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Reparations for Slavery, 2001.
This well-researched paper examines the highly debated topic of reparations for slavery. With the debate still on the table about reparations, many feel that compensation goes far beyond a dollar amount.
3,376 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the issue of reparations for slavery. While this topic has received very little media attention in the public eye, the majority of reparation activists passionately believe that their cause will help heal racial tensions. On certain college campuses many have turned the debate for slavery reparations into a debate about free speech. The writer of this paper supplies an overview into how the African-American slaves were mistreated and why the issue of what and how much reparation is due is still such a sensitive and controversial topic. Along with countless hours in the field, there was very little regard on behalf of slave owners to the families of their slaves. Blacks were regularly separated from their family and sold to different families, for the simple profit of their owners. After the construction of the law that manipulated the offspring of any African to follow the condition of their mother, slaves could then be bred for free and sold for nothing but profit. If a slave owner happened to purchase a female, the act of breeding slaves was the cheapest and most cost effective means of increasing profit. The writer contends that this legalized discrimination has trickled down all the way through the generations and still exists today. Many people have come to the conclusion that African-Americans deserve monetary compensation as sufficient reparations for slavery. With the debate still on the table about reparations, many feel that reparations go far passed a dollar amount.
From the Paper
"The Trans-Atlantic slave trade later became profitable for the government as a means of accruing taxes. This initiative was intended to slow the traffic of slave ships from the West Coast of Africa. The taxes were only effective for the trans-Atlantic slave trade, however, there were no taxes on domestic slave trading. In response to this, slave owners made an effort for another means of avoiding taxes. In many cases where female slaves did not marry, they were often subjected to the will, or desire of their masters. In some instances, female slaves would adhere to the sexual advances of their masters in order to receive less harsh treatment, those who did not adhere were raped -- this happened more often than not. With the introduction of mulatto children, (children born to female slaves impregnated by white masters) the domestic slave trade found new life, with a transfusion of these children which could be separated from their families, and sold without having to pay taxes."
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African-American Reparations, 2002.
Examines reparations for descendants of African-American slaves within the context of the philosophies of John Rawls and Michael Sandel.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the question of reparations for descendants of African slaves is addressed through two different political philosophies. This paper first outlines what the implications of reparations entail in terms of global consequences and then evaluates how John Rawls' political philosophy could conceive and address this issue. The political philosophy of Michael Sandel is then considered in terms of how reparations would be conceived and addressed. The paper concludes that Rawls' arguments allow for a defense of reparations, but Sandel's philosophy does not.
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The Slavery Reparations Debate, 2002.
This paper is an imaginary debate, pro and con, to discuss the proposal by some African-Americans that they are owed reparations from the U.S. government for centuries of slavery imposed on their ancestors in the U.S..
1,590 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper is an imaginary debate regarding the Congressional Slave Reparations Bill, HR 40 IH 107th Congress, 1st Session, H.R. 40, introduced on January 3, 2001 to acknowledge the fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality and inhumanity of slavery in the United States between 1619 and 1865. For example the imaginary person in favor of reparations argues that it is the way we (the African-Americans) are treated in modern America that continues the slave mentality and has forced so many of them to become criminals or to drop out of society. On the other hand, the imaginary person in against reparations argues that frustration is the basis for our current troubled society; and, even if there is some polarized relationship between whites and blacks, this idea of a Slavery Reparations Bill makes that gulf even wider and deeper. The paper continues in this manner giving a statement pro and a statement against as if it were a debate.
From the Paper
"PRO4: Of course it is. African-Americans DESERVE Compensation for past and present injustice. You don?t see whites dragged down for miles on a Texas road! Blacks are the majority of prisoners on death row. Rodney King wouldn?t have been beaten by the cops if he were white. SAT tests to get into colleges are still skewed toward white middle class students.
CON4: So, you?re using today?s prejudices to squeeze money out of the government? Where are all the upper- and middle class black professionals who run away from the inner cities as soon as they have good paying jobs? Why aren?t they spearheading this Reparations drive? But, more to the point - what about Native Americans and the Chinese brought over to build the railroads as slave labor? Why limit compensation for slavery to African-Americans?
