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Reputation Theories and Public Relations, 2008.
An analysis of reputation theories and their usefulness in the practice of public relations and corporate communication.
3,210 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 27 sources, APA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the main models and paradigms of corporate reputation management, and reviews the definitions that have been attributed to corporate image, identity and reputation. The paper explains that, although reputation appears to have many different components, including communication, the relationship between corporate reputation and public relations/corporate communications needs to be further developed. The paper discusses direct outcomes of successful reputation management for business in general and public relations in particular. The paper also provides a brief overview of the new challenges for public relations raised by new technologies around corporate reputation management.
From the Paper
"The different concepts around corporate reputation have been widely discussed by scholars, who have suggested different models over the years, which developed confusions about the real signification of terms related to this domain. One of the first main theoretical foundations is associated to Kennedy's work, in which she developed in 1977 a first model that described the concept of corporate image and analysed how it was formed. She recognized that it could be manufactured and stated that there was an "oscillation between the company image being considered an objective reality or entire fabrication" (Kennedy, 1977, p. 124). She established the importance of "the company personnel perception of the company" in a global approach that she called "the total corporate image" and which she clearly differentiated from visual identity, although she and other researchers considered it as part of the whole."
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Public Relations, 2007.
This paper offers an analysis of public relation skills in the public and non-profit sector.
2,500 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 75.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that one of the primary functions PR serves in the public and non profit sector includes disseminating information to the public. The paper relates that when accomplished effectively, PR managers can help boost the reputation and stability of an organization within the community. When addressed or approached inefficiently, however, a PR campaign may result in disaster. The paper explores how and why public relations skills are important to managers in the public and non-profit sector. The paper includes examples of good and bad practice of public relations skills, with particular emphasis on the UK. The paper concludes that without strong PR skills, government and non profit agencies will lack the support and understanding they need from the community to carry out important operations.
Outline:
Public Relations Skills in the Public and Non-Profit
Overview of Public Relations
Non Profit Public Relations
Public Relations
Public Sector
Case Studies
Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Communication is perhaps one of the most essential skills a PR manager possess (Bruning & Ledingham, 2000). Through communication a PR manager learns to create messages that will entice and attract the target audience. Through communication efforts the PR manager sends ideas and pitches to the public or the target audience to entice them to take an active interest in the organization or cause the PR official represents. It is important that the PR manner use communication as a tool for building relationships with the public and between the public and the organization the PR manager represents."
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Public Relations and Corporate Social Responsibility, 2005.
A look at the link between public relations and corporate social responsibility in the business world.
6,574 words (approx. 26.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 151.95
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Abstract
Public relations is generally regarded as a bad thing by consumers, whose cynicism has been aroused by recent events involving major U.S. corporations and cultural 'institutions' such as Martha Stewart. However, within the last generation, consumers said they were willing to refuse to purchase products or services from any corporations not perceived to be a corporate good citizen. The question for public relations and for corporations globally is whether it is possible to make corporate actions match the good reputations their public relations departments attempt to create. In short, can the current disconnect between perceptions of corporate behavior and the corporations' misbehavior with concurrent avowals of rectitude be aligned? There are cases in which citizen action has brought those elements into alignment. In other cases-notably Thailand-the government has short-circuited the profit intentions of a major corporation to provide for the citizens. However, in far too many cases, the governments look the other way while corporations extolling their own virtues nonetheless participate in human rights-questionable activities. This study identifies the nature of some of the disparities between corporate public relations and corporate socially responsible-or irresponsible-behavior and suggest scenarios that might bring both into alignment.
Outline
Introduction
Methodology
Literature Review
Findings
Background: Burma Campaign UK
Aon Corporation
Ericsson
Ivanhoe Mines
Rolls-Royce
Unocal:
Conclusion
From the Paper
"How duplicitous are large corporations, and how gullible are consumers? These are questions public relations practitioners probably do not ask themselves very often, or perhaps ever. Yet, there are two violently divergent trends in corporate conduct, which suggest these as questions public relations practitioners-or at least, ethicists involved with corporate public relations, ought to ask. While those are open-ended questions more appropriate to an ethicist than to those planning public relations campaigns, there are two trends that public relations practitioners need to examine; the combination of those trends present precisely the sorts of corporate malfeasance and misfeasance that has captured the attention of both the public and governmental oversight organizations.
