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Representing Cultural Knowledge in Anthropology, 2004.
The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast two ways of representing cultural knowledge.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast two ways of representing cultural knowledge. It does so by providing background, describing two systems and providing conclusions.
From the Paper
"Cultures are considered to be in the heads of culture members and the anthropologists who analyze them. Since anthropology is considered to be a science dealing with the description of human cultures, it is important to have accurate and reliable ways of representing and transferring cultural knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast two different ways of representing cultural knowledge in anthropology. It will do so by providing background information detailing the basic needs of a representational system describing..."
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Cultural Anthropology, 2002.
Examines some of the common constants in cultural anthropology and how they apply to the field of cultural anthropology.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
There are distinct relationships between culture, maintenance systems, child rearing and ecology that, when observed from a detached view, provide a wealth of information about all of the communities (and all of their permutations) throughout the world. It is the assertion of this paper that these characteristics of a people, regardless of size or any other factor, are common throughout all peoples and is thus used as primary markers by anthropologists upon which to base their work. Therefore, this paper will demonstrate such relationships and how they apply to the field of cultural anthropology.
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Cultural Anthropology, 2006.
This paper reviews the book "Saints, Scholars and Schizophrenics" by Scheper-Hughes.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
The writer relates that he/she was daunted by the prospect of reading and reviewing this 389-page book of cultural anthropology. The writer anticipated a long, dry dissertation on some obscure group of people. However, the writer discusses how he/she quickly came across these words written by Scheper-Hughes, describing her family as "a young and somewhat brash anthropologist and her offbeat, counter-cultural family: shaggy-haired, gentle 'hippie' husband and their three rambunctious babies and toddlers."
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Cultural Anthropology, 2004.
A comparison of native and non-native anthropological views, their methods, and responsibilities.
1,604 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to outline and consider the differences and complexities of two different approaches to anthropological research. It looks at how both the ?native anthropologist? and the anthropologist who attempts to view the culture from an objective perspective ?outside? the culture under study, have a distinct responsibility to the subject of their studies and to the anthropological discipline. There are central differences between these two approaches, which become evident from an analysis of the specific sources. It also shows how the central argument that is put forward is that one method is not necessarily superior to the other, but that both have their own advantages and disadvantages.
From the Paper
"Both ?insiders? and ?outsiders? face different problems, take on different methods in gathering information, and have different responsibilities to the culture at hand as well as the discipline as a whole. One school of thought is that the ?insider? view allows for a more intimate and comprehensive view of the society without the interpretive distortion that might result from the imposition of another cultural perspective. However the ?insider? or subjective method of study also presents its own problems. For the anthropologist to obtain a complete description of a society as an insider, he must become totally involved in the life of the people, which requires spending long periods of time with the study group. The subjective anthropologist must be extremely careful about building a bond of trust with the culture."
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Cultural Anthropology Critique, 2008.
This paper provides a critique of three articles: Richa Nagar's "Exploring Methodological Borderlands through Oral Narratives", Faranak Miraftab's "Can You Belly Dance?" and Oyeronke Oyewumi's "Visualizing the Body: Western Theories and African Subjects".
1,522 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This critical review comments on the themes, methodological challenges, suggestions and perspectives in the three articles: Nagar's "Exploring Methodological Borderlands through Oral Narratives", Miraftab's "Can you Belly Dance?" and Oyewumi's "Visualizing the Body: Western Theories and African Subjects". The writer maintains that these articles all fall within the tradition of feminist contributions to the re-evaluation of difficult challenges that arise within the fields of social anthropology and ethnography. Each adopts a very different approach, but all are thought-provoking, especially because none of the authors is a typical social anthropologist. The writer concludes that all three articles offer different insights and advice. However, the three are welcome voices, in that they smash the typical stereotype of white, Western, usually male cultural anthropologists.
From the Paper
"This traditional situation is subverted by the women researchers in these three articles. For example, Nagar is a young, unmarried woman, from a lower-middle class Hindu family in India, who has affiliations with Western universities, as well as a white boyfriend in the USA. She is multilingual, well educated and a part of the elite in the sense of being globally mobile and funded to do research. In that sense, she is entirely different from the people she researches. On the other hand, when she researches the Asian community of Dar Es Salaam, she has sufficient common ground with some of them - e.g. being Asian, being Hindu, sharing languages, ability to adopt approved clothing styles, such as salwaar kameez, or a sari, depending on context - that she can frequently be accepted by these communities as an insider. This positions her vis-a-vis the communities she studies in an utterly different position than if she had been a white, American man, who quite obviously could not simply don a sari and blend into a social group of Asians in Dar es Salaam! This unusual situation on the one hand puts her in a much less powerful - for example, the American male would probably not be sexually propositioned by an interviewee. However, her entree into these communities must surely enable her to gain more understanding of the communities."
