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Religious Observance and Federal Law, 2003.
A discussion of the extent to which federal law makes accommodations for religious groups.
2,990 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how federal law should and does accommodate for religious groups. The paper begins by discussing ways in which the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution relates to religion. Then the paper examines relevant case law and precedent from the U.S. Supreme Court. The paper also looks at laws passed by Congress that address accommodations for religious beliefs and practices in the workplace.
From the Paper
"The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution states that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. Under the terms of this Amendment, any law..."
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The Federal Reserve System, 2004.
A description of the function and the history of the Federal Reserve System, the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, and the Federal Reserve banks.
1,910 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Federal Reserve System, which originated by Congressional passage of the Federal Reserve Act in 1913. It shows how it is also known as ?the Fed? and how it includes a Board of Governors and twelve Federal Reserve banks in major cities across the U.S., which effectively divides the U.S. into regions. It looks at how it plays a multi-faceted, predominant role in the monetary policy affecting our economy.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Historical Background
Federal Reserve Act of 1913
The Banking Act of 1933
The 1950s and Beyond
Purpose
Funding
Board of Governors
Federal Reserve Banks
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The ?Fed? supported the Treasury?s fiscal policy goals from its founding to the years following World War II primarily. In the 1970s, the inflation rate went ballistic as producer and consumer prices rose, oil prices soared and the Federal deficit more than doubled (U.S. Banking). The Monetary Control Act of 1980, required the Fed to price its financial services competitively against private sector providers and to establish reserve requirements for all eligible financial institutions (U.S. Banking). The Act marked the beginning of yet another period of banking reforms. Following its passage, interstate banking grew, and banks began offering interest-paying accounts and instruments to attract customers from brokerage firms. Momentum for change increased, and by 1999, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act was passed."
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The Federal Reserve Board, 2005.
This paper discusses the Federal Reserve Board, a primary part of the Federal Reserve System of the United States and its effect on the economy of the United States.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that, in 1913, the Federal Reserve System, an integral part of the United States economy, was created by the Federal Reserve Act to deter the periods of financial panics, which were occurring in the United States. The author points out that managing the nation's monetary policy is the most important responsibility of the Board of Governors. The Board has three tools to conduct monetary policy: open market operations, reserve requirements, and the discount rate. The paper relates that the increase in the federal funds rate is the Federal Reserve's way of controlling inflation because, by raising the cost of borrowing money when there is too much money in circulation, the Federal Reserve's intention is to slow the economy down.
Table of Contents
Introduction
History
The Federal Reserve Board
Responsibilities of the Federal Reserve Board
The Fed and the United States Economy Today
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve Board was established as a federal government agency and is the governing element of the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Board, or the "Board of Governors," is made up of seven members who are appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. Once confirmed by the Senate, the length of a term for a Board member is four-teen years. No Board member may be reappointed to the board. Every four years a new Chairman and Vice Chairman are also appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate."
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Federal Reserve Open Market, 2001.
This paper looks at the events at the Federal Reserve Open Market committee meeting in October 2000.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 2 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the reasons why the Federal Reserve Open Market Committee at its October 2000 meeting decided to leave the Federal Funds Rate target (and by extension the money supply target) unchanged as well as looking at what might have prompted the Fed Open Market Committee to increase the Federal Funds Rate or Discount Rate as well as what might have prompted them to decrease the Federal Funds Rate or Discount Rate ? and what other actions might have accompanied either an increase or decrease.
From the paper:
"To understand the Fed?s decision in October it is necessary to understand how the office functions in general. As the central banking authority of the United States, the Federal Reserve acts as a fiscal agent for the U.S. government; it also serves as custodian of the reserve accounts of commercial banks, makes loans to commercial banks, and is authorized to issue Federal Reserve notes that constitute the entire supply of paper currency of the country. The system comprises the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the 12 Federal Reserve banks, the Federal Open Market Committee, the Federal Advisory Council, and, a Consumer Advisory Council along with several thousand member banks. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System determines the reserve requirements of the member banks within statutory limits, reviews and determines the discount rates established by the 12 Federal Reserve banks, and reviews the budgets of the reserve banks."
