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Researching and Defining "Affordance", 2006.
This paper examines the origin and various definitions for the word 'affordance' which was coined by perceptual psychologist J. J. Gibson in the 1970s.
1,690 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper details the root meaning of the word 'affordance' as well as its plural 'affordances' which was invented by J.J. Gibson to refer to the actionable properties between the world and that of a living being. To Gibson, affordances were perceived as a relationship as well as a part of nature and as such did not have to be visible, desirable or known. The writer of this paper describes how these words have since been integrated into various fields such as: Academia, design, computers and business. The writer proves that the original conception of these words and their eventual usage soon became dissimilar when used in these different fields. The writer also discusses how both these words are defined and utilized into the fields of interest previously mentioned.
Table of Contents:
Thesis Statement
Affordance Defined
Important Current Research Findings
The Impacts and Conclusions
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Although the following research findings seem more of an historical nature than a current issue among researchers, quite the opposite is true. Affordance while not labeled as such has been in existence since the time of Aristotle and his models along with others have wound their way to the present time. However, research groups throughout the world today are finding a commonality or thread winding itself right into the heart of the affordance debate. These are the cultural constraints and the cultural conventions many of which are decades, if not centuries, old and still weigh heavily of affordance. For example, in graphical design, one is really talking about conventions that are normal to thinking of as logical and cultural restraints. Physical constraints have a close relationship to real affordances. Thus, it is not possible to move the cursor outside the screen."
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Defined Benefit vs. Defined Contribution, 1992.
Compares pension plans, advantages and disadvantages, as well as employee and employer views.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Until the late 1800s, employees provided their services to their employers for a fixed wage with little or no other available compensation. Retirement planning was a mixture of savings and dependence on younger family members. By the end of the nineteenth century, that situation was changing. Railroads, banks and utilities began to provide retirement benefits to employees who had worked for the companies for a number of years, and employees began to consider those benefits as part of a larger compensation package. Initially, most employers set up defined benefit plans; the latter half of this century has seen the rise of defined contribution plans, as well. By 1987, more than 40 million American workers were covered by more than 232,000 defined benefit plans with assets of almost 900 billion dollars (Seburn, 16). This research examines the two prominent types ..."
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Defining a Psychopath, 2004.
Examines the difficulty in defining the traits of a true sociopath or psychopath in the psychiatry field.
1,145 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
For decades, various psychiatrists and researchers have worked toward developing an effective list of traits that can be associated with a psychopath. This paper uses sources, such as Hervey Cleckley's 1941 book, "The Mask of Insanity" and Robert Hare's more modern "Without Conscience", to illustrate the difficulty in defining the specific cluster of behaviors and personality traits typical of psychopathy.
From the Paper
"In addition, unlike other individuals who react more to emotional words than neutral ones, these people react the same to both. When conducting brain scans through MRIs, it is seen that parts of their mind that are expected to react do not and those that are not expected to, do. In other words, emotional words do not have the same reaction for psychopaths that they do for normal people. This cannot be considered brain damage, adds Hare, rather a different way to process information."
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Defining Europe, 2006.
This paper discusses and reveals searches and databases used for defining Europe.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This document addresses the organization and effectiveness of two separate art and architecture databases. The writer explains that the Camio and Bridgman databases are compared for organization, complexity, and comprehensiveness. The writer concludes that the Bridgman is found to be more extensive and organized periodically, whereas the Camio is less extensive and organized more thematically.
From the Paper
"In assessing the effectiveness and relevance of these two databases, Camio and the Bridgman Art Library, relative to the Europa myth, it is best to begin with a description of the search topic itself. Europa is a figure from Greek Mythology from which the continent of Europe derives its name. According to predominant Greek legend Europa was the target (one of many) of Zeus' amorous intent. Zeus adopts the form of a bull and kidnaps Europa taking her to the island of Crete where, after revealing his true identity, Zeus makes her the first Queen of Crete. Another version, retold by Herodotus, has Europa being kidnapped by Minoans and thereafter being taken to Crete. Regardless of the variation the result is the same in that Europa was taken to Crete and that eventually Greece came to be referred to by this name and by association, the European continent."
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Defining Globalization, 2005.
Examines challenges in defining the concept of globalization and its underlying assumptions.
3,084 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that globalization is neo-colonialism or a politically correct term for imperialism. The institutions of globalization and its engines, MNCs, and international financial institutes, do promote the oppression and exploitation of the South by the North. However, the paper argues that these countries ultimately participated in their own oppression. They signed the trade treaties, and they participated in the creation of the WTO. To be realistic, it is important to realize that globalization, at least for now, is here to stay. The paper shows, therefore, that it is up to the Third World countries to find the ways and means by which to regain sovereignty or to rebel against their political economic oppression.