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Political and Economic Anthropology, 2008.
This paper reflects on two chapters in Robert Lavenda and Emily Schultz's "Core Concepts in Cultural Anthropology".
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Lavina and Schultz in "Core Concepts in Cultural Anthropology" see political anthropology as the study of power, political ideology, political economy, political organization, social stratification, social control and law, status and role and much later ideas of nationalism and hegemony. The author points out that, in 'economic anthropology', all societies are reported to show a form of material life that can be explained in terms of production, exchange or related material culture, which dictates the types of laws and political practices in that society. The paper states that the study of emergencies, crises or wars tells a good deal about matters of nationalism, hegemony and leadership as reactions of weakness to situations that are unpredictable, such as the strong instinct for 'communitas' that was seen when the United States experienced 9/11.
From the Paper
"Some anthropologists like to study how societies cope with unnatural situations or crises. For instance, if a society has known famine and starvation, or is in a climate that means food can be grown or found only for part of the year, there will be effort to save food for hard times. If the food supply is year-round and easily found, there will be less of this planning ahead. What is very valuable will be guarded by law that can mean tradable goods of high value or perhaps special religious items that no ordinary person is to touch."
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Knowledge-Based System Applications, 2002.
A review of knowledge acquisition for knowledge-based system applications.
8,801 words (approx. 35.2 pages), 40 sources, MLA, $ 184.95
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Abstract
In this paper, an overview is provided of knowledge acquisition as it relates to expert systems. After this, specific knowledge acquisition methodologies and techniques are reviewed that have been used in the development of knowledge-based systems. Subsequently, information is provided on recent advances in knowledge acquisition. Finally, future trends based on recent developments are discussed.
Overview of Knowledge Acquisition
First Generation Knowledge Acquisition Methodological Approaches
Second Generation Knowledge Acquisition Methodological Approaches
Knowledge Acquisition Techniques by Interaction with the Expert
Interviewing
Case Study
Protocol Analysis
Critiquing
Role Playing
Simulation
Prototyping
Rapid Application Development and Joint Application Development
Teachback
Observation
Goal Related
List Related
Construct Elicitation
Sorting
Laddering
20 Questions
Document Analysis
Recent Developments in Knowledge Acquisition
Future Directions
References
From the Paper
"Knowledge acquisition represents a field of artificial intelligence focused on the development of methods, techniques and tools for building expert system knowledge bases. During the 1970s and 1980s, most researchers and practitioners believed that knowledge should be acquired via a process involving a knowledge engineer, who interviews a domain expert regarding the knowledge domain of interest. The knowledge engineer was then responsible for organizing and formalizing the extracted knowledge to the point that it was appropriate for processing by a knowledge-based system. After processing was completed, the extracted knowledge could then be tested by presenting example problems to the knowledge-based system."
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Gendered Cultural Identity, 2007.
This paper is a personal narration of a female student living in Canada, which explores the author's gendered cultural identify and relates it to anthropological and sociological theory.
2,640 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper expresses the belief that a gendered, cultural identity narration plays a useful role in finding or defining one's own identity with the caveat that identity is constantly evolving and being dynamically recreated. The author uses the falsity of the assumption that "all Canadians are peaceable" as an example of a ludicrous theory that a particular trait can represent the culture of an entire nation of people. The paper discuses the author's different experiences of being a woman and notes that economic discrimination against women in Canada is far more subtle than in Third World countries because women have the protection of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The paper relates that, growing up in a Third World country as a white, where she was assumed to be 'Westernized', resulted in experiences unlike Black and Chicana feminists. The paper includes quotations.
From the Paper
"As I have had the experience of being both a Third-World feminist and a First-World feminist, am I now a Third-World feminist or a First-World feminist? Narayan states that she chooses to call herself a Third-World feminist because many of her formative experiences took place in this context. This seems to me to be a valid point of view. While I cannot reduce my identity to simply "Third-World feminist," I can certainly see that many of my experiences growing up moulding me into a feminist - and perhaps more of a committed feminist than I might otherwise have been, ..."
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Psychological Anthropology, 2005.
An analysis of psychological anthropology and how culture and personality intermix.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at psychological anthropology through many methods. It looks at the definition itself, how older and contemporary psychological anthropologists analyze their own work, and how personality and culture intermix. The paper looks closely at a few specific sub-categories, such as Freud, madness, and primitive cultures. The paper analyzes it in connection to personality, culture, emotion, madness and primitive cultures.
