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Reproductive Physiology, 2002.
This paper deals with the culture of reproduction and reproductive physiology.
3,900 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 15 sources, $ 142.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses premenstrual syndrome, post-partum depression and the practice of female circumcision or clitirodectomy. The author concludes that women's bodies and experiences, particularly in the realm of reproductive physiology have been appropriated by medical paradigms.
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Assisted Reproductive Technology, 2007.
This paper discusses assisted reproductive technology (A.R.T.)
2,712 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that assisted reproductive technology (A.R.T.) has received a great deal of attention in recent years. The writer explains that couples who have difficulty having children are now seeking out assisted reproductive technology to conceive children. The writer examines the developments and advancements in assisted reproductive technologies. The technologies examined include: Zygote intra fallopian transfer, donor egg or embryo, surrogacy/gestational carrier, in vitro fertilization (IVF), intra cytoplasmic sperm injection and gamete intra fallopian transfer (GIFT). The writer concludes that the research indicates that there are many alternatives available to infertile couples and that IVF and GIFT remain among the most popular and successful types of reproductive technologies.
Outline:
Introduction
Zygote Intra fallopian Transfer
Donor Egg or Embryo
Surrogacy/Gestational Carrier
In Vitro Fertilization
Intra cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Gamete Intra fallopian Transfer
Future Technologies and Conclusions
From the Paper
"In addition to egg donation, embryos can also be donated. In most cases embryos are donated by couples that have undergone IVF and still have some additional frozen embryos; couples can choose to donate these embryos, have them used for medical research or have them destroyed. When the embryos are donated they are given to couples that have problems creating their own embryos."
"The author also points out that as it relates to having to use donor eggs, there are certain emotions that a woman may experience. The author asserts that these emotions are similar to the emotions that a man may experience when he discovers he is sterile. Relying on a donor egg or embryo also means that the woman will have no genetic link to the child."
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The Ethical Challenge of the New Reproductive Technology, 2004.
This paper examines an essay by Sidney Callahan on the 'Ethical Challenge of the New Reproductive Technology'.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer summarizes and gives opinions on an essay by Sidney Callahan on the 'Ethical Challenge of the New Reproductive Technology'. The writer describes how Callahan looks at what should and should not be allowed from a religious viewpoint. Further, the writer discusses Callahan's views against reproductive technology.
From the Paper
"In his essay 'The Ethical Challenge of the New Reproductive Technology', Callahan argues that there ought to be a restriction on the types of medical technology used to aid couples with fertility problems in conceiving a child. He believes that this technology has forged ahead with no thought to the ethical problems it engenders and no consideration given to the welfare of the child conceived by artificial means. Callahan begins by dividing the approaches to alternative reproductive technology into two basic types. The first type he considers is what ... "
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Assisted Reproductive Technologies, 2005.
This paper examines the state of reproductive technology in Canada.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 6 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper uses such varied sources as the Department of Justice in Canada, Planned Parenthood and some recent legislation to explore reproductive technology in Canada. The author points out that laws and legal guidelines like the Assisted Human Reproduction Act address the need for regulation and protection in the controversial and growing field of assisted reproduction. The paper stresses that the desire to have children is so strong that pain, cost,and ethical concerns do not deter them.
From the Paper
"Laws and legal guidelines like the Assisted Human Reproduction Act address the need for regulation and protection in the controversial and growing field of assisted reproduction. Women and their partners can be at risk for physical and mental harm in their endeavors to reproduce. The Act states that all persons are affected by these technologies (Assisted Human Reproduction Act). For many, the desire to have children is so strong that pain, cost, and ethical concerns do not deter them. In this quest many individuals endure considerable pain and stress to achieve a "normal" family."
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Genetic and Reproductive Technologies, 2002.
A study of the advancements made in genetics and reproductive technologies.
2,576 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the recent breakthrough in genetics and reproductive technologies. It questions that , as a society, are we ready for these advancements. The paper argues that genetic engineering has great potential, which outweighs the risks, and it illustrates both sides of the argument in order to appreciate the promise and danger associated with these new genetic and reproductive technologies.
From the Paper
"The advancements that have come in the field of genetics and human reproduction are probably amongst the most controversial which have arisen in the history of the human race. These advancements actually present us with ways that we can redefine the human race itself. The mapping of the human genome, the possibility for human cloning, the developments that have arisen in the field of assisted fertilization, and the general idea of engineering human beings in order to fight diseases and other negative human conditions, have raised many, many arguments. Never before have we had so much control over our future and our nature. There are many promises that have been made in support of the development of reproductive technologies, all of which point to a better world as the result of the advancements that have been made. There have also been many people who have voiced opposition to the advancements, as they feel that they will result in negative affects that would undermine our entire system of values and ethics.The thesis of this paper is that the developments in human reproductive technologies are very important and offer us many benefits, but we are not completely ready either socially or technologically to deal with the advancements that have come so quickly."
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Social Implications of New Reproductive Technologies, 2002.
A study of the cultural affects of new reproductive technologies on families and women.