From the Paper
"Even though the exploitative nature of MNC operations appears quite clear, not all political economists accept that MNCs do have such power and authority over host economies so as to function as engines of neo-imperialism. Robert Gilpin, for example, argues the issue of MNCs from a statist point of view, claiming that while they may be extremely powerful, they are ultimately less powerful than political systems. In fact, Gilpin states that multinational corporations are shaped by, and do not shape, state politics. This may have been true for a limited time in the sense that it was the political and economic climate of certain countries that gave birth to multinational corporations but, with the growing economic power of MNCs, the relationship changed. It is inarguable that MNCs abuse host economies and exploit the local people and natural resources due to the fact that they have become more powerful than many of the countries they operate in."
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Defining Teaching, 2004.
An examination of the argument about whether to define teaching as an art or a science.
1,581 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at both sides of the argument about whether the teaching profession should be defined as an art or a science. The paper presents theories in support of both opinions, but concludes that the teaching profession would benefit most if it would to be defined as both an art and a science.
From the Paper
"The issue of whether teaching is an art or a science is framed wrong, for teaching is both an art and a science. The pedagogical element of teaching is a science, involving learning material and how to impart that material as bet as is known. The aspect of teaching that is most concerned with human interaction, with the guidance of students and the control of the classroom, is most certainly an art. Different analysts have selected one or the other as the essence of teaching, seeing teaching as an art or a science while often failing to see that teaching at its best is really a combination of the two."
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Defining Israelite Tradition, 2000.
A look at the importance of the book of "Exodus" in understanding Israelite history.
1,653 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
A look at how "Exodus" records the critical elements of Israelite political and religious tradition and clearly defines the Israelite?s obligation to God, defines God, and defines Israel as a nation.
From the Paper
"Exodus records the seminal experiences of the Israelite tradition. Although Genesis commences the literal Biblical history narrative, the Genesis events merely anticipate the critical and purposive events of Exodus. Indeed, the Yahwist author stylistically anticipates Exodus by using the personal name of God, as revealed to Moses through the burning bush, before God?s name is revealed in the narrative. Similarly, Genesis? thematic focus on sin, forgiveness, and blessing anticipates God?s final covenant, the Mosaic covenant. Whereas some Biblical traditions, such as the flood story and the monarchy, are at least corroborated or paralleled by other texts, the Bible remains virtually the sole source for investigating the Exodus events. Consequently, many consider the Exodus, magical and fantastical elements aside, to be of dubious historical validity. However, concluding that central elements of the Exodus, are not, in fact, historic, would significantly assault the integrity of the Israelite tradition, because Exodus records the critical elements of Israelite political and religious tradition. Exodus clearly defines the Israelite?s obligation to God, defines God, and defines Israel as a nation."
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Defining a Cult, 2004.
This paper discusses that religions and cults actually have more similarities than they do differences.
1,475 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that arguments used to define cults can actually be used to define religions as well; but most of these definitions, unfortunately, have come from rumors and the negative portrayals of these cults through the media. The author relates that, because the word 'cult' deviates from the similarities between the two, a common phrase to describe cults used by scholars and theologians of religion is 'new religious movements'. The paper relates that, much like the Branch Davidian community of the 1990s, major contemporary religions, such a Catholicism and Mormonism, went through similar hardships of persecution within America based on stereotypes and rumors.
From the Paper
"The meaning of the word cult itself has changed over time. Once believed to be a form of worship or ritualistic and systemic religious belief, today many perceive cults as associated with groups such as Heavens Gate, Jonestown, and Branch Davidians. People tend to believe that cults in general have many connotations associated with them whether it is ?from the images of slaughtered men, women and children at Jonestown, to the impression of a movie with a small but devoted following? (?New Religious??). But these connotations, be it good or bad have mislead the public to their understanding of what a cult actually is. Because both religions and cults have a basis of worship, the only difference is that of the size of the group, how the public sees the group, and of how orthodox or compatible it is with societal standards."
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Defining Artificial Intelligence, 2006.
This paper examines the modern day debate that questions whether artificial intelligence (AI) is a reality or merely an extension of expert systems (ES) application programs.
1,810 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper defines the terms for both artificial intelligence (AI) and expert systems (ES) which to a limited degree is currently making its way towards the fields of accounting and auditing. This paper explores the lingering doubt and disagreement over whether AI truly exists or if it's merely a highly sophisticated ES application. This paper contends that AI's history is traceable backward through the millennia to the point where humankind first walked upright and attempted to make tools an extension of themselves.
Topics covered in this report include:
Thesis Statement
Defining the Topic
The Artificial Intelligence Side
Prehistory
The Modern Birth of AI:
Enter the Pseudo Science of Psychology
The Chinese Room
Can Computers Be Creative?
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The technological advances and particularly their rapidity in the just past half century - and particularly the last decade - began as an effort to build a digital computer for military use. This use was, to not only help in the guidance of munitions but also to help decode secret messages coded by several clever schemes all created within the minds of men and women. The Nazi Germany's Enigma Machine is the classic example and indeed the code was broken, however by intelligent personnel rather than a machine, digital or otherwise. Ironically, the Japanese military codes were broken early on in the war by the U. S. Navy Code-breakers located in Pearl Harbor."
