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A Reversal of Representation, 2002.
A review of the books "Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad and "Things Fall Apart" by Chinua Achebe.
1,032 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces the books "Heart of Darkness," by Joseph Conrad and "Things Fall Apart" by Chinua Achebe. Specifically, discusses how Chinua Achebe reverses the representation of Africa and Africans offered in Conrad's "Heart of Darkness" . It looks at how Conrad represents the natives in his book "Heart of Darkness" as savage beasts, who need to be tamed by the Belgium colonials. They are terrified of the white man and his cruelties. In contrast, it shows how the Ibo of Achebe's novel want to get along with the white man and how they pay for it in the end.
From the Paper
"Language also plays another very important part in the two books, because it is another underlying problem between the natives and the imperialists. The English language has many nuances and meanings, and in "Heart of Darkness," the Europeans use them incessantly to confuse and confound the natives, just as Conrad does to confuse the issues in the story. Note how Kurtz is described as someone who "for the guidance of the cause intrusted [sic] to us by Europe, so to speak, higher intelligence, wide sympathies, a singleness of purpose" (Conrad 79), while the natives are "criminals," really pathetic half-starved men with emaciated limbs "like knots in a rope" (Conrad 64). In addition, Kurtz is the most "civilized" man in the territory, and yet the heads of natives on posts, a constant reminder of what will happen to the natives if they step out of line with the white people, surround his home."
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Political Parties and Representation in Modern Democracies, 2006.
A discussion regarding to what extent the functioning of political parties can explain the crisis of representation of the 'people' in modern democracies.
9,480 words (approx. 37.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 194.95
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Abstract
This paper takes an in-depth look at political parties and issues that surround representation of the people in modern democracies. According to the paper, political parties, in their organization and their functioning, display numerous problems in terms of representation. The paper focuses particularly on two of these problems, the modes of government and the modes of funding. The paper also analyzes the aftermaths of the logic of electoral competition for the representation of the membership and the electorate.
From the Paper
"Political representation is quite a hard concept to grasp. It was rejected by the French during the Revolution as an impediment to the self-government of the people. Nonetheless, I will try to show that political representation is necessary for ensuring freedom in our modern democracies.
But first let us turn back to our French Revolution and the establishment of what could be considered as a quasi-totalitarian regime. In France, traditional feudal aristocratic society was undermined by an absolutist and centralist state. When the French Revolution broke out, the remaining feudal instances were destroyed even further (loi Le Chapelier), so that in fact only the individuals and the state remained without the traditional feudal corporations to mediate between them. The question then is how a society can be held together when it has been dismembered and robbed of the intermediary associations that had given it its concrete form and reality. Most revolutionaries followed republicans like Rousseau or Sieyes. The only way for them to bring about a post-feudal democratic order was by converting particular interests to the common good. Individuals were now called upon to set aside their particular preferences and to identify fully with the common will of the people in order to establish real popular sovereignty and equality. The Jacobin revolutionaries thus assumed that a true democracy could only be established if abstract democratic principles like formal equality, popular sovereignty or the unitary will of the people were indeed completely "turned into reality" (i.e. "actualized" or "materialized"), rather than merely respected (Weymans: 263-282). This is characteristic of totalitarian regimes. More so, to Claude Lefort totalitarianism represents a society's attempt to fully "materialize" or "actualize" democratic principles by making the people really one, equal, free or sovereign. That is also what distinguishes them from democratic regimes. While the totalitarian state tries to realize the principles (by embodying them), a democratic state prevents a society from realizing these (through representation), thus remaining distinct from and dependent on society. This distinction or alienation of the state from society is indeed necessary."
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Administrative Discretion and Active Representation, 2004.
An analysis of an article by J.E.Sowa and S.C. Selden, called "Administrative Discretion and Active Representation: An Expansion of the Theory of Representative Bureaucracy."
