| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "RELIGION DETERMINANT FERTILITY": |
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Religion as a Determinant in Fertility, 2007.
A look at how religion affects birth and fertility in married or paired women throughout the world, with a focus on Austria, India and Canada.
4,777 words (approx. 19.1 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 122.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes a study with the hypothesis that religion accounts for, in large part, the number of children born to a woman. It looks at how most studies have found that women's fertility rate is determined by religion and other variants, sometimes equally, such as cultural, socioeconomic, age at time of birth, education, income and urban or rural position.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Socioeconomic Factors on Fertility Rate, Compared to Religion
Religion as a Factor in Fertility Rates Among Hindus and Muslims
Rural and Urban Effects on Fertility
Fertility Decisions and Desires in Bangladesh
Effect of Religion through Fertility Norms and Possibility of Dissolution
The Relationship Between Religion And Fertility: Evidence From Austria
The Religious Denomination Factor in Fertility in Canada
Results of the Multivariate Analysis
Discussion
Summary and Suggestions
Hypothesis
Data
Analysis of the Data
Discussion
Summary and suggestions
From the Paper
"After economic standing, a study by Lutz attempts to account for the effects of culture and religion on fertility rates. This study tries to assess the effects of culture and religion on fertility after accounting for a country's socioeconomic standing. Estimates for covariance models are analyzed for 128 countries between 1950 and 1975. The gross reproduction rate is the dependent variable and independent variables are infant mortality rates, aggregate standing of female education and gross domestic product per person. Categorical variables for religion and cultural region are taken into account as well. Surprisingly, even though socioeconomic standing is higher, European countries have lower fertility rates than Arab countries. Culture and religion have a measurable effect on fertility and in Arab countries it is positive. "
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Determinants of Total Fertility Rate, 2006.
A quantitative analysis and a look at policy alternatives to the achievement of global population stabilization.
4,087 words (approx. 16.3 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 110.95
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Abstract
There has been a polarization of viewpoints on the most effective way to achieve population stabilization. On one hand are advocates of population control - those who believe that only direct interventions to 'control' fertility can slow down population growth. They believe that using coercion to force individuals to restrict family size is entirely justified. The paper shows that, on the other hand, are those who respect the rights and freedoms of individuals to exercise individual choices and act responsibly while making family decisions. They argue that assuring people access to decent healthcare, education and reproductive health choices will significantly reduce unwanted pregnancies and lower birth rates. The paper shows that, from this perspective, enhancing people's capabilities and women's, in particular, is the just way to stabilize a country's population. Caught in the complex web of moral, ethical and social discussions, policy makers and citizens need to have a better understanding of the relation between population growth and well-being of the individuals.
The paper includes many tables.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
World Trends
(1) African Region
(2) South-East Asian Region (SEAR)
(3) Western Pacific Region (WPR)
(4) Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR)
(5) Region of the Americas (AMR)
(6) European Region (EUR)
References and Bibliography
From the Paper
There has been a polarization of viewpoints on the most effective way to achieve population stabilization. On one hand are advocates of population control-those who believe that only direct interventions to 'control' fertility can slow down population growth. They believe that using coercion to force individuals to restrict family size is entirely justified. On the other hand are those who respect the rights and freedoms of individuals to exercise individual choices and act responsibly while making family decisions. They argue that assuring people access to decent healthcare, education and reproductive health choices will significantly reduce unwanted pregnancies and lower birth rates. From this perspective, enhancing people's capabilities, and women's in particular, is the just way to stabilize a country's population. Caught in the complex web of moral, ethical and social discussions, policy makers & citizens need to have a better understanding of the relation between population growth and well-being of the individuals. Coercive methods as a state policy for population control has most of the times been unsuccessful in democratic countries like India and has fetched public unrest. They also raise the