From the Paper
" Psychological Anthropology: A Universal Process Psychological anthropology is an attempt to discover the dynamics of group differences, often via means of close observation and study of a particular theme or culture. It combines the attributes of psychology and anthropology in an endeavor detect similarities between human beings in personal, social and cultural settings. Many scholars have defined their field using distinct nuances, as cater to their brand of craft, but underlying all psychological anthropology is a cultural analysis that aims to discover inherent qualities within us all. Bourguignon (1979), a psychological anthropologist, spent time analyzing the link between classic anthropology--in which scholars studied primitive cultures--and elements of psychology, such as Freud's psychoanalysis of the psychology of childhood development--or the issues of childhood projecting into adulthood."
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Knowledge Management, 2004.
A discussion on whether it is possible for an organisation to develop a knowledge base which is more than the sum of its individual employees? knowledge.
3,065 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how knowledge management is one of the hottest subjects in management studies due to the changing paradigm of management as we enter the 21st century. It attempts to show that it is possible for an organisation to develop a knowledge base, which is more than the sum of its individual employees? knowledge. It reviews the guidance given by the management literature and considers some of the important points. It also looks at some companies that have been successful in their implementation of a knowledge management system.
Outline
Introduction
Knowledge Management
Knowledge Creation
Learning Organisation
Obstacles to Creating a Knowledge Base
Knowledge Sharing
Characteristics of an Effective KM System
Knowledge Management ? 2 Different Opinions
Success Stories
Conclusions
From the Paper
"KPMG recently surveyed over 400 organisations in the UK, mainland Europe and the US and found ?81% had or were considering a knowledge management program, 79% believed that knowledge management can play an ?extremely significant? or ?significant? role in improving competitive advantage?. (KPGM Knowledge management Research Report) Similarly, a survey by PriceWaterhouseCoopers showed that 97 % of senior executives believe that ?knowledge management is a critical issue for them?. A more telling survey conducted by Tacit was that of individuals working at the interface between creating/using knowledge. In a survey of professional, managerial, and technical knowledge workers Tacit investigated employees opinion on how their employers handled knowledge sharing. The findings of the Tacit survey illustrate a serious problem, valuable knowledge is available &/or created within the organisation, but is not utilised efficiently."
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Knowledge and Expertise in the Court System, 2008.
An analysis of whether expert knowledge, that is presented in court, is in fact true and accurate knowledge and whether it is reliable in court proceedings.
1,763 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the truth of knowledge and expertise within the court system and looks at whether this form of information could represent inaccurate knowledge. More specifically, the paper analyzes whether data such as scientific opinion and expertise, social science evidence and eyewitness testimony are reliable in court proceedings and whether they do, in fact, represent "knowledge."
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Knowledge and Expertise in Court
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The findings of the abovementioned researchers indicate some interesting trends in our conception of "truth", "knowledge" and "expertise" in the modern court system. Though science is honored in modern society as an almost God-like certainty, in the court system (as Bertin & Henifin point out) it holds much less weight. The combined findings indicate that court rulings are based rather on a number of forms of evidence, all of which have been called into question by the researchers. Like Bertin and Henifin, Redding and Reppucci explored a form of court evidence often scrutinized for accuracy - social science evidence. However, unlike Bertin and Henifin, Redding and Reppucci seem to lament the fact that their investigated form of evidence is often overlooked or misconstrued in the field of law, particularly by judges - the ultimate decision-makers. Lastly, like Redding and Reppucci, Kebbell and Giles explored the concept of bias in court in eliciting tainted evidence. Kebbell and Giles demonstrated that the questioning techniques of lawyers can have an impact on the accuracy of eyewitness recollection. The combined findings of these researchers indicate that knowledge and expertise in the court system under current provisions is far from conclusive."
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Plato's Quest for True Knowledge, 2002.
Examining Plato's paradox of the search for true knowledge and how one will know when one has discovered this knowledge.
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how Plato states that for true knowledge, the process known as learning is actually a process of uncovering or recollecting what the individual already knows. It explains that as a solution to the question of how one will know when the correct answer is found this is ingenious. But this is not Plato's essential answer to the paradox. The true resolution lies in Socrates' demonstration that one can, through inquiry, come to knowledge of an object even though one has no knowledge of it to begin with.