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The Federal Reserve and U.S. Economy, 2002.
Argues that the Federal Reserve would not be helpless if the American economy experienced a downslide.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
Shows that despite the assertions of ill-informed observers, the Federal Reserve would not be helpless in the event the U.S. economy were to experience a period of deflation.
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Religious Pluralism in American Society, 2006.
This paper studies religious differences based on the article "Neighboring Faiths: How Will Americans Cope with Increasing Religious Diversity?" by Diana L. Eck.
1,602 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how the increase in old world religions and the hate crimes that result from this is a social issue that America is facing at present. The paper quotes Eck's suggestion that religious pluralism is the answer, meaning that people in society must not only exercise tolerance for people of various cultures and beliefs, but must also involve oneself actively with them. The paper looks at the difficulties of this theory, quoting Kenneth Samples, and offers an alternative solution of Nabil Marshood. The paper concludes that Eck's theory of religious pluralism is ideal but not practical to achieve while the solutions of rejecting religious pluralism (K. Samples) and the alternative to choose religious pluralism with integration (N. Marshood) are more practical answers in effectively confronting the religious conflict that is growing in American society.
From the Paper
"The article "Neighboring Faiths: How Will Americans Cope with Increasing Religious Diversity?" by Diana L. Eck is a thorough analysis of the increasing religious differences in the American society. Diana L. Eck is a professor of Comparative Religion and Indian Studies, and is the director of the Pluralism Project at the Harvard University. Eck has already written numerous books and studies, which focus primarily on the topic of religious pluralism in the American society. In her article, Eck tells us of the increasing number of people with diverse religions in the contemporary American society, and that these religious differences can be directly attributed to the approval and legalization of the Immigration Act of 1965. Through the Immigration Act of 1965, people from various nations, particularly in the Asian and Middle Eastern regions, have migrated into the US. With the influx of immigration in the United States, various cultures, traditions, and beliefs were brought along with the immigrants, and caused the diversification of cultures, traditions, and religions in the new American society. "
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A Comparison of Two Federal Reserve Banks, 1997.
Examines the role of the Federal Reserve System. Compares & contrasts the roles of the New York Federal Reserve Bank with the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"A Comparison of Two Federal Reserve Banks
Introduction: Federal Reserve Functions
The Federal Reserve System is the central bank of the United States. It was founded by Congress in 1913 to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system. Over the years, its role in banking and the economy has expanded. Today, the federal Reserve's duties fall into fall into four general areas:
1. Conducting the nation's monetary policy by influencing the money and credit conditions in the economy in pursuit of full employment and stable prices;
2. Supervising and regulating banking institutions to ensure the safety and soundness of the nation's banking and financial.."
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The History of the Federal Reserve System, 2008.
An examination of how the history of the Federal Reserve System has paralleled the history of economics in the United States.
3,406 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the nature of the Federal Reserve System, the push towards centralized banking in the United States, the panic of 1907, the evolution of the Federal Reserve during the 20th century, and the future of the institution.The paper highlights the significant role that the Federal Reserve System has played in the history of the United States since its creation. The paper explains that the Federal Reserve System was the final and most successful attempt by the United States government to create a centralized banking system for the nation that could help stabilize the economy and centrally coordinate financial policy-making. The paper then points out that, though significant criticism has been leveled at the Federal Reserve, throughout its history, there are few indications that the Federal Reserve will be abolished in the near future. In conclusion, the paper shows that for the foreseeable future, the Federal Reserve System will be an undeniable feature of American political and economic life.
Outline:
Introduction
What Is the Federal Reserve System?
