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Book Review: "Negative Political Advertising: Coming of Age", 2001.
1,110 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper uses the book, "Negative Political Advertising: Coming of Age" as a basis for a discussion on how negative political advertising has become a part of the campaigning process and how it will continue to be so in the future. It also looks at the various types of negative political advertising, the history of negative political ads, what is involved in negative political communication, the laws and ethics, and essentially, how it affects society.
From the Paper
"The authors provide excellent support throughout the book on their intentions and stance on the topic of negative political advertising. According to Johnson-Cartee and Copeland, there are three political campaign strategies as follows: supportive messages, reactive response ads, and negative ads. Here they show that negative ads are actually part of the strategy in campaigns. They go into depth and describe the different types of negativity used in advertisements, such as comparative versus direct. They also covered the different functions that these types of ads are used for. For example, different types of negative ads are used strategically throughout campaigns. The authors show that there actually is thought and strategy involved in this process, and it is not simply all attack ads; which would destroy your campaign anyway. Johnson-Cartee and Copeland provide substantial evidence of where they wanted the book to go and what direction they were going to take. The authors wanted us to see that these types of ads are useful and in fact necessary in the political communication arena. Throughout the book the authors provide many citations and examples of where their findings are coming from and how they relate to the topic at hand. Their findings and explanations are exceptional. "
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Political Advertising, 2006.
An in-depth analysis of political advertising from 1952 till the present.
3,558 words (approx. 14.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 99.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how political advertising is not limited to election campaigns, but also issues that require public attention. The paper analyzes the debate on the appropriate content and format of political advertising and its influence. The paper examines how the presidential elections of 2004 have highlighted the role of media in general and advertising in particular. The paper describes how experts devise a media and advertising strategy as the politician with the most influence in advertising can actually win the race, as was the case in the 2004 presidential elections in the USA.
Table of Contents:
Television Advertising
Presidential Campaigns
1952
1956
1960
1964
1968
1970s
1980s
1990s
The New Century
Other Channels
Negative Appeals
Regulations on Political Campaigns
The Role of Advertising Consultants
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In a scenario where spending on media campaigns have increased over the years and negative aspects have also come to the surface, the issue of regulations and regulatory bodies become very important. The criticism hurled at the American election system is more about the lack of regulation to control the campaigns of candidates. Very few regulations have been imposed to control the whole process. In 1971, the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) was passed in the United States. "The Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) of 1971 (revised in 1974), set limits on the amount of contributions that individuals ($1,000 per candidate per election, with primary and general elections treated as separate elections)" (Johnston & kaid, p. 8)."
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Politics of Advertising, 2005.
An explanation of how advertising affects consumer culture in America.
987 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that media promotion and advertising affects the way in which television, print, as well as film and politics are run. It points out that these structures help to shape the way in which we all live our lives, and to shape the way in which American culture has and will evolve. The writer concludes that this makes advertisements and media promotion a key part of America's consuming culture.
From the Paper
"America has become the essence of the free enterprise model. This difference in culture from the rest of the world is readily visible in the way in which American corporations do business: by focusing on quantity and producing efficiently as opposed to producing a refined quality product. Advertising is in essence the mass promotion of mass produced products, and has become the primary way to communicate and educate consumers about products. This results in a continued drive, at every level, for more material wealth. Mass promotion has become a science, that is effectively making every American a consumer. "
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Negative Campaign Advertising, 2001.
A look at the use of negative campaign advertising and political and social debates around the concept.
3,535 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 18 sources, $ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the concept of negative campaign advertising. The author examines how politicians make use of negative advertising, the effects of such advertising, the legal concerns of negative advertising and the moral and ethical debates around the issue.
From the Paper
"Since the early 1980s, negative political advertising has become the dominant strategy of most campaigns for high-visibility offices in the United States and other countries. Negative political advertising is political advertising that implicitly or explicitly places the opposition in an inferior position, providing an argument that calls his/her fitness for office or leadership ability into question. (Johnson-Cartee and Copeland, p.20). Political consultants are less than eager to admit they actively participate in negative political advertising, creatively renaming negative ads in ?value-positive? euphemisms and skirting the issue. This causes the extended inference that any type of negative advertising, even that which attempts to honestly educate the voter regarding legitimate shortcomings of a political opponent is inherently ?bad?. "
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The Powers of Advertising and its Negative Effects on the Consumers, 2004.
Explores the evolving view of the purpose of marketing activities.
12,636 words (approx. 50.5 pages), 33 sources, APA, $ 242.95
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Abstract
This research paper attempts to show that advertising and marketing are not quantifiable sciences like the physical sciences where certain results can be expected after inputs of a certain amount have been put in. The paper shows that marketing is a social science, which changes a lot with society and is currently going through a phase of transition due the new information technologies. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the job of advertising is to pass on the information about products and services to consumers, and this method itself is undergoing change due to the changing influences of the Internet. This new medium gives the consumers many options, and the possibility of passing on misinformation to them in a convincing manner is becoming limited.
Literature Review
Is Advertising Untrue?