From the Paper
"As Socrates puts it, during the discussion of what the slave has accomplished in the exercise in inquiry, "a man who does not know has in himself true opinions on a subject without having knowledge" (85c). Plato's theory of recollection may provide an explanation of how the individual is able to proceed along the path toward knowledge and how he knows when he has discovered knowledge. But recollection is, in itself, inadequate to the task of inquiry which is, as Socrates shows, essential to acquiring knowledge even if this is essentially an uncovering of knowledge the individual possesses from previous incarnations.
Socrates' method on being asked about a particular object (usually a virtue) is to deny that he has any knowledge of the object of inquiry and then to prompt the other to explain what he knows about that object. Those with whom he speaks inevitably have opinions or beliefs about the object in question. As the interlocutor supplies his answers (his opinions and beliefs) Socrates leads him, by careful questioning, to see that he does not, in fact, have the knowledge of the object that he thought he possessed. Thus Socrates invariably demonstrates to the other party that, like Socrates, he too does not know what the virtue is. This leaves the other man, as Meno says, feeling like he has been stung and numbed by the hidden barb of a sting-ray (80a). But in Meno's case the interlocutor begins to question the whole process of inquiry in which they are engaged. Meno poses a paradox for Socrates which presents a genuine puzzle."
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"Knowledge Walkouts" & EMC, 2006.
A look at whether knowledge management and enterprise content management (ECM) can save a company from "knowledge walkouts".
2,424 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and analyses the concept of "knowledge walkouts". It specifically discusses strategies for managing the creation of enterprise content management (ECM) and ensuing knowledge management strategies to alleviate the loss of key intellectual property as key employees retire.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Statement of the Problem
Findings
Defining Enterprise Content Management
Structuring Enterprise Content is the First Step to Knowledge Management
Retaining the Knowledge to Overcome "Knowledge Walkouts"
Knowledge Management for Many Organizations: Use It Or Lose It
Knowledge for the New Workforce
New Technology for the New Generation
Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"The fact that there are organizations whose knowledge management systems are best practices for their given industry, and have processes in place for capturing and retaining excellent components of their knowledge are still the fact that it must be used to be effective according to Gartner (2006). Based on "the last mile" of knowledge management so to speak being these processes of selectively applying the content to specific business strategies and challenges, the indexing, search, and retrieval of knowledge in these repositories becomes a completely separate issue. Once in the repository, there's little guarantee that the valuable knowledge ever emerges again. In fact, it's not valuable at all without a thorough consideration for the way new workers will access it and put it to use. Getting workers to change how they do their jobs is also a critical aspect of capturing content, according to The Hard Side of Change Management (2005). "
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Darwinian Anthropology and Evolutionary Psychology, 2002.
This paper compares and contrasts the two major views of the cultural development of humans: Darwinian Anthropology and Evolutionary Psychology.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The writer explores the similarity between the two theories in that each acknowledges the evolutionary mechanisms for behavior that have been inherited. The rest of the paper highlights the ways in which the theories diverge: Darwinian Anthropology feels these are secondary to modern cultural influence while Evolutionary Psychology feels they are primary in explaining how and why we behave as we do.
From the Paper
"Many feel that a combination of the two theories is a viable solution to the differences and weaknesses we have found. While this is not a direct comparison of our two original theories, it is important to look at ways in which they could coexist. These coevolutionary theories combine the study of current adaptations in current culture to help understand the evolution of mechanisms which initially drive the culture. The inverse is also true; studying the mechanisms of evolution in the human mind helps to understand why we behave as we do in modern society."
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"Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspectives", 2004.
A review and critique of the anthropology textbook, "Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspectives," by Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent.
4,824 words (approx. 19.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 123.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a section-by-section review of the anthropology textbook, "Gender in Cross-Cultural Perspectives," compiled by Caroline B. Brettell and Carolyn F. Sargent. The paper provides examples from each chapter of the book. Each section of the book deals with the myriad and diverse studies of gender.
From the Paper
"One very interesting angle on the study of man and woman in prehistory is provided by Lila Leibowitz (?Perspectives on the Evolution of Sex Differences?), who provided a detailed account of primates? male-female roles. In the end, after writing an intriguing article, Leibowitz concludes that there is currently a ?distorted? collection of evidence as to the gender roles in primates. Her hypothesis is very compelling, and she does not seem to be elitist in the least (which sometimes happens with scholars whose knowledge far surpasses the lay person). She explains that her hypothesis is presented in response ?to a spate of evolutionary theories which stress that our sex-role destiny along with our sexual anatomy was settled a long time ago.? Clearly she does not espouse a rigid view of the evolution of physical differences between men and women, and how sex roles came about. She calls for more study of the existing data."
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