Early History of Banking the United States, 1791-1913
The Panic of 1907 and the Birth of the Federal Reserve
From 1913 to the Present: The Evolution of the Fed
Criticism and the Future of the Fed
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve System was first established in the wake of the Panic of 1907. Earlier attempts to create such a system of federal banks had failed, but the Panic provided the impetus by apparently highlighting the need for a system like the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Act (1913) called for a system of eight to twelve mostly autonomous regional reserve banks. These banks would be owned by commercial banking interests, but coordinated by a committee appointed by the President of the United States (Flaherty sec. 13). In this way, the Federal Reserve System was originally devised as a private banking system that could operate largely in the public interest."
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Religious Pluralism, 2002.
A discussion of the issue of religious pluralism in ?Protestant- Catholic- Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology? by Will Herberg.
567 words (approx. 2.3 pages), 0 sources, $ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the book "Protestant- Catholic- Jew: An Essay in American Religious Sociology? by Will Herberg, a study of the religious landscape of the American society in the in the mid- 1950s with the concept of a ?three religion country? and a ?single melting pot,? which describes the religious institution in the American society. It evaluates how today this concept is no longer feasible due to influx of numerous cultures and people from all over the world. It discusses how although Herberg's work may have been an idealized version of an attempt to reconcile the religious differences in America, it has become the ?catalyst? for other studies and projects to be conducted and further developed in order to fully understand the dynamics of the various religions in America.
From the Paper
"Indeed, Will Herberg?s study of the three major religions in America during the 1950s had been a revolutionary move towards the development of a better understanding of the numerous religions that are now included in America?s religious landscape. The issue of religious pluralism comes to mind when the topic of religious differences and diversity is discussed, and the work of Herberg can be used as a good reference in studying how religion can affect the society and the relations between people that composes it. One of the most popular and prominent studies about the sociology of religion in America is the Pluralism Project headed by Diana L. Eck of Harvard University."
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Religious Intolerance in Germany, 2005.
This paper traces the history of religious intolerance in Germany to present times.
2,875 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that despite strong laws against religious discrimination in its new constitution, there is still wide spread religious intolerance in Germany, which again was acerbated with the reunification because, although Western Germany's population had been carefully reeducated against Nazism, Eastern Germany's population has not had the same experience. The author points out that Germany's problems with religious persecution did not begin with Hitler and the Nazis, they go as far back as Charlemagne, King of the Franks, a Germanic tribe, creator of the first European central government in the Middle Ages, who was inhospitable not only with the Jews but also with the pagan Saxons, another Germanic tribe. The paper relates that the Christian anti-Semitism of Martin Luther, which was part of the tradition of Medieval Christian anti-Semitism, laid the social and cultural basis for modern anti-Semitism, although modern anti-Semitism was based on the pseudo-scientific notions of race.
Table of Contents
Religious Persecution in Medieval Germany
Persecution of the Pagan Saxons
Religious Persecution of the Jews in Medieval Germany
Anti-Semitism during the Reformation
Germany's Long History of Religious Divisiveness
Religious Intolerance in Germany Today
A Possible Cure?
From the Paper
"The Capitulary went on to make any practice of this earlier religion not only a sin against the Church but also a crime against the State. The Capitulary stated that if any one shall have formed a conspiracy with the pagans against the Christians, or shall have wished to join with them in opposition to the Christians, let him be punished by death. It went to demand that whoever shall have consented to this same fraudulently against the king and the Christian people, let him be punished by death. Finally, the Capitulary decreed that if any one shall have shown himself unfaithful to the lord king; let him be punished with a capital sentence.
Charlemagne eradicated any open pagan practices in Medieval Europe; he also had many recalcitrant practitioners of the pagan religion killed for not converting to Christianity and paying their tithes."
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The Federal Reserve, 2005.