1,638 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines this article whose purpose is to look at the theory of representative bureaucracy in a slightly different way. Most studies dealing with representative bureaucracy have focused on active representation, but have not looked into the administrative discretion that is often tied to it. It explains how this study seeks not only to discuss the theory of representative bureaucracy, but then move on to administrative discretion and how it is often tied into the active representation of what one does. The main research question is whether administrative discretion and active representation are actually tied together and whether it affects how individuals who are making decisions based on minority status tend to make decisions in favor of those who are of the same race or ethnic background as they are.
From the Paper
"The research model that is used is an empirical analysis and is conducted based on a housing loans program and whether individuals who are of minority descent will have a better chance of getting a home loan if the individual who is helping them with the loan is also of their same background. There are several variables in this particular study, with the first one being administrative discretion (Sowa & Selden, 2003). The variables that were chosen were utilized because they were believed that they would affect the behavior of various administrators and this in turn would determine whether decisions that had to do with minority interest would be made by these individuals. The administrative discretion is used in this particular study to see what impact it has on the various policy outcomes that work in favor of minority interest (Sowa & Selden, 2003)."
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Cartographic Relief Representation, 2007.
This paper is a literature review to provide a historical overview of techniques for topographical relief representation in map-making.
3,815 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although global positioning systems provide cartographers with the ability to pinpoint topographical features and today the ability to express relief and contours on modern maps is commonplace, it was not always this easy. The author points out that, while the history of map-making is truly ancient, the ability to communicate accurately relief features on maps began in Italy during the 15th century. The paper concludes that today's cartographer enjoys the benefits of centuries of research into different ways of communicating three-dimensional features on two-dimensional planes and that the introduction of powerful three-dimensional computer-based visualization applications represents a true milestone in cartography history. The paper includes quotations and illustrations.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Rationale in Support of Study
Previous Research
Objective of the Study
Organization of the Study
Background of the Study of Relief Representation
Theoretical Framework
Methodology
Study Design
Theoretical Basis
Research Strategy Employed
Execution of the Study of Relief Representation
Results and Analysis of Relief Representation Techniques
Results
Analysis
Summary and Conclusions
Summary
Conclusions
Limitations of the Study
Recommendation for Future Research
From the Paper
"According to Kirschenbauer and Buchroithner (2001), although these three-dimensional techniques provide the user with a decent overall impression of the represented relief, the transmission of detailed information and precise height data as it is rendered by contour lines is not simplified to any significant degree. This is because any of the older (which is to say a couple of years) present detailed landforms with techniques that do not provide a truly comprehensive picture yet. However, these authors emphasize that new technological innovations are making strides in this direction every day."
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Minority Representation in City Government, 2004.
Looks at at-large elections and other factors that could help boost minority representation in city government.
890 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper describes and discusses the impact that at-large elections have on minority representation in city government. The paper explains that, contrary to the author's initial assumption, at-large elections have a negative, rather than a positive, impact on minority representation. A proposal is then provided that would help increase the number of minorities elected to city offices.
From the Paper
"I think a number of methods can be used to increase the number of minorities elected to city offices. Voter registration drives that are convenient to the citizenry should be helpful. Mentoring of possible hopefuls within individual political parties should also be helpful. The news media and influential citizens should pressure the powers at be to appoint minorities when vacancies unexpectedly arise and an interim seat needs to be filled. Cumulative voting is also a possible solution. I?ve like to see cumulative voting where up to 3 votes can be cast for 1, 2, or 3 candidates. It has given people the flexibility to boost a favorite candidate they feel passionate about with three votes instead of one."
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Proportional Representation, 2002.
Shows the advantages to proportional representation within the American electoral system, comparing it to the systems of South American countries.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
Describes alternatives to the single-member district and two-party electoral system, contrasting the current U.S. electoral system with those of Mexico and Nigeria, outlining the major differences and pointing out both practical and ideological reasons for a switch to proportional representation.
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Modes of Representation in Three Classic Documentaries, 2003.