The first trend is for corporations to support worthy causes, partially for the increased goodwill it brings, and often sales as well. At first glance, it sends no warning signals. In fact, in 1994, "a nationwide survey...confirmed that a company's social performance significantly influences prospective customers, employees and investors in basic decisions about the firm" (Gildea, 1994, p. 20+) Of course, that was then and this is now. In the past decade, Enron happened, and MCI/WorldCom, and "Martha" and any number of other smaller scandals involving companies that, if not known for their good works, at least were not known for bad ones until the misdeeds came to light. Like all other companies of any size, these companies had established public relations departments to make public note of gifts to charity and the like. Bread and butter to any corporate public relations department is their corporate philanthropy, often carried out while the company is busy in other areas wreaking untold havoc. A case in point is Enron."
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Internal Public Relations, 2004.
This paper discusses internal public relations, a program to increase, systematically, support for its products, services, management views, intellectual capital, and its distinct approach to doing business among an organization's internal constituents.
830 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, by deploying positive public relations strategies within the organization itself, employees, who are often its most effective marketers to the outside world, are encouraged to spread the word about the organization to friends, family, potential consumers, and stockholders. The author points out that an effective internal public relations campaign can help build credibility, manage risks from unhappy employees, and establish a reputation of a positive and up-and-coming company through positive word-of-mouth, which drives sales figures upward. The paper stresses that the first step to positive internal public relations is to create a corporate community by showing an interest in the employee?s family life and life outside of his or her immediate job responsibilities.
From the Paper
"Coca-Cola didn?t want to scare its own staff and financial analysts about the company?s performance and cause a panic for the organization, which would only hurt employees as well as stockholders and CEOs in the end, if profits began to decline in the short term. But ?if you?re not Coke,? warns the public relations company Makovsky and Company, this could create an atmosphere of secrecy and mistrust. If you don?t provide guidance through consistent internal memos and newsletters, then quarterly financial statements must be more detailed to avoid outside and inside scrutiny that could be more costly in the end."
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Organizational Theory in Public Administration, 2002.
A discussion of the effects of intergovernmental relations and power and politics on efficiency and effectiveness, governmental process and citizen control.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 16 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
Discusses effects of intergovernmental relations & power & politics on efficiency & effectiveness, governmental process, & citizen control. Identifies 2 major domains of organizational theory that applies to public organizations. Public interest objectives. Conflicts in public demands (efficiency & lower costs vs. services). Issues of accountability.
From the Paper
"Organizational Theory in Public Administration: Effects of Intergovernmental Relations and Power and Politics on
Efficiency and Effectiveness, Governmental Process and Citizen Control
Domains of organizational theory may be defined on several different bases, depending upon the lens through which the body of theory is viewed. Domains of organizational theory in relation to public organizations, such as (1) intergovernmental relations and (2) power and politics typically, would not be directly applicable to private organizations, although elements of each of these two areas of interest would be found in domains appropriate for assessing private organizations (Daft, 1998).
Of the several domains of organizational theory as applied to public organizations identified, the two domains identified..."
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Organizational Theory and Public Management, 2005.
An overview of the views of Max Weber, Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx on organizational theory.
1,331 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper acknowledges how Robert B. Denhardt, professor of public administration at Arizona State University, has authored numerous works on the topic of human behavior as it relates to public organization. In particular, it examines how he draws heavily on the ideas of Weber, Marx and Freud to illustrate just how the governing theories and scholarly assumptions concerning organizational theory have developed into the modern version of the theory.