2,165 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the social change that is a result of new reproductive technologies. It investigates the effects on the concept of the family, women's bodies, and on our very lives as a whole. The paper investigates the social relevance of cloning, in vitro fertilzation, and surrogate motherhood.
From the Paper
"We live in an age in which technology is playing a greater and greater role in the construction of our society and in the ideologies and perspectives that are applied to understanding social phenomena. Technology has revolutionized the way we look at communication and media, transportation, the work place, and social institutions. It is not surprising, then, the new technologies are having an impact on the way we view the basic social unit - the family. The founding of new reproductive technologies (NRTs) has redefined and continues to redefine the meaning and construction of the family in our society. It has also contributed directly to the changing implications of women?s roles in the family and society. While some argue in favour of these changes and their positive social influences and implications, others argue against the control which these technologies represent over individual?s bodies. The following paper will explore these arguments in order to demonstrate the overall thesis that NRTs are changing the way we look at ourselves, the family, women and society as a whole. The impact of these technologies socially is growing more and more, and in order to fully understand their significance we need to examine their social relevance."
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Webster vs. Reproductive Health Services., 2002.
This research paper examines and analyzes the landmark Supreme Court case of Webster vs. Reproductive Health Services.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This research paper examines and analyzes the landmark 1989 United States Supreme Court abortion case of Webster vs. Reproductive Health Services.
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Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Stress, 2005.
This paper discusses the connection between assisted reproductive technologies and stress.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 9 sources, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the stress related to assisted conception. The writer discusses that stress operates in the opposite direction as well so that it can easily affect the outcome of such technologies as in vitro fertilization. The writer points out that while we normally think of the stress associated with reproductive technologies as affecting the parents, there are actually as many as five adults affected, and the unborn child is also certain to experience stress.
From the Paper
"Assisted reproductive technologies create pressures along with both physical and psychological harms for a couple. "The existence of IVF has made it harder for people to live with childlessness". The attitude is that being childless is no longer an issue since all things are possible in the medical laboratory. As a result, the cost, pain and ethical concerns do not deter numerous couples from using these new technologies."
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Exercise Physiology--An Article Review, 2007.
This paper summarizes and critiques an article about exercise physiology entitled "Effects of Moderate Exercise on Metabolic Responses and Respiratory Exchange Ration (RER)" by Toda, et. al.
1,098 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews an article that describes a study on exercise physiology and its relation to insulin resistance. The review presents the aim and hypothesis of the article in Part I. Part II of the paper consists of a critique and evaluation of the scientific merit of the study. The review concludes that the rationale for designing a study to probe the question of how much exercise and at what level is required in order to facilitate fatty acid utilization, was well founded.
Outline
Part I: Summary
Part II: Critique
From the Paper
"The hypothesis of the study is that fatty acids are available for energy even following short-term exercise (109). In other words, the authors designed this study to test the notion that fatty acid utilization could be increased even following lower levels of physical exertion and exercise. If this proved to be the case, then it would open up an incredible wealth of exercise methods and regiments for counteracting insulin resistance."
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G-force and Pilot Physiology, 2005.
A look at the effects of G-force on pilot physiology.
1,521 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the need to understand the relationship between G-forces and human physiology is greater now than at any previous time in the history of powered flight, since the phenomenon of G-force-induced pilot incapacitation was initially identified by the very first generation of military combat pilots during the First World War.
From the Paper
"Einstein demonstrated that linear acceleration and gravity are precisely equivalent forces. As a direct consequence of this principle, a 150-pound pilot with an eight-pound skull pulling 4 G's weighs (literally) 600 pounds and experiences his own head as weighing thirty-two pounds (Talleur, 2003). When one considers the importance of instantaneous 360-degree visibility, rapidly changing flight paths of multiple adversaries
in aerial combat maneuvers, and the necessity of quick hand and foot movements in the cockpit, the implications of G-force buildup are rather obvious. For the same reason,aircraft capable of producing high G-forces in departure from controlled flight have been equipped with explosive powered ejection seats, virtually since the dawn of the jet age
(Talleur, 2003)."
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Music, Physiology and Performance, 2004.
A research paper on the relationship between music and human physiology.
5,336 words (approx. 21.3 pages), 29 sources, MLA, $ 131.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that temporally, music?s structure has many determining characteristics, which shape affective properties (such as tempo and tonality). Throughout this paper these structural characteristics are explored, accompanied by an exploration of the ability of music to elicit emotions, the link between performance (both visual and manual) and emotions and the relationship between music and physiological response. Conclusions of this review involve general methodological considerations for future research and potential hypotheses to be explored.
From the Paper
"Music is a key element of everyday life; its role within society is divergent, and temporally, music takes on many forms. Such variation in temporal structure allows for diverse utilisation, thus permitting music to pervade all cultures and play a significant role in the majority of social and religious rituals, such as birthdays, weddings and funerals. The affective properties of musical stimuli upon behaviour appear as the source of much research throughout psychology with theories regarding its effects and emotive properties being recruited, and adapted, from non-musical literature (Ritossa and Rickard, 2004). With such apparent impact upon individuals throughout society, the profound effects of music deserve further exploration. This paper shall conduct such an exploration with the primary focus concerning the impact of musical exposure upon affective states, arousal, performance (both visual and manual), and physiological reactions."