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Defining Public Relations, 2006.
This paper deals with the definition of 'public relations' and why there are so many different definitions of the term.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 0 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the author attempts to define the term 'public relations' by providing her own personal definition as well as more standard definitions of the term. Furthermore, the author compares these definitions gathered from different sources and attempts to explain why 'public relations' has been defined in differing ways by different groups. The author of the paper defines the term as the art of creating a good, well recognizable name for your business.
From the Paper
"Public relations is a field that is thought to be a combination of many things which often include advertising, marketing, schmoozing with the press, etc. There have been many varying definitions of public relations over the years and many would argue that none of them are completely right or wrong."
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Defining Sociology, 2008.
This paper attempts to provide a definition of sociology.
1,151 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the importance of defining sociology as a discipline. The paper looks at various attitudes towards the study of the social sciences and concludes that the idea that being in a group affects the individual is perhaps the fundamental assumption of sociology. The paper explains that this is regardless whether one takes a qualitative or quantitative approach and regardless of one's political persuasion as a theorist or researcher.
From the Paper
"Sociology, like all of the social sciences, seems to overlap with man of its 'sister' social sciences, such as anthropology, psychology, and even history. Finding a coherent definition of sociology is something that eludes even the college textbooks that attempt to introduce undergraduate students to the discipline. While reaching an exact definition of sociology may seem less crucial than examining the specific subjects that are studied in a sociology course, explaining the theoretical underpinnings of the author of a textbook provide clues as to the author's biases and assumptions about the purpose of studying the subject."
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Defining Health, 2005.
A discussion on health as a state of mind as well as an absence of illness.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 5 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This is a conceptual paper regarding the views of defining health. The paper looks at health as the absence of illness; however, specific concepts are discussed such as the three major sociological paradigms used to view health and the paradigm shifts and the roles individuals play relative to their sick role. The majority of the paper revolves around the concept of health as a perception of the state the individual is in such that one can be sick yet still consider themselves healthy.
From the Paper
"Often health is defined by a lack of pathology. This paper proves the hypothesis: Defining health is a subjective evaluation by the individual as opposed to "the absence of pathology" by looking at several different populations of health."
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Defining Marketing, 2007.
An explanation of multiple definitions of marketing along with explanations of the critical nature of marketing to the success of a business organization.
973 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper provides information about the concept of marketing. It includes multiple definitions of marketing along with explanations of the critical nature of marketing to the success of a business organization. The paper includes marketing concepts from a macro-economic and micro-economic perspective. Furthermore, it details recent examples of successful marketing ventures by well-known business organizations.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Defining Marketing
Definition of Marketing
Significance of Marketing in Organizational Success
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Marketing aspects and activities permeate almost every faction of an individual's life. From televised commercials, newspaper and magazine advertisements to product branding, marketing materials are constantly visible to consumers. Marketing material is extremely high profile because marketing is a critical part of an organization's success. This paper provides multiple definitions of marketing and examples of successful marketing ventures in the business arena. This paper also addresses the vital nature of marketing to the success of an organization."
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Defining Public Relations, 2007.
An analysis of various definitions of public relations and how vital public relations are to an organization.
817 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper provides information about the concept of public relations. It includes multiple definitions of public relations - one from a personal perspective and three from documented sources. It also provides an analysis of the definitions along with an explanation for why numerous definitions of public relations exists. The paper furthermore presents an explanation for the critical nature of public relations to the success of an organization.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Defining Public Relations
Definitions of Public Relations
Significance of Public Relations to Organizational Success
Conclusion
From the Paper
"From a personal perspective, public relations involves shaping the perception of consumers, clients and associates in an effort to initiate, build or strengthen relationships. The execution of public relations processes and activities is to enhance the rapport of a special interest group or organization in the eyes of the consumer, associate or client. A more scholarly yet simplified definition of public relations developed by the Public Relations Society states: "Public relations is an organization's efforts to win the cooperation of groups of people" (Seitel, 2004 p.40). Determining an approach for earning trust is the aim of effective public relations."
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Defining Marketing, 2006.
This paper explains what marketing is and why it is vital for an organization's success.
983 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper defines marketing and focuses on the importance of marketing for organizational success. The paper notes several reasons why marketing is critical to the success of an organization. The paper provides examples from the business environment to support these ideas.
From the Paper
"In today's marketplace too many businesses focus on selling existing products or services rather than meeting the evolving needs of the customer and, in an increasingly competitive business environment, this isn't always an effective way to ensure financial success. Knowing the customers is one of the most important aspects of marketing, yet often overlooked. To be competitive in the business environment it is critical to understand what marketing is and how the process works."
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