Shows three modes of representation in "Man with a Movie Camera", "Listen to Britain", and "High School".
3,290 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
An essay that analyzes the modes of representation and the different ways in which 'truth' is conveyed in three classic documentaries. The styles examined are poetic documentary, observational film, and reflexivity. The films are Vertov's reflexive "Man with a Movie Camera", Jennings's poetic "Listen to Britain". and Wises's observational "High School".
From the Paper
"Although documentary as a cinematic form usually has an implicit claim of ?truthfulness?, it is generally recognised that documentary can never be entirely ?realistic?, in that it cannot represent real events in a manner that is indistinguishable from the events themselves (Bruzzi 2000: 68). This is partly because of theoretical and practical constraints, but also because of the ambiguous nature of the term ?realism?. Nick Lacey defines realism as a style which ?just happens, at a particular time and place, to have more credibility in its representation of reality than other forms? (1998: 200) while Barthes sees it as a form which attempts to efface its own production (ibid: 132). Such diverse philosophies have given rise to a range of different modes of representation among documentary makers over the past hundred years, many of which have been the subject of classification attempts. Bill Nichols? six modes of representation provide a roughly chronological framework within which different methods and conventions used to encode reality in documentaries can be classified and analysed."
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Sacred Representation in Film, 2003.
A discusses on sacred representation in modern film.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the issue of sacred representation, particularly those that are Christian in nature, in modern film using the movies. The paper uses the films, "Seven," "The Green Mile" and "Dogma" as examples. The paper also includes an annotated bibliography.
From the Paper
"Chris Arthur stated that there are some important questions as yet unanswered as to where film intersects or should intersect with religion in contemporary society Arthur believes that popular film can be an important ..."
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Romantic Poets and the Representation of Memory, 2002.
A paper on how poets from the Romantic era sought to convey the complexities of the human mind through the representation of memory in their poetry.
2,255 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 69.95
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Abstract
The paper shows how Romanticism was a period in human history where structure and form were abandoned for unrestricted thought and movement. It discusses its influence on poetry and how, through their representation of memory in their poetry, poets sought to illustrate the complexities of the human mind as well as explore Descartes? supposition of ?I think, therefore I am.? This paper specifically looks at two poems from the Romantic Era: ?The Nightingale? by Coleridge and ?The Idiot Boy? by Wordsworth. By conducting a thorough analysis of these two poems, the paper shows how many poets believed memory to be more than just observation to the past. Memories are loaded with the reminiscer?s interpretation of previous events and are therefore subject to the reminiscer?s culture, character and rationalising process. The paper discusses how, by representing memory in this way, poets provide their own interpretation of how the human mind operates and what it really means to be fully aware as a member of the human race.
From the Paper
"From the onset, the descriptions of the natural surroundings given by the narrator demonstrates the thought processes of the mind in capturing images from the outside. When the narrator talks of ?No cloud, no relique of the sunken day distinguishes the West, no long thin slip of sullen Light, no obscure trembling hues,? they are not merely observations because the narrator talks of images that are not there. Instead, the narrator implies more about his expectations at seeing a cloud and a relique of the sunken day, and his surprise at finding neither in sight. This is an example of the mind interpreting more than just the surroundings but taking into account time and circumstance in evaluating what is going on outside the mind. This can also be gleaned from the choice of adjectives the narrator employs in describing his surroundings. The narrator observes the ?soft bed of verdure? and ?vernal showers.? "
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The Role Reversal, 2002.
This paper is analysis of the play "Macbeth", and of the complete role reversal that occurs between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper is an analysis of Macbeth, one of the most famous Shakespearean Tragedies, and contains the characters Macbeth and his wife Lady Macbeth, who is the first influential woman figure in literature. This paper analyses the play and discusses in detail the complete role reversal that occurs between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth.
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Breaking the Barrier: False Representation and True Identity, 2002.
