphasis in this research is on quantity of money and liquidity preference.
From the Paper
"THE MARSHALLIAN CONTRIBUTION TO THE KEYNESIAN ARGUMENT
Introduction
The purpose of this research to consider the Marshallian contribution to the Keynesian argument. These contributions are related primarily to the concept of expectations, and to monetary theory. With respect to monetary theory, the emphasis in this research is on quantity of money and liquidity preference.
Background
The Great Depression of the 1930s ushered in unemployment levels of 25 percent and higher in the United States and other industrial economies, and prevailing economic models appeared to be incapable of explaining economic developments (Eisner, 1994, pp. 211-229). It was into this economic morass that John ..."
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Preferential Trading Arrangements (PTAs), 2005.
This paper examines if preferential trade agreements (PTAs) are trade diverting or trade expanding.
760 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the cost of trade diverting because of the efficiency costs of regional trade arrangements is larger than preferential trade agreement (PTA) proponents recognize. The author points out that these costs arise because (1) the claim that regional trade arrangements minimize trade diversion by grouping natural trading partners is wrong and because (2) the volume of trade flows between countries, another popular indicator, is not a good proxy of naturalness. The paper concludes that these two critiques of the static welfare effects of preferential trading arrangements suggest that the trade diverting effects are likely to be larger and the trade-creating effects are likely to be smaller than proponents of PTAs claim.
Table of Contents
Preferential Trading Arrangements (PTAs) through Free Trade Arrangements
Whether PTAs are Trade Expanding or Trade Diverting?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), an initiative that brings together nineteen countries on both sides of the Pacific, was launched in 1989. The apparent shift in world trading arrangements has generated debate within policy and academic circles about the implications for global economic welfare. One set of protagonists in that debate, including high profile members of Clinton's economic team, such as Lawrence Summers, actively promotes PTAs."
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