From the Paper
"Of course, one of the most influential thinkers on organizational theory was Max Weber. According to Weber, the "organization" or the "bureaucratic administration" is a symbol of the exertion of control based on knowledge. What was interesting about his work, however was his distinction between the idea of "power" and "authority"-where actual authority is distinguished by a belief in the "legitimacy" of the exercise of power (as apposed to despotism, for example). Further, another hallmark of his work was his classification of organizational power based on the type of legitimacy granted by those governed by that power."
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Organizational Theory in Public Administration, 2002.
This paper examines the effects of intergovernmental regulation on citizen control.
2,143 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses intergovernmental relations and power and politics in relation to their effects on aspects of the functioning of public organizations. These aspects include the efficiency and effectiveness of public organizations, government process and citizen control over public organizations.
From the Paper
"Harmon and Mayer (1995) observed that the concepts of efficiency and effectiveness are applied differently for public organizations than for private organizations. Because public monies are involved, the constraints placed on the actions of public administrators are more restrictive than are those placed on private sector managers. Normative values influence assessments of efficiency and effectiveness in public organizations to a far greater extent than is the case in the private sector where positivist values tend to provide the bases for such evaluations (Hughes, 1994)."
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Examines possible reasons for US entry into the Korean War (1950-53), with reference to several political science theories, such as balance of power and public opinion theories.US Involvement in the Korean War, 2001.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, $ 51.95
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Abstract
Examines possible reasons for US entry into the Korean War (1950-53), with reference to several political science theories, such as balance of power and public opinion theories.
From the Paper
"The most apparent theory behind the United States? involvement in the Korean War must be the balance of power theory. Russia was obviously the most threatening side in the Korean War, therefore the states aligned against the Soviet Union. The United States was resolved to contain Russian influence, and prevent threats to world peace and the independence and stability of other nations by resorting to collective security arrangements and acting through the United Nations."
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Public Choice Theory, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of public choice theory and urban governance.
1,056 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer explores public choice theory and the argument that public choice theory provides a thoughtful assessment of what needs to be done if urban governments are to become efficacious and expeditious providers of services to their citizens. The paper briefly outlines the general argument presented by advocates of local government and then provides some of the compelling arguments raised by those who feel public choice theory does not offer a stalwart solution to the problems of local governance. In the end, the writer maintains that while it sounds superficially appealing, public choice theory does not have a lot of empirical data to support many of its key claims.
From the Paper
"Additionally, public choice theorists argue that municipal governments, because they are monopoly providers, are inefficient insofar as they have little incentive to lower their prices or be innovative. Public choice theorists thus argue that there needs to be a separation between the demand articulation role of government (the collective process whereby it is ascertained how and how much of something will be set aside for public use) and the supplier role of government. Simply put, when governments have to buy services for something, they tend to be exacting in determining the value given for the monies received. All in all, the public choice theorist cleaves to the view that local governance needs to be run as a business - and that government often falls short in its obligations to the general public because it does not separate the provider role and the production role involved in the delivery of a good or service, thereby creating costly inefficiency and waste."
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Public Choice Theory, 2002.
A study of the political economy and public choice theory.
1,690 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 6 sources, $ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the "Public Choice Theory" by James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock, which holds that politicians base their actions on self-interest. The paper illustrates how this theory holds true in the Bush Presidency in his personal financial interest in the oil industry. It also demonstrates that corporations have found it more profitable to influence federal trade policy than other government activities.
From the Paper
"In 1962, James Buchanan and Gordon Tullock published a book called The Calculus of Consent, which posited an idea that was later to win them a Nobel Prize in Economics. The idea was that of Public Choice Theory, that holds that politicians base their actions on self-interest, and that actors in the economy will seek a political means to meet their ends if it is less expensive than seeing the political environment as a given context and seeking traditional economic recourse for action. This action the authors refer to as rent seeking."
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Public Choice Theory And Indian Economic History, 2004.
Applies the Public Choice Theory and Indian economic history.
1,356 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Public Choice Theory and deadweight loss as they apply to Indian economic history.
From the Paper
"India's economic history has been a case study for economists of the Public Choice Theory school. The maxim held by all free market economists is that people are motivated mainly be their self-interests. Although people often do act based on their concern for other people the basic motive behind a person's actions is typically a concern for their own self. Public Choice theorists take this self interest and ascribe it to the people in power. Public Choice economists believe that people acting in the political marketplace are ..."