This paper discusses the history of the origins of the Federal Reserve, commonly known as the Fed.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Federal Reserve Bank (the Fed) was established in 1913 in response to serious economic instability in the United States because, at that time, bankers had few guidelines to asset reserves and loan policies; therefore, some communities were virtually controlled by private trusts. The author points out that the Federal Reserve Act, which divided the nation into twelve districts with twelve Federal Reserve banks, standardized banking in the U.S. (1) by requiring every bank in the country to deposit part of its money at its regional Federal Reserve Bank in order to guarantee liquidity, (2) which the Fed invests to earn interest; furthermore; (3) these regional Federal Reserve Banks are not governmental organizations but rather privately owned financial institutions owned by member banks with (4) a seven member Federal Reserve Board, appointed by the President, to oversee the system and to establish policy. The paper stresses that the greatest power given to the new Federal Reserve System was the power to slow or stimulate the economy by raising or lowering the new discounted interest rate.
From the Paper
"Despite the fact that the Panic of 1907 and the country's long history of bank panics and bank instability had shifted public opinion toward national economic reform, the American monetary system went unchanged for another five years. In the meantime, the lack of currency in circulation was creating a credit crunch in the United States. Then in 1912, congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act to provide short-term aid by allowing national banks to issue notes on a wider range of securities, thus putting more money into circulation. As a more long-term solution, congress created a National Monetary commission to find ways in which to stabilize the American monetary system."
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Federal Construction Contracting Laws, 2003.
A complete overview of the federal construction contracting laws in play in the United States.
3,737 words (approx. 14.9 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
Federal contracts for construction, while similar in many respects to other types of federal contracts, have some unique aspects that have caused the federal government to create a system of rules within the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) specific to construction contracts. The federal government has been justified in creating these rules separate from those that apply specifically to supply and service contracts. This paper focuses on some of the unique rules and regulations that apply to federal construction contracts, including those related to contract types, labor laws, specifications, payments, delays, and differing site conditions.
Abstract
Overview
Contract Types
Federal Construction Contracting Laws
Contract Performance and Specifications
Payment Financing
Delays
Differing Site Conditions
References
From the Paper
"The federal government is the largest owner of real property in the world (Bastianelli, et. al., 1998), so it stands to reason that they spend an enormous amount of money on construction and maintenance of that property. It is difficult to gauge exactly how much the federal government spends on construction annually, but it is noteworthy that the Department of Defense alone planned to award over $10 billion on construction contracts in 2002 (Bush, 2001). Because of this significant amount of construction outsourcing, and the intricacies that go along with construction contracting, the federal government has been justified in developing unique regulations and rules for construction contracts. The federal government, in the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR), defines construction as, ??construction, alteration, or repair (including dredging, excavating, and painting) of buildings, structures, or other real property?? (FAR 2.101). Determining whether or not something is considered a building or a structure is general straightforward, although there are always exceptions. However, the line defining whether or not something is real property can, at times, be somewhat unclear. The FAR does not provide a definition for real property, but in federal contracts the common legal definition is used, that real property is, ??land and all things that are attached to it?? (Lectric Law Library, 2003). Though many of the clauses, terms and conditions, and rules applicable to federal construction contracts are the same, or similar, to those that are used on federal contracts for supplies, there are a number of differences in the nature of contracting for construction that have caused the federal government to create separate laws that deal specifically with federal construction contracts. One of the major differences is that construction contracts are performed on Government property. Because of this, construction contractors are subject to a great deal more in the area of inspections and general surveillance on their contracts (Abernathy and Kelleher, 1976). Construction contracts typically have much more paperwork than federal supply contracts. On construction contracts, a contractor is required to file daily reports showing that they complied with all the unique construction regulations, including safety, schedules, and submittals of material samples (Arnavas, 2001, ?? 27.4.a.). Construction contracts are subject to much greater scrutiny on performance than supply contracts, as detailed analysis and explanation of any deficiencies are reported to contractors and contractors have the right to respond. Past performance information is also kept on construction contracts for six years, where the norm on supply contracts is three years (Arnavas, 2001, ?? 27.4.a). Other differences that will be the focus of this paper include contract types, labor laws, specifications, payments, delays, and differing site conditions."