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Human Behavior, Physiology and Freedom, 2002.
This paper is a personal essay which argues that human behavior is the result of physiology and the physical environment.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that it is difficult to ascertain whether behavioral changes are the result of purely environmental or worldly changes or more probably a combination of the worldly happenings and subsequent physiological changes that follow. The author believes that even if a perfect human being were to be formed, there is no guarantee that this individual will act ?appropriately? as designated by society. The author conjectures that the science of freedom would likely define freedom as the ability to decide mentally what is right and wrong, what is best and what is unworthy for any individual in particular.
From the Paper
"For example, take an average individual, with characteristically ?normal? behavior. A disaster occurs, a worldly event such as 9/11 where the person in question loses a loved one. The person, suffering a great loss and concern loses interest in every day activities, including working, taking care of the children and eating. The subsequent lack of nutrition that follows and the build up of stress hormones in the body results in physiological changes, which ultimately may lead to the person becoming depressed. Once depressed, further physiological changes may occur as medications may or may not be introduced that disrupt the chemistry of the body and result in variant behavior."
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Environmental Physiology, 1994.
This paper discusses environmental physiology: Negative effects of high altitude, diving and extreme temperatures, oxygen deprivation, acclimatization, endurance, shock, decompression and precautions.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"Normal physiologic function depends on the maintenance of a uniform internal environment. This is achieved through a variety of adaptive mechanisms which enable the body to respond to changes in the external environment. Adaptive phenomena become most evident in environmental extremes. Three such situations include high altitude, diving, and extremes of temperature. These adverse conditions test the body's ability to maintain its independence from continuous changes in the external world.
At high elevations, barometric pressure is markedly decreased (5:462). This is due to the fact that the weight of the atmosphere is considerably less than at sea level. One result of the decreased barometric pressure is fewer oxygen molecules per unit volume. This lower oxygen partial pressure (PO2) is the primary factor ... "
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Infertility and Reproductive Rights, 2005.
This paper argues against infertility and reproductive rights.
1,765 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that to some people the right to bear children is consider to be an inalienable right, much like those granted in the U.S. Constitution; however, the author is opposed to this position. The author points out that the infertility problem is exacerbated by professional women who delay childbearing to the point that it becomes biologically difficult and then demand expensive infertility treatments. The paper suggests that one solution is to refrain from classifying infertility as a disability, which would save enormous amounts of insurance money and prevent the need for government to support infertility treatments through Medicaid or other entitlement programs.
From the Paper
"Those who believe the fertility rights movement has gone too far contend that it is ludicrous to classify the inability to bear children, for whatever reason, along with conditions that render people unable to walk, see, hear or breath without assistance. That faction contends that while the inability to bear children may be personally troublesome to those whom it affects, it does not lead to economic discrimination and social isolation of the sort 'true' disabilities engender and thus should not be classified with them and obtain funding and so on. In fact, Kaminer notes, for women, childlessness is still a professional advantage; it might also be considered an economic advantage across the board, considering the cost of childcare which is less likely to be provided along with employment of non-professional women than for professional women, making having children much more expensive for those women than for others."
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Assisted Reproductive Rechnology, 2008.
An analysis of the capitalistic significance that assisted reproductive technology has brought along with the accommodation of the children produced from this technology.
5,436 words (approx. 21.7 pages), 34 sources, MLA, $ 133.95
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Abstract
This paper examines egg donation and to a lesser extent, sperm bank markets in the U.S. and the U.K., looking at the industry's pricing mechanisms (payment in the U.S. versus non-payment in the U.K.) and trends, and analyzing the implications in both systems. The papers contends that the altruistic model adopted by the U.K. may be shortsighted and inefficient, while the compensation scheme in the U.S. is unbalanced and at times excessive. The paper also discusses how a more transparent structure in both countries, allowing open discussion of the system, would partially alleviate economic distortions. Finally, some of the non-economic concerns and developments that affect the market are considered.
Outline:
Introduction
Size of Market in Egg and Sperm Donation
A Brief Description of the Process
Buyers and Sellers
Product Differentiation and Price Discrimination
Altruism in Blood Donation
Pricing Mechanism of Sperm Banks
Changing Technology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Assisted reproductive technology, specifically egg and sperm donation, is a globally viable option. To date, there is no global consensus on whether or not there should be a commercial market, what regulations should be enforced, what enforcement mechanisms should be adopted, or how to address the ethical and moral dilemmas within the baby business. In the United States (U.S.), payment to egg donors is unofficially accepted, yet compensation for ovum donors to stem cell research is strictly prohibited. Because payment of the first is regulated by state law, there are 50 different possible pricing schemes in the U.S. In contrast, the United Kingdom (U.K.) officially forbids payment to egg donors. The U.K. system relies on altruism and egg sharing to attract suppliers into the fertility pool. Other countries, including Canada, India, and some European nations have adopted other payment and donation systems for collecting gametes. The global market for oocyte products does not have a cohesive framework within which to work. "
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