issues of human rights and individual freedom. Coercion as a state policy has, however, succeeded in China (One Child Norm Rule). However, adopting the rights-based approach, I have tried to establish this relation in case of various regions of the globe. This paper addresses the issue of the trends and levels of fertility in various Regions of the World, as classified by WHO . Countries with fertility around or below the replacement level i.e. 2.1 currently hold over 40% of the world's people. Some of the regions like Africa and certain regions in Asia still have very high level of fertility. However, the factors contributing to the fertility are differently related in different regions. The paper has examined various cross-country data of 117 countries around the globe and has tried to identify the factors responsible for variations in fertility in different regions. The paper then attempts to identify the relevant policy areas to be addressed by the respective governments of the countries as per their national goals and population policies. However, before we consider the outcome of the data and analyze them, let us consider two basic questions. (1) Why is fertility declining in the developing world? (2) And why do some countries now have below replacement fertility? One of the major reasons for decline in fertility is the mortality decline at birth. The Summary Output of the correlation between Total Fertility Rate and Infant mortality is reproduced below. F 0.044217116 Regression Statistics T-critical 12.70620473 Multiple R 0.858068213 R Square 0.736281059 Adjusted R Square 0.73400762 Standard Error 0.831341089 Observations 118 ANOVA df SS MS F Regression 1 223.830253 223.830253 323.8622239 Residual 116 80.17084868 0.691128006 Total 117 304.0011017 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Intercept 1.57292125 0.119862012 13.12276692 1.13203E-24 Infant Mortality 0.036774037 0.002043437 17.99617248 2.29161E-35 There exists a strong correlation between infant mortality and TFR. The R-squared value is as high as 0.736. In other words, 73.6% of decline in fertility is explained by decline in infant mortality rate. The t-stat for Infant mortality 17.996 is well above the t-critical value i.e. 12.706. Hence, the relation is very significant. Moreover, the value of 'F' is very much higher than the FDIST value calculated above. Hence, the possibility of a higher F value (i.e. 223.83) by chance is negligible. Although declining infant mortality is one of the major factors responsible for decline in the TFR (Total Fertility Rate), another important factor affecting TFR appears to be the increase in the life expectancy at birth. The correlation of these two factors with TFR for 118 countries is as follows. Regression Statistics F 0.005936429 Multiple R 0.86310235 t-critical 4.30265273 R Square 0.74494567 Adjusted R Square 0.74050994 Standard Error 0.82111694 F Observations 118 167.9421613 ANOVA df SS MS Regression 2 226.4643036 113.2321518 Residual 115 77.53679813 0.674233027 Total 117 304.0011017 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat Intercept 3.43748058 0.950741713 3.61557775 Life Exp.(F) -0.0232654 0.011770755 -1.976546526 Infant Mortality 0.0300313 0.003963711 7.576562297 Here we can observe that these two factors taken together explain the 74.5% of the decline in fertility across the globe. However, the comparison of t-critical values with actual t-values shows that increase in life expectancy is not as significant as the decline in infant mortality is. This is because the infant mortality and life expectancy at birth are not completely independent of each other. However, a negative sign before the correlation coefficient of life expectancy suggests that TFR decreases when life expectancy improves. Confronted with a major fall in the death rates, no society can remain with a TFR of 5 or 6 live births for more than a few decades. Because more & more cohorts enter into working age group, which has a depressing effect on wages, no society desires a fall in quality of life by maintaining high rate of fertility. They may not accept the effect of decline in mortality rate as the cause for decline in fertility; they argue that they cannot maintain bigger families. However, it will be a fallacy to believe that decline in infant mortality rate alone is the cause for decline in fertility, although it remains the remote causal force behind all fertility declines. Many factors -social, cultural, economic-influence timing and speed of the fertility decline response in particular populations. The answer to the second question is that because of fertility decline, women increasingly started behaving like men i.e. in places where fertility is low, and life expectancy at birth is high, women are not confined to rearing children only. They are employed and participate equally in economic activities. The gender differentiation, as claimed by Dyson (2001), is blurred in the low fertility societies. Education has a very vital role to play once the fertility decline is set-in. We can observe that literacy is among the major causes for steeper decline in fertility rates and hence in some parts of the world the fertility has been pushed below the replacement level. Another result of lowering fertility is weakening of the institution of marriage in some of those societies. Hence, there are huge cultural differences across the different regions of the globe, as we will examine below in the paragraphs that follow. Regression Statistics F -chance 0.000807553 Multiple R 0.88890617 t-stat 3.182446305 R Square 0.79015419 Adjusted R Square 0.78463193 Standard Error 0.74805806 Observations 118 ANOVA df SS MS F Regression 3 240.2077433 80.06924775 143.085338 Residual 114 63.79335844 0.559590864 Total 117 304.0011017 Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Intercept 3.87811429 0.870701114 4.454013242 1.9779E-05 Illiteracy(F) 0.02697635 0.005443407 4.955784499 2.5267E-06 Life Exp.