Reactions to Advertising (?) Failures / Negative Effects
The Development of New Media
From the Paper
"Modernization has also led to a situation where the ownership of media is getting fragmented, and the progress of the information from the marketing organization to the consumer is no longer passing through clear stages. There are now cases where the information is going directly from the marketing organization to the consumer, and in that case, it is difficult to classify it strictly as advertising. The role of the marketing organization is now the most predominant in the entire process of advertising in whatever form it may be. The negative effects, whatever they may be is thus the responsibility of the marketing organizations as they are the most powerful in the triumvirate of the marketing organization, advertising agency and the media owner."
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TV Advertising and Politics, 1992.
Examines the importance of image, media packaging, negative ads, the history of political ads, costs and deception.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 11 sources, $ 127.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will explore the relationship between television advertising and political campaigns. Television is an important factor in politics because the medium of television is itself very important in contemporary society. From its modest beginnings in the 1940s, television became increasingly popular among the American people during the 1950s and 1960s. In 1946, there were only seven thousand television sets in American homes; by 1960, "the number of homes with sets had reached forty-five million" (Salmore & Salmore, 1989, pp. 42-43). The number of homes with TV sets has continued to grow, and today "home reception of television communications has become a nearly universal feature of our society" (Cundy, 1990, p. 41).
There is widespread agreement in the literature that television advertising is essential to a successful political ..."
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Advertising in Politics, 2005.
Examines the way politics is advertised in the media and how individuals must use their best judgement.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
Advertising in politics has changed very little over hundreds of years in terms of content although it has evolved dramatically in form with the advent of television. The paper shows that common ploys used by political advertisers appeal to the irrational emotional aspect of an individual priming stereotypes and with the advent of television, powerful visual grammar that sends messages more vividly. The paper argues that to counteract these ploys, an individual must become actively involved in critiquing the advertisements and exercise due diligence in selecting political candidates based on facts.
From the Paper
"The most recent elections concluded in November 2004 is a vivid example of advertising in politics. From the alleged revelation of George W. Bush's military records to the Swift Boat veterans' advertisement against presidential candidate John Kerry, it is hard to deny their influence in shaping the overall outcome of the elections. How are these advertisements so effective in rallying or turning away voters and swaying undecided ones? Advertising in politics has taken its familiar form over the course of hundreds of years. It is not surprising that even before the advent of television the same tactics have been used to appeal to the most basal of human prejudices quite effectively. It was not a matter of presenting the absolute truth that was a politician's strength, but rather how he projected himself in contrast to his opponents."
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Political Analysis and Political Philosophy, 2002.
A look at whether the problems of political analysis and political philosophy are distinct.
6,093 words (approx. 24.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 143.95
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Abstract
Political analysis and political philosophy are two human activities engaged in by men striving to know the world. The problems of political analysis and political philosophy rest on the problems concerning man?s knowledge of the world. The paper shows that such knowledge is the result of attempts to describe, analyze, explain and interpret the actions and beliefs of men as they live in the real, material world. This essay presents an argument against that school which would draw a sharp distinction between two sorts of knowledge, each type being the result of a separate and distinct activity. According to this school, political analysis is concerned solely with the identification and description of political phenomena. The paper explains that the problems of political analysis are, thus, said to be ?scientific? problems, directed towards the discovery of empirically testable scientific ?laws?. This essay shows that, despite its empirical orientation, political analysis is underpinned by a wider set of theoretical perspectives, such that analysis itself reflects elements of the observer?s political philosophy. The paper concludes that political analysis and political philosophy are intimately connected; many of the ?problems? are common to both. Each activity - analysis and philosophy - heightens the level of human knowledge.
From the Paper
"What is presented to the political analyst is a mass of apparently chaotic social phenomena; what Heinrich Rickert calls ?formless matter?. The task of the political analyst is to structure and give order to that part of reality he has chosen to explain. Already we have recognized two crucial problems for political analysis. The first arises from the necessity of selecting specific areas of reality for study. I shall discuss later the way in which a certain limited range of ?problems? present themselves for the political analyst?s particular concern. The problem-field is limited in such a way that the possibilities for different accounts of politics is itself restricted. The task of political analysis is also complicated by the fact that knowledge of the world is not immediately attainable; understanding is mediated through mental constructions and elaborations (language, concepts and constructed arguments) of real, observable situations and events. Thus, Aron says of the methodology of science ?all science is an elaboration or construction of formless matter? (2)."
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Negative Election Campaign Advertising, 2002.
An overview of the issue of negative campaign ads and their effects.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The controversy over negative campaign advertising amongst political opponents has been the source of much debate in the past few years. The 2002 American congressional election proved to be no exception to the use of negative ads. This paper provides information concerning the issue of negative campaign ads. It explores the statistical data available about the subject and the effects that negative ads have on the voting public. In addition provides information concerning the impact of negative campaign ads on candidates and political parties.
From the Paper
"In another election featuring Myrth York as the democratic candidate for Governor and Don Carciri as the Republican Candidate negative ads also played a role in the loss of the election. By all accounts York was ahead in the polls but her negative attacks against he opponent proved to be her undoing. This was the second time that she had run foe office and in her pervious attempt she had also lost because of negative campaigning. In the most recent instance the ads that she promoted rubbed constituents the wrong way and proved to be unfounded. This is yet another case of a candidate crossing the line and engaging in negative campaign."