PRO5: Because we were the only ones dragged from out homelands and shipped over to America. That?s a historical fact."
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Reparations of Slavery, 2004.
An analysis of the possibility of slavery reparations.
2,916 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that the reparation movements sometimes have their heart in the right place, though sometimes not. The paper assesses that the passing of reparations legislation would force the economic exploitation of one group (modern European-Americans) for the benefit of another (modern African-Americans). Doing so would solve none of the problems facing the African-American population in the United States today, but would create new problems and inflame old ones. The paper claims that, for these reasons, plus the bad logic upon which the pro-reparations argument is based, it is unlikely that reparations legislation will ever be seriously considered by Congress.
From the Paper
"One issue that has come to the surface in recent discussions of race in America is the issue of Slavery Reparations. This is essentially the idea that modern descendents of American slaves should receive some form of financial reparations for the oppression and other hardships endured by their ancestors. One notable advocate of this scheme is Randall Robinson, as quoted in Watts-Jones (2004). He claims economic reparations to the descendents of slaves are a necessary as well as morally correct thing since so much of the United States' wealth in prior centuries was derived from the uncompensated labor of slaves."
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Slavery Reparations, 2005.
A look at the argument against slavery reparations.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper contends that granting reparations to individuals based solely on their racial and ethnic backgrounds acts against the basic principle of equality in the West. It argues that without a doubt, the effects of slavery and colonialism are still felt to this day and that the suggestion of writing a check to the descendants of those individuals who were directly harmed by slavery is a gross oversimplification of a complex historical issue. It examines the pros and cons of reparations, including historical precedent, concluding that direct reparations should be eschewed in favor of other options.
From the Paper
"Issuing reparations - whether monetary or otherwise - has become a controversial political issue in the United States, ranking perhaps higher than other racially charged issues like affirmative action. Proponents of such a measure argue that the ill effects of slavery in this nation did not end with the end of slavery. The social institutions that made slavery possible for centuries throughout the West and propagated the slave trade in Africa transformed and continued, creating intergenerational effects that have stifled the potential of Africans in the United States, not to mention the development of African nations that have been permanently affected by colonialism. However, there are problems with issuing reparations. "
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German Reparations after 1919, 2005.
This paper discusses German reparations after 1919 and provides an analysis of the origins and related implications.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 15 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This twelve page paper examines German reparations after 1919 in terms of their origins and implications for the world economy. The writer points out that this issue requires analyzing the political conditions in Europe on the eve of World War I, examining the precipitating actions Imperial Germany took that contributed to the outbreak of war in August 1914, and discussing German conduct during the war. The writer notes that clarifying these issues explains why the Allies imposed crushing war reparations on Germany in 1919 and serves as a basis upon which examining the implications of reparations on the world economy can be pursued.
From the Paper
"In order to examine German reparations after 1919 in terms of their origins and implications for the world economy, it is necessary to ask why these reparations were imposed. Answering this question requires analyzing the political conditions in Europe on the eve of World War I, examining the precipitating actions Imperial Germany took that contributed to the outbreak of war in August 1914, and discussing German conduct during the war. Clarifying these issues will explain why the Allies imposed crushing war reparations on Germany in 1919 and serve as a basis upon which examining the implications of reparations on the world economy can be pursued."
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Labor Reparations Movement, 2005.
Analysis of an article on the value of the reparations movement in the U.S.
872 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes K.J. Carillo's article, "Reparations Movement Looks to Gain from Bush's Goree Island Slip" about what can be gained for the reparations movement in the United States after President Bush admitted that the United States was mindful of the past wrongs it had committed in enslaving stolen people from Africa.
From the Paper
"However, Carrillo does more than simply focus on the "residual value" gained by the reparations movement from what she terms as a slip on President Bush's part. For, she also takes great pains to place in context the significance of Goree Island's notorious "Door of No Return." Carrillo achieves this through descriptions that bring alive the horrors of a place that had witnessed, "human beings...delivered and sorted and weighed and branded with the marks of commercial enterprises and loaded as cargo on a voyage without return." Indeed, Carrillo is unsparing in her efforts to describe the anguish suffered by slaves in societies that prospered by their unpaid labor, while remaining indifferent to their plight."