(F) -0.0267386 0.010746329 -2.488159939 0.01428629 Infant Mortality 0.01631402 0.004549842 3.58562403 0.00049639 It can be seen from the above data that the rate of female literacy is highly and significantly correlated with decline in fertility. If we compare actual t-values with t-critical, we can observe that female literacy plays a more significant role in decline in fertility. Hence, the societies where the fertility levels are below the replacement level or where the decrease in fertility has been faster, both the factors viz. decrease in infant mortality and increase in female literacy have played the highest role. In advanced societies, women have become more equal to men than in the societies, which have lagged behind in one of the two factors. For example, in many South Asian countries, the female illiteracy has not come down substantially but they have seen reduced infant mortality, continue to have higher fertility rates. Hence, 'Female Literacy' is another very important factor affecting overall decline in the rate of fertility in many countries. Education of females gives an additional tool in the hands of females in making reproductive decisions. However, in many male-dominated societies, even now, the decision regarding the size of family is in the hands of the male members of the societies. Nevertheless, mortality decline and spread of education among females are not the only factors, which are responsible for decline in fertility. There are many other factors like reproductive health facilities available in the country (which depends to some extent on per capita expenditure on health), number of trained health workers available at village levels, nurses per 10,000 of population, percentage of females married in the age-group 15 to 19 years of age, maternal mortality etc. We will examine the effect of these factors on the TFR of the world as a whole (118 countries in the sample in the present study) and then we will examine which factors dominate in various regions of the world classified as per WHO classification. The classification of countries by WHO is based on the Global Disease Burden (GDB) regional classification. In this paper, the same classification is being followed & hence certain countries located in a particular continent may fall in a different WHO region, which may sometimes appear illogical. However, as the analysis made in the paper relates to demographics and health, the WHO classification of countries has been followed.
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The Effect of Education Attainment on Fertility, 1995.
This paper examines the effect of female and male educational attainment on fertility: Fertility rates in U.S. and world, theory, economic, developmental and ethnic issues and population growth. Tables.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 17 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"This research examines the effect of educational attainment on fertility. Following this introduction, literature is reviewed and data are presented to illustrate what is known about this relationship. The gaps in the knowledge of the relationship between educational attainment and fertility are then identified. Lastly, the feasibility of conducting additional research to develop the information necessary information to close the knowledge gaps is discussed.
Current Knowledge of the Educational Attainment/Fertility Relationship
Conventional wisdom in both sociology and economics holds that the fertility rate declines as female educational attain ... "
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Japan's Fertility Rate Problem, 2005.
This paper relates that Japan's declining fertility and negative population growth could potentially cause more damage than the slowing of the Japanese economy.
1,699 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that experts have many theories on the dropping fertility rates in Japan: (1) People of Japan presently have stopped making families, (2) the large percent of elderly will become a burden, (3) the women's rights movement is a key reason, and (4) a change of attitude among young people, women in particular, that values such as marriage, divorce, and helping the elderly are not important. The author points out that, if marriage rates go up, and more people are getting married, then the fertility rates are bound to go up. The paper states that the U.S. had a similar fertility problem in the 1980s, but labor imported directly into the United States economy helped solve the fertility problem.