An analysis of the representation of Asian identity by the West in Hunt Hoe's documentary," Who is Albert Woo?", Maxine Hong Kingston's novel, "The Woman Warrior", Mina Shum's film," Double Happiness" and the movie "The Wedding Banquet".
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 7 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This essay will explore Hunt Hoe's documentary, Who is Albert Woo?, Maxine Hong Kingston's novel, The Woman Warrior, Mina Shum's film, Double Happiness, and the movie The Wedding Banquet in order to explore the complex representation of Asian identity in the west and the attempt by these three works of art to break racist stereotypes, which not only reduce and minimize Asian identity, but additionally negate the immigrant, cross-cultural experience.
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"Disease and Representation", 2006.
A discussion about the theory presented in the book "Disease and Representation" by Sander Gilman.
1,101 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 0 sources, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The writer explains that art and literature are two major avenues in which society projects its beliefs and views or ideologies. The writer shows how Sander Gilman uses this phenomenon to examine how disease and illness are seen through society. The paper explains how people externalize their fear of disease and that they find a false sense of security by projecting their fear of illness onto other people. The paper explains that knowledge is merely human perception and that our knowledge has increased over time because of machines that aid people in making more accurate perceptions. It explains that in the realm of disease, knowledge is also created through perception. The writer explains that perception is different for every person and is affected by that person's societal ideologies. In conclusion, the writer summarizes Gilman's argument that the representation of diseases are manifestations of society, and susceptible to changes as society changes, in the same way that knowledge is changeable.
From the Paper
"Humans interact with the world through their senses. We see with our eyes, smell with our noses, touch with our hands, hear with our ears, and taste with our tongues. Everything around us is gathered, and sometimes misinterpreted, by our senses. It is now known today how limited the five human senses are. While humans are by far the most intelligent creatures, we definitely do not have the most sensitive sensory organs. Dogs can hear higher pitches than humans can. Eagles can see farther than us. Bats have a natural sonar ability. Humans have only achieved this capacity through technology in the last one hundred years. So while we are the most intelligent creatures, we must rely on information gathered but much less advanced senses. It is through these senses that society, and more specifically science, has created knowledge."
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Democratic Design and Representation., 2002.
A look at the differences between democratic design and representation.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This essay will outline the major differences between the parliamentary and presidential systems to illuminate the respective forms of government in order to answer the question whether or not the executive branch of government has become too powerful.
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Canadian Media Representation of Multiculturalism, 2002.
A comparative analysis of the representation of issues associated with multiculturalism, racism, immigration and ethnic groups over a period of one week in two of Canada's major newspapers: The Toronto Star and the National Post.
3,900 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 14 sources, $ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper will argue the thesis that these two papers differ significantly in their treatment of these issues - with The Toronto Star being more detailed and favourable in its treatment than the National Post - as a consequence of both target audience and editorial policy.
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Theatrical Representation of War, 2002.
A look at the comparative and theatrical representation of war in the plays "Journey?s End" by R.C. Sherriff, "Post Mortem" by Noel Coward and "For Services Rendered" by Somerset Maugham.
2,583 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the three plays "Journey?s End" by R.C. Sherriff, "Post Mortem" by Noel Coward and "For Services Rendered" by Somerset Maugham and considers how each of them portrays the Great War of 1914-1918. It looks at how they are all anti-war and the differences in the way they treat the subject. It shows how issues with the concept of war and dramatic devices all differ from playwright to playwright to give an interesting overview of the attitudes to the Great War ten to fifteen years after its end.
From the Paper
"?Post Mortem? is not subtle in its agenda, nor in its mechanisms achieving this. Its anti-war message is relayed by using the idea that someone from the time of the war should be placed in a time thirteen years after the event, thereby highlighting the contrast between attitudes to the war in the trenches and at the time, and those distorted attitudes of the next decade. It also suggests that the newer recollections are reprehensible ? characters like James Cavan and Lady Stagg-Mortimer are grotesque caricatures and the ?returning hero? of the piece is enraged by them, and by his peers who survived him in the war."
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