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Reparations, 2002.
A discussion of whether African-Americans are entitled to compensation for their history of slavery.
1,995 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper argues whether Americans of African decent are entitled to compensation for the American South?s slavery past. It debates whether the American government owes people whose ancestors were slaves reparations in the form of money, land or capitol goods. It examines how many African-Americans and white liberals feel that black Americans are owed something and how a movement in this country has been stirring for a while agitating for forced reparations by the U.S. government. It puts forward the argument that reparations for slavery should not occur and demonstrates why reparations are wrong and how reparations would ultimately cause deeper divisions in our society then already exist.
From the Paper
"No evidence has yet been produced by respected and/or qualified economists that prove that living individuals have been adversely affected by a slave system that was ended over 150 years ago. (Engerman, Inikori ) (Horowitz). Cleverly, reparations advocates do not always make the claim that today?s descendents of slavery have been directly harmed by slavery. Indeed, Adjoa Aiyetoro, a legal consultant to the National Coalition of Blacks for Reparations in America, said, "We're not raising claims that you should pay us because you did something to us 150 years ago. We are saying that we are injured today by the vestiges of slavery, which took away income and property that was rightfully ours." (Levin, Itzkoff 1997) This begs the question then of why were blacks doing better in terms of positive gains in employment, education, and social structure 15 to 20 years after slavery then they seem to be doing today?"
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Slavery Reparations, 2002.
Should the U.S. government pay reparations to the descendants of slaves?
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the argument of "Should the U.S. Government pay Reparations to the Descendants of Slaves". The argument is in favor of the case but supports the thesis through the presentation of both sides of the argument and presenting a solution in the best manner possible.
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Slave Reparations, 2002.
A debate whether reparations should be paid to the descendants of slaves in America.
2,910 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 86.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the significance of reparations to descendants of slaves and presents arguments and reasons for and against it.
Some of the issues include the effects of slavery, the difficulty of identifying who is a descendant of a slave and whether it is fair for a nation to pay for the crimes that were committed hundreds of years ago. Legal issues are discussed.
From the Paper
"The battle for reparations first emerged at the conclusion of the Civil War, when President Andrew Johnson reneged on Union Army Gen. William T. Sherman's promise that freed slaves would receive 40 acres and a mule.
"In 1989 President George Bush signed a law providing reparations for Japanese-Americans interned in camps in the U.S. during World War II."
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African-America Reparations, 2005.
This paper argues the question of reparation for the slavery of African-Americans.
775 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, without a doubt, something is owed to the descendants of the African-American slaves, yet the question has always been who should pay and how much. The author points out that tort theory states that the federal government had the power to abolish slavery and yet did not and therefore it owes for damages. The paper states that, if the decision is made to pay reparations to surviving ancestors of slaves, the challenge is the magnitude of the problem- even for a very large settle, once divided among so many, to the individual, it would be a pittance.
From the Paper
"Yet it is also clear the U. S. federal government was not the only entity capable of the abolition of slavery, so it should be only partly responsible for damages. It is arguable that individuals, by action and by collective vote could have abolished slavery and individual states could also have abolished slavery, within their own constitutional amendment."
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Treaty of Versailles, 1995.
This paper discusses six interpretations of the Treaty of Versailles, signed in 1919, officially ending the First World War: Negotiations, aims, motivations, rhetoric, politics, international and domestic concerns, leadership and reparations.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will discuss six interpretations of the Treaty of Versailles, which was signed in 1919, officially ending the First World War. These six interpretations will be drawn from six different books by six different authors. These works focus upon different aspects of the Treaty and these differing focuses can often account for the variation in interpretations.
Most of the interpretations of the treaty attempt to explain why the negotiators acted in the ways they did in formulating the Treaty. One interpretation of the Versailles Peace Treaty argues that the Allied negotiators in Paris feared Bolshevism more than a resurgent Germany. The high tone of the rhetoric which issued forth from the negotiations was founded less upon genuine feelings of world justice, than upon uneasiness at the prospect of proletarian revolut ... "
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Japanese-American Internment During WWII, 1991.