From the Paper
"The main problem with a declining fertility rate is what happens when the society becomes disproportioned with the much larger amount of elderly that will be present in Japan. Putting the situation into simple terms, each woman in Japan must give birth to an average of two babies in their lifetime. At a current rate of 1.38 added with the long life span of the Japanese people it is easy to see the problems that will arise. Also, adding to the problem that will leave the elderly with no support is the fact that Japan has very strict immigration laws that do not allow foreigners to help stabilize the birth rates. The main problem within the economy will be the pensions for the elderly that will not be there. Every generation in Japan has a responsibility to the generation before them to help with many things."
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Diet and Fertility, 2008.
An interpretive overview of literature relating to diet and fertility.
1,915 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a literature review dealing with with aspects aligned to the findings from the research article entitled, "Semen Quality of Fertile U.S. Males in Relation to their Mothers Beef Consumption during Pregnancy" by Swan et al. The paper also explores related and concomitant areas of concern that can shed further light on the hypothesis that the ingestion of steroids and other elements via beef by a mother may negatively affect sperm count.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Interpretive Overviews of the Links between Diet and Fertility
General Findings and Studies
Specific Indicators: Prenatal Diet, Environment, Ecology and Fertility
Conclusion
From the Paper
"An impressive overview of this aspect is 'Could hormone residues be involved?' by Frederick S. vom Saal. This paper was written partly as response to the study by Swan et al. Commenting on these findings; the author of 'Could hormone residues be involved?' suggests that, "There is extensive evidence that maternal nutrition and maternal consumption of specific nutrients, drugs and chemicals present in food during pregnancy and lactation can have consequences for subsequent pathophysiology of offspring.""
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Fertility in Third World Countries, 2003.
An analysis of the fertility rate in Third World countries.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the fertility rate in Third World countries and its impact on consumers and laborers in both developed and Third World nations. The paper discusses the declining fertility rate world wide, and U.N. population projections. It includes an outline.
From the Paper
"A Expanding world population with declining average fertility rates B The majority of the world's population and the highest fertility rates are in the Third World ..."
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Capitalism and Fertility, 2002.
An examination of labor force reproduction in post-war Canada with the incorporation of women into the paid work force and its impact on fertility rates.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This essay will examine this process in Canada with a specific focus on the incorporation of women into the paid work force and the impact of this upon fertility rates in Canada. It will be argued that the interrelationship between processes of capitalist production and biological reproduction are complex, as they involve a variety of contributing ideological and cultural factors that have led to profound demographic change in Canada.
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"The Politics of Fertility Control", 2004.
This paper presents an examination of a book called "The Politics of Fertility Control" by Deborah R. McFarlane and Kenneth Meier.
1,420 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper explores several aspects of the book, including the context of the book in light of reviews, its impact on the public opinion, and other aspects. It summarizes the book, which provides an exploration into the history of birth control practices around the world.
From the Paper
"Throughout time, decisions about fertility control have been based in societal acceptance, religious allowance and political rhetoric. The fads that come and go often rest squarely at the foot of political climates which are often driven by religious pressures as well as public opinion. The political strength that decisions about fertility control carry should not be ignored. It is a field and topic that has been studied for many years and continues to be scrutinized. At first glance it can look like a convoluted mess, but on second pass the politics of fertility control can be clearly located and defined. Authors Deborah R. McFarlane and Kenneth J. Meier examined and wrote about the process and elements in a book called The Politics of Fertility Control: Family Planning & Abortion Policies in the American States."
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The Influence of Diet on Fertility, 2008.
A review of a study, "Semen Quality of Fertile U.S. Males in Relation to Their Mothers' Beef Consumption During Pregnancy," by S.H. Swan, F. Liu, J.W. Overstreet, C. Brazil and N.E. Skakkebaek, on the effect of diet on pregnancy.
6,574 words (approx. 26.3 pages), 24 sources, APA, $ 151.95
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Abstract
The paper is a review of a study on the effect of diet on pregnancy and discusses the relation of men's semen parameters to their mothers' intake of beef during their pregnancies. The study, "Semen Quality of Fertile U.S. Males in Relation to Their Mothers' Beef Consumption During Pregnancy," by S.H. Swan, F. Liu, J.W. Overstreet, C. Brazil and N.E. Skakkebaek, which is included with this paper, is well-documented with references and tables. The paper relates that partners of pregnant women took part in the study and recorded whether the male's mother had consumed beef or not and whether or not the consumption of beef during pregnancy had any effect on their son's fertility.