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Political Humor in Politics, 2002.
The paper looks at the role played by political humor in providing both political information and comic relief.
936 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the different forms of political humor available and the range of media now available, from newspaper cartoons to digital clips sent by e-mail. The paper examines how political humor has become an increasingly influential force in the American political scene, with high profile politicians, such as the President, often becoming the main target of jokes. The paper portrays such humor as a useful tool in keeping citizens lighthearted in tense situations.
From the Paper
"In the United States, political humor has become a very popular entertaining form of entertainment, and is used as a way to make light of political situations and poke fun at the politicians that have been elected and are in the national spotlight. Political humor has been in newspapers and other forms of mass media since the elections of some of the first politicians. However, unlike the comedians of the French Revolution Era, political humorists today will not be beheaded for making jokes about the president."
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"The Coming Anarchy" and "The Global Politics of Civilizations", 2002.
A discussion of the similarities between the arguments presented in Robert Kaplan's "The Coming Anarchy" and Samuel Huntington's "The Global Politics of Civilizations".
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper is a comparative analysis of the arguments presented in the texts by Robert Kaplan's "The Coming Anarchy" and Samuel Huntington's "The Global Politics of Civilizations".
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Advertising in the1980s, 2000.
An examination of political advertising for Reagan and Bush and product advertising for automobiles, General Electric and perfume, focusing on style, technique and message.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
Since the development of systematic mass advertising early in this century, advertising has been both a reflection and a shaper of the American social world. The goal of advertisers is to sell products, but the more sophisticated advertisers seek to create an image with which the viewer of the ad will identify, and with which the product being sold is also identified.
From the Paper
"Advertising in the 1980s
Since the development of systematic mass advertising early in this century, advertising has been both a reflection and a shaper of the American social world. The goal of advertisers is to sell products, but the more sophisticated advertisers seek to create an image with which the viewer of the ad will identify, and with which the product being sold is also identified. Successful ads tap into viewer's sense of themselves, and the most successful help to create that sense.
In surveying the advertising of the 1980s, it may be useful to begin with examples in which the social undertones are most distinct. Some of the most memorable ad campaigns of the decade were devised for political campaigns, and the 1980s were also a..."
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Negative Campaigning, 2002.
This paper discusses negative campaigning in political elections.
2,580 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the use of negative campaigning mentioning how Abraham Lincoln, one of the most respected politicians in history, resorted to mudslinging, the most popular form of negative campaigning. The author defines negative campaigning, gives examples, gives various views of negative campaigning, looks at its different aspects, illustrates how it works, and looks at its negative effects.
From the Paper
"The United States has a history of negative campaigning that is hard to shake. Abraham Lincoln, who is considered one of the most respected politicians in history, resorted to mudslinging, the most popular from of negative campaigning, during his career (Swint, 1998). Lincoln often mocked and mimicked his opponent's appearance, speech and mannerisms during campaigns.
But the politicians are simply giving their audience what consultants and some researchers say is most effective.
To date, there is inconclusive evidence that negative campaigning will lead to backlash from voters. In fact, many researchers say that negative campaigning makes voters feel more secure in their decisions about candidates. Additional research shows that the use of negative campaigning provides candidates with a larger audience and creates more of an impact on voters."
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Soft PACs (Political Action Committees) and Politics, 2000.
Explores the role of big business and Political Action Committee's in America's politics, concentrating on the influence wielded by the tobacco industry and trial lawyers.
1,385 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the ramifications of party funding by business and Political Action Committees through an investigation into the Supreme Court's revocation of the FDA's right to regulate the tobacco industry. It explores the historical involvement of the FDA with the industry, through to the stances taken by the Democratic and the Republican parties after revocation. It investigates the reasons behind Big Tobacco funding the Republican party, and the Trial Lawyers' PAC contributing so heavily to the Democratic coffers in the 2000 presidential campaign.
From the Paper
"It is a sad fact that less than 50% of Americans vote. The reasons behind this non-participation are myriad, ranging from the view that traditional parties are out of touch with the needs of modern-day society, to the inconvenience of attending mid-week daytime voting stations. One common complaint is the effect of party funding by big business and by Political Action Committees, since the practice implies that money rather than votes wields political influence."
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Two American Political Systems: Society, Economics & Politics by Creel Froman, 2001.
Analysis of book on corporate domination of government in a capitalistic society. Role of money. Economic and political power.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
Corporate domination of government is evidenced in a number of ways. Their dominance is rooted in the capitalist system, which places great value in wealth and the accumulation of wealth, and in the definition of the corporation itself. Specifically, the wealth of a corporation is based in large part on stocks, which allow the corporation to expand in size and wealth and not to be limited by the funds of those who started the corporation (Froman 33-34). In other words, the corporation in a capitalistic society is perfectly placed to grow and grow in wealth and size. In addition, in a society in which capitalism and "democracy" intermingle, the corporation is in a perfect position to use its wealth to influence and dominate the government, the officials of that government, and the policies of that government."
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