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Religious Freedom, 2004.
This paper discusses the history and implications of religious freedom in the United States.
1,805 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the oldest and most cordial pedigree of religious autonomy can be found in U.S.A., where public policy says that religious beliefs must be a matter of individual scruples and entirely resistant from any intrusion by the state. The author points out that the separation of Church and State is vital, but the State can?t be a religion-free zone that goes in opposition to the foundation of religious freedom and freedom of idea. The paper relates that United States? dedication to religious freedom has become a part of its overseas policy as stated in the breakthrough legislation, the International Religious Freedom Act, which fights against religious harassment in foreign countries.
From the Paper
"Religious liberty is one major cause for the origin of our country. The notion of ideological and spiritual freedom remains as strong these days as it was at the time of the founding of the United States. The founding fathers left their homelands for a country, which assured freedoms to all. Representatives at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia (1787) deliberately avoided making strong declarations concerning religion due to a firm conviction that religious necessities were needless to protect religious freedom. This oversight was not taken calmly by six states, which went on to offer amendments guaranteeing religious liberty."
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The Federal Reserve, 2002.
This paper discusses the Federal Reserve, the central bank of the United States, which is charged with steering the monetary policies of the country.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the history and function of the Federal Reserve, one of the two most important central banks in the world, along with the Bank of Japan. The paper explains the real policy-making body for the Federal Reserve is the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), which fixes the federal-funds rate, or the rate at which banks lend to one another, and decides monetary growth targets. The author states that the Federal Reserve is an independent entity, though there are those who doubt that it is as politically insulated as it is supposed to be.
From the Paper
"The Federal Reserve System was formed by an act of Congress in 1913 and was to function as a central bank for the government and the people of the United States. In these functions, the Federal Reserve remains one of the most powerful institutions in American society, influencing the growth of the money supply, affecting interest rates, and playing a large roll in the pace and direction of spending by every citizen and every business. In addition to the 12 district banks, there are some 5,500 private member banks in the Federal Reserve System. Member banks elect six of the nine directors of their district bank, and they in turn recommend some of the people who sit on the two committees in Washington to make or advise on policy for the entire system."
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Religious Pluralism in American Society, 2002.
This paper presents a review of an article entitled "Neighboring Faiths: How Will Americans Cope with Increasing Religious Diversity?? by Diana L. Eck. The article deals with the diversity of religions in present-day America.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper uses Eck?s article as a basis for investigating the possibility of religious pluralism in the USA. It looks at the differences in American society before, during, and after the influx of immigrants. It explores the violence that has arisen out of religious differences, and explains Eck?s solution to this problem (religious pluralism). The paper clarifies Eck?s concept of religious pluralism and then goes on to look at why her solution is problematic. It refers to texts that oppose religious pluralism and investigates some of the main disadvantages involved with this solution. The paper concludes by bringing in an alternative viewpoint, provided by Nabil Marshood?s article entitled, ?Religious Pluralism and Social Change.?, and by evaluating the theories presented in the various texts.
From the Paper
"The article ?Neighboring Faiths: How Will Americans Cope with Increasing Religious Diversity?? by Diana L. Eck is a thorough analysis of the increasing religious differences in the American society. Diana L. Eck is a professor of Comparative Religion and Indian Studies, and is the director of the Pluralism Project at the Harvard University. Eck has already written numerous books and studies, which focus primarily on the topic of religious pluralism in the American society. In her article, Eck tells us of the increasing number of people with diverse religions in the contemporary American society, and that these religious differences can be directly attributed to the approval and legalization of the Immigration Act of 1965. Through the Immigration Act of 1965, people from various nations, particularly in the Asian and Middle Eastern regions, have migrated into the US. With the influx of immigration in the United States, various cultures, traditions, and beliefs were brought along with the immigrants, and caused the diversification of cultures, traditions, and religions in the new American society."
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