Outline:
Methodological Aspects
Research Design
Methods
Interpretive Aspects
Ethical Aspects
From the Paper
"How were issues of reliability and validity of the measures adequately addressed? The deciding variables for the subjects were analyzed statistically, and the mother's beef consumption was compared with their son's recorded sperm concentration. Sub fertile men's sperm concentration was examined in relation to the amount of beef their mothers consumed during pregnancy, and all men's sperm count was transformed with a logarithmic base 10 in order to distribute the parameter more evenly. Other factors taken into consideration in the analysis were the men's age, smoking, alcohol, body mass index (BMI), history of STD, abstinence time, and their own meat consumption. The mother's age, whether or not she smoked, whether or not she nursed her son and her meat consumption were initially examined in the model. This selection of variants was based on their proven importance in past studies, biological plausibility, sufficient numbers and evidence of the effect on the strength of the association with beef consumption."
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Fertility Problems in the Philippines, 2003.
International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF) policy in regards to improving the economic and social status of the Philippines.
1,940 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of the lack of reproductive freedom in women in the Philippines. This is a problem of central concern for the country because it is imperative to the development of the economy and country as a whole for families to be planned and family sizes reduced to a manageable level. Women are currently having approximately 3.6 children, and the population is set to double within the next 25 years. The problem is also an urgent priority for the International Planned Parenthood Foundation because of a duty to provide care and support to those who do not have reproductive freedom. These women cannot choose when to have sex, let alone when to have children or how many. The first section of this paper provides an analysis of the root causes of reproductive servitude in the Philippines. The second section discusses the challenges to addressing the problem. The third section puts forth policy recommendations based on these challenges and where to renew the IPPF focus. The current policy has stalled and needs to rekindle the desire to plan families in the second fastest growing Asian country. The analysis concludes that the youth will need to be targeted, using field tactics and reinforcing the clinics already in place with necessary technology.
From the Paper
"?In the Second Session for the ICPD Preparatory Committee (in May 1993), the Philippines government strictly followed the Vatican?s orientation? (Correa 54). The next time they met for the Third Session, it was April 1994 and ?NGO?s were represented in the official Philippine delegation and the position shifted to support the reproductive health and rights framework? (Correa 54). Even though government policy may have shifted rapidly, real change takes much longer to take effect. Life in the slums of metro Manila have changed little over the past few decades, despite the advances in reproductive policy, including the creation of several family planning programmes sponsored by the government. ?The country has one of the highest population growth rates in Asia at 2.3 percent annually and an average population density which is nearly double the South-East Asian average and is exceeded only by that of Singapore? (IPPF Country Profile), so family planning has become a terribly important topic of interest. The population will likely double in the next quarter century, so we, as an international family planning front-runner, need to double our efforts as well in this country."
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Man and Religion, 2007.
This paper explores the relationship of man and religion by examining the three religions of Islam, Judaism, and Christianity.
1,305 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, throughout the history of mankind, religion has played a vital role. The author points out that humans naturally find a supreme being to worship in answer to questions about how the world began, where the world is going, what is his or her purpose on earth, what does life mean and what will happen to him or her after death. The paper relates that, although these religions do have differences, the three religions of Islam, Judaism, and Christianity believe in only one God and the importance of living a life that would be pleasing to this God. The author concludes that the role of mankind in religion is to seek God and to worship and obey.
Table of Contents:
The Roles of Man in Religion
Why Does Mankind Need Religion
Role of Man in the Islamic Faith
The Role of Man in Judaism
The Role of Man in Christianity
From the Paper
"Comparing Judaism to the Islamic faith will show that they both believe in only one God. The Jews believe they are special and that God chose them over the other nations. "Jews believe that the Jewish people are specially chosen by God." The role of man is to obey the covenant made by God to Moses and when they follow the laws of God their lives will be blessed. Judaism is one of the religions that date back through early history. One of the benefits of following this faith is the ability to have a personal relationship with God. ... The Jews continue to believe that God is alive and continues to affect what happens in the world."