This paper examines the political, social, and economic issues of the imprisonment of Japanese-Americans during World War II after bombing of Pearl Harbor: Political, social, legal and economic issues of imprisonment and financial reparation efforts.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 7 sources, $ 103.95
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From the Paper
"This paper will examine the political, social, and economic issues surrounding the imprisonment of Japanese-Americans during World War II. On December 7, 1941, the nation of Japan launched an attack on Pearl Harbor, an American military base located in the Hawaiian islands. As a result of this attack, the United States government declared war on Japan. In the coming months, many Americans began to fear that Japanese-Americans living in the western United States might be involved in espionage to help their home nation win the war. There was no evidence to support this fear. Rather, it was the result of racist feelings which had arisen in response to the war. Nevertheless, politicians throughout the United States began urging the President to pass a bill which would forcibly remove all Japanese-Americans from the west coast for the duration of the war. One of the leaders of ... "
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Stem Cell Research, 2005.
This paper explains that stem cell research is leading scientists to investigate the possibility of treating disease with cell-based therapies, often referred to as regenerative or reparative medicine.
1,580 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that implanted stem cells used to repair or replace damaged tissues are less likely to be rejected by the body's immune system than other foreign cells. The author points out that germ line cells and adult stem cells are less versatile than embryonic stem cells, which can develop into every type of tissue found in an adult; however, the processes that control this development are at present not fully understood. The paper discusses that BioMark International, a privately funded Biotech Group, provides access to a unique method of Cord Blood Stem Cell (CBSC)processing by which CBSCs are derived from the umbilical cords from natural full term births of consenting mothers, all of whom have been tested according to standards set by the American Association of Blood Banks .
From the Paper
"In May 2004, Nancy Reagan, whose husband former President Ronald Reagan was at the time suffering the advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease, urged the Bush administration to support embryonic stem cell research and said that too much time had been wasted discussing the issue. Although a Republican, Mrs. Reagan has been critical of the Bush administration for blocking public funding of stem cell research due to the party's ethical reservations concerning embryo research. Speaking at a fundraising dinner for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation, she said she believed the research could lead to a cure for Alzheimer's disease, and "may provide our scientists with many answers that for so long have been beyond our grasp...I just don't see how we can turn our backs on this...We have lost so much time already...I just really can't bear to lose any more.""
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A Military Necessity: the Japanese American Internment, 2006.
An examination of the interment of Japanese Americans during World War II.
2,100 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, due to military necessity, 120,000 Japanese Americans were unjustly interned in 1942, permanently scarring America, and creating a future precedence. The paper argues that this was an unjustified response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.
Surprisingly, the paper points out, many of the internees proved that they were able to make the best of a bad situation. Furthermore, despite the unfair treatment, a select few Japanese Americans were still willing to fight for their country and eventually became part of the most decorated unit in American history, the "Purple Heart Battalion". The paper concludes that this story proves that even in the face in adversity, people can do great things.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Journey to the Internment camps
Living Conditions
Leisure
Education
Release and Reparations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Education was another serious concern among the camps. Schools had to be set up quickly, and materials were in short supply. Most schools opened around October, an unusual month compared to normal schools. In Wyoming, "A block of barracks was set aside for use as classrooms. Books did not arrive until December and then only in limited numbers. If a student had homework, he or she had to check out the textbook for the evening. Paper and pencils were also in short supply. The chalkboard was a piece of plywood painted black. Students sat on benches, and though some teachers had a table, others used boxes for desks. Students who sat in the front of the classroom near the potbellied stoves roasted, while those who sat in the back wore coats to keep from freezing. The open ceilings made for continuous distractions as the noise from one classroom invaded adjacent rooms." Other camps had it even worse though, holding classes in dinning halls, which proved to be both noisy and crowded. Teachers were also extremely hard to come by, but were appreciated when they did. Students were eager to learn and naturally cooperative. Later in the years, real schools began to appear complete with libraries, auditoriums, and even wood shops. To make things even better, "Graduates from the high schools in the relocation centers who qualified for colleges and universities, went to these schools in the mid-west and east coast states, usually on full scholarships. By the end of the war, many of these "students" were ready to graduate with college degrees and enter the job market at the same time the returning service men were just getting ready to enter college." So many people received college degrees that many camps were even able hold reunions for the students."
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