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Public Administration Theory, 1999.
Describes and compares the organizational theories of Michael Hammer and James Champy (Re-engineering government) and Donald Osbourne and Ted Gaebler (Re-inventing government).
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 11 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This essay reviews and contrasts the positions of contemporary organizational theorists with the positions of earlier contributors to the field. The earlier contributors considered are Woodrow Wilson, Fredrick Taylor, Max Weber, and Mary Follett.
From the Paper
"CONTRASTING THE ASSUMPTIONS OF HAMMER AND CHAMPY AND OSBORNE AND GAEBLER WITH THE EARLY CONTRIBUTORS TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
This essay reviews and contrasts the positions of contemporary organizational theorists with the positions of earlier contributors to the field. The earlier contributors considered are Woodrow Wilson, Fredrick Taylor, Max Weber, and Mary Follett. The contemporary theorists include Michael Hammer and James Champy, who contributed the increasingly discredited concept of re-engineering, and Donald Osborne and Ted Gaebler, who contributed the highly worthwhile concept of reinventing government.
The essence of re-engineering is the total overhaul of a corporation. It is not the sum total of individually scattered continuous improvements. It is revolutionary, not evolutionary ..."
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World System Theory and Regime Theory, 2005.
An exploration of two systems theories (World System Theory and Regime Theory) within the discipline of global political economy.
2,290 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with two system theories that attempt to explain how asymmetrical power relations in respect of economics, politics and society from the global organisation of nations and states. It includes a brief history of these system theories, their ontology and epistemology and an analysis of their critiques.
From the Paper
"The idea of a systems approach to political economy originated in the natural sciences; the world is seen as a whole entity and in this respect it is a holistic view, i.e. the properties of a system cannot be determined or explained by the sum of its components alone. This is a departure from previous subjectivist theories that considered the objective sphere an unknown and/or an unknowable concept. "
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Public Interest or Public Best Interest, 2002.
A study of the topic of what is the 'best public interest' compared to 'public interest' and the role of the public administrator.
1,810 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
The paper shows the difficulty the public administrator is faced with when deciding what is the ?public interest? or ?public best interest? and that sometimes the administrator has to make decisions based on the community ?best? interests or the ?objective control of administration?. Sections of the paper include: Pluralists and the Public Administrator, The Public as Consumers, The Public as Represented, The Public as Client and the Public as Citizen.
From the Paper
"Other examples can be commercials. If a child sees cereal with a toy in it, he/she will beg and cry until the mother buys the cereal. The mother may know this is not the ?best interest? of the child because it lacks important vitamins or may be full of sugar. The commercial has placed value on knowing children will see the commercial and will talk their parents into buying it. The interest of the children is met, but not the ?best? interest of the children."
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Social Structure Theories vs. Social Process Theories, 2002.
Examining the difference in these two sociological theories with reference to juvenile delinquency.
1,045 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
Social Structure Theories and Social Processes Theories are often used interchangeably. This essay highlights the fundamental differences outlining social structure and social process theories. In order to compare these theories, the paper draws attention to the various theories of juvenile delinquency and the difference of perspective involved and the obtrusive causes outlined by the distinct theories for engagement in criminal acts at a young age. Two different theories are presented attempting to explain juvenile delinquency, presenting various facets of adolescent criminal behavior and the possible causes of such behavior.
From the Paper
"One of the major challenges faced by the law-making authorities of the United States today is the reduction of juvenile delinquency and to increase the effectiveness of lawful regulations in the country. The alarming augmentation in crime rate at adolescent echelon is the most worrisome problem facing America therefore researchers and experts of the related field have developed various theories regarding juvenile delinquency outlining motivations and reasons behind the existence and the frequency of crime at juvenile stage. In order to well-comprehend the perspective of various philosophies related to juvenile delinquency, it is highly essential to know what juvenile delinquency is about."
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