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Durkheim, Marx, and Weber on Religion, 2004.
This paper compares the differing theories of Durkheim, Marx, and Weber on religion, which demonstrates that religion is an esoteric concept enhanced or modified by personal experiences.
960 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that Durkheim believed religion, originating from the society or the needs of the society rather than from the human mind, is essentially a moral force that determines and codifies what is good and bad for a society. The author points out Karl Marx's statement that "religion is the opium of the common people" and his opinion that it is not a necessary factor in the development of the society. The paper states that Max Weber's views on religion are more sociological than an analysis of religion itself; however, he acknowledged that religion has a strong social effect that helps in the development of the society.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Analysis
Comparison
From the Paper
"Marx on the other hand did not believe that religion was a necessary force. While he did not negate the view the religion had a unifying quality, he believed that religion was a force that unified people only to exploit them. In his views, religion deepened the social division between the rich and the poor by enforcing deviant interpretation of morality on the public. He believed that the economic forces in a society are far more powerful than the religious forces of a society because religion is in turn dependent on the economic status of the society. Marx believed that religion is just an illusion that ensured that the society operated in a manner that was beneficial to the society."
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Religion and Magic, 1992.
A look at religion and magic in Hinduism and Buddhism, including the role of magic in development of religion and a comparison of two religions' use of magic.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"This study will define and compare religion and magic, and will apply relevant findings to Hinduism and Buddhism. Malinowski, in Magic, Science, and Religion, writes that "It is in (the) distinction between direct control on the one hand and propitiation of superior powers on the other that Sir James Frazier sees the difference between religion and magic. Magic, based on man's confidence that he can dominate nature directly, if only he knows the laws which govern it magically, is in this akin to science. Religion, the confession of human impotence in certain matters, lifts man above the magical level, and later on maintains its independence side by side with science, to which magic has to succumb" (Malinowski, 1954, p. 19).
Noss and Noss, in Man's Religions, agree with Malinowski with respect to the basic difference between magic and religion..."
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William Blake's Concept of Religion, 2005.
An analysis of the work of William Blake, focusing on the comparison between two of his poems All Religions are One" and "There is No Natural Religion".
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 0 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
This essay analyses two poems by William Blake: "All Religions are One" and "There is No Natural Religion". According to the paper, the texts clearly show Blake's opinion on religious situation in England during 18th century and his views on religious institutions, critique of reason and humanity. Both texts are recognized as writings in which Blake laid out his basic ideas developed in later works.
From the Paper
"There is no doubt that William Blake was a revolutionary. Blake was a peculiar figure in the history of not only England but also whole Europe. In the first place, however, Blake was an artist and he valued art over everything else. But, even though he lived in the world of arts, he was certainly not an apolitical figure. On the contrary, Blake was a committed radical - a fact that is demonstrated throughout his artistic output. His writings are concerned with the broad range of social, political and religious problems of the turbulent times he lived in."
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History and Psychology of Religion, 2002.
An analysis of the ethics of organized religion and how religions communicate between each other.
916 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces and discusses the book "Prayer, A Study in the History and Psychology of Religion" by Friedrich Heiler. Specifically, it compares the book with newer works, and discusses the similarities and differences.
From the Paper
"Heiler measures men and women's dedication to religion by their ability to pray, even leaders of world religions. He feels that if one is to write a history of religion, one must, by design, write a history of prayer, which he has done in his text. Of course, there are many who disagree with this thesis, and have written their own versions of the history and psychology of religion. One such text, published in 1998, is "Explorations in Global Ethics: Comparative Religious Ethics and Interreligious Dialogue," edited by Sumner B. Twiss, and Bruce Grelle. This text is a more scientific look at religion's history, and the two books make an interesting comparison."
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