| Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 —> | Search results on "REFORMATION RELIGIONS": |
|
|
The Reformation Religions, 2005.
A discussion on the history of the Reformation religions and their leaders with a focus on Lutheranism, Zwinglianism and Calvinism.
2,824 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses how Lutheranism, as developed by Martin Luther, is that it affirms the ultimate authority of the word of God, as found in the Bible in matters of both faith and Christian life emphasizing Christ. It points out that a second center of the Reformation was established in Zurich by Zwingli, who was significantly more radical than Luther in his transformation of the ceremonial of the Mass. It further looks at how the Calvinism of the French church reformer John Calvin was a more rigid and consistent form of doctrine with strict moral precepts.
Table of Contents
Lutheranism
Martin Luther
The Doctrine of Salvation
Worship
Baptism
Church Organization and Government
Zwinglianism
Zwingli
Calvinism
John Calvin
From the Paper
"Lutheran doctrine does not acknowledge saints as a superior class of Christians but as sinners saved by grace through faith in Jesus Christ. Since every Christian is both saint and sinner, saints are also humans just like all others. The priesthood of all believers is related to baptism; Luther considered that both male and female, through baptism, are made priests of God and that all persons serve God during their entire life in their chosen vocations. The office of the pastor is based on a double call: one form God and one from a congregation of Christians. Lutheran clergy may marry, unlike their Roman Catholic counterparts."
| |
|
The Reformation and Counter-Reformation Periods, 2005.
A brief over-view of a religiously-divided Europe during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation periods.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 0 sources, $ 35.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The following paper is a brief review of the religious schism that wracked Europe, principally France and Germany, during the Reformation and Counter-Reformation periods. The paper examines how the various leaders involved responded, and what the long-term consequences of their decisions were for their respective lands. The paper also notes how the period actually strengthened the French while weakening the Holy Roman Empire.
From the Paper
"The history of modern Europe has seen its share of troubling religious divides and more than its share of religious violence. That being said, the French monarchy was initially repressive towards religious dissent but gradually assumed a more progressive approach as the sixteenth century drew to a close. In the early decades of the Sixteenth century, however, Francis I was notorious in his brutal crack-down of the emerging sixteenth century Protestantism; this persecution was ably pursued by his successor, Henri II who also took it upon himself to contest a variety of territorial holdings with the Holy Roman Empire, England and Spain. As the second half of the sixteenth century proceeded, French efforts to thwart the Protestant upheaval grew in conviction."
| |
|
Leo and the Reformation Movement, 2003.
This analytical essay looks at the issues surrounding the reformation particularly the reformation in Germany that was started by Martin Luther.
1,734 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this essay the writer discusses Pope Leo X?s role in provoking the reformation movement. It also looks into the other factors that led to the reformation and how they and Leo X?s acts, led to Martin Luther posting his 95 theses. It explains that this act started the journey to a fully reformed faith which was totally split from the Roman Catholic Church. The writer argues that while a reformation was inevitable due to the behavior practiced by the Catholic Church, particularly its senior clergy, had Leo X not instructed Johann Tetzel to sell indulgences in the Holy Roman Empire, Martin Luther would not have posted his 95 theses.
From the Paper
"The reformation was the splitting up of the Catholic Church and the formation of new Protestant faiths. The reformation was a long time in the making. For centuries there had been growing unrest, particularly as noblemen and kings became more powerful and independent from the Pope. Many factors brought about the reformation including the lavish lives of the clergy from the Pope down to his Bishops. In a time where not many people could read and there was a large difference between the rich and the poor, the lavish lives enjoyed by the clergy were vastly different to the pitiful lives of many members of their ?flock?. Luxuries enjoyed by priests, who had even taken vows of poverty when entering the church, led to many people getting critical of the church and its members. The Pope increasingly became a political, not spiritual, leader more interested in gold, luxuries and land than prayers and conducting the religious duties that he was ?elected? to perform. All tensions reached a climax when the Pope commanded the Papal army to siege an Italian town held by the French."
| |
|
Religions and Cults in the U.S., 1995.
The paper discusses religions and cults in the U.S.: History and development, focusing on similarities, community, Bible, predestination, reform, Baptists and Methodists, leadership and millenial anxiety.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 7 sources, $ 119.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
"The American character is full of curious contradictions at once potentially creative - and destructive. Nowhere is this more apparent than in its religious life. Based upon a Judeo-Christian heritage of European origin, America's religious mainstream is largely Protestant, with the majority denominations of a "presbyterian" organizational character - that is, determinedly anti-hierarchic and democratic. But the same seed from which the flowering of the U. S. Constitution sprang also carries in it a less admirable trait: cultism. American religious cults are the logical extension of anarchic and charismatic tendencies of mainstream Protestantism of the presbyterian character.
In the wake of the recent tragedy in Oklahoma City, where at least a hundred confirmed lives were lost in the bombing of a ... "
| |
|
Anti-Clericalism and Pre-Reformation England, 2007.
An analysis of the extent to which anti-clericalism contributed to an atmosphere ripe for reform in the pre-reformation (pre 1529) English Church.
2,977 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines the reasons behind the eventual creation of the Church of England by King Henry VIII. It discusses how, although problems with the Catholic Church did exist, on the whole society believed in its central teachings, participated in its operations and invested heavily, both emotionally and financially, in its future right up to and beyond the Parliament of 1529.
From the Paper
"Much of the reason why members of Parliament, who as lawyers and merchants had particular grievances with the Cardinal, allowed proceedings within the House to escalate - to the point that the Church itself was placed under the spotlight - might be sought in the satisfaction they drew from puncturing the taboo that the Church was beyond reproach. More plausibly, however, Parliament's eagerness to ridicule Wolsey stemmed from circumstances during the previous summer of 1528 when a severe outbreak of sweating illness broke out in London, claiming heavy casualties. A by-product of this epidemic was how it inadvertently contributed to shoring up the coffers of priests rather than doctors, since it led to the payment of more mortuary and probate fees. Such bitter experiences may have conceivably lingered in the mind of parliamentarians as a reason why debates were allowed to reach such venomous proportions. "
| |
|
The Reformation, 2002.
The origins of the Reformation movement and their impact on western Europe.
3,325 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 94.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses how many theorists argue that the roots of most modern political and philosophical movements can be found in a study of the reformation. It presents some elements of the Reformation and its consequences throughout western Europe. Some of the more famous people of the reformation, who contributed to the theoretical development that went on during that period, are discussed - Martin Luther, John Calvin and Huldreich Zwingli Finally, this paper presents some of the historical background for the Reformation.
From the Paper
"One of the people most strongly associated with the Reformation is Martin Luther. He was born on November 10, 1483, in the German town of Eisleben. This was located in the middle of the copper mining region of Mansfeld. Luther was a descendant of peasants, a fact that he used often when debating later in life. He was educated with a primary and secondary education in Mansfeld, Magdeburg, and Eisenach. Atypically for someone of his background during that period, Luther was interested in going on to continue to further his education. He received his bachelor?s degree in 1502, and then his master?s degree in 1505 from the University of Erfurt. He had then planned on going on to law, but made a radical decision in the summer of 1505 to join the Church and became a monk in the Augustinian Monastery in Erfurt."
| |
|
The Protestant Reformation, 2002.
An overview of the history of events leading to the Protestant Reformation.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 35.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper provides a brief chronological history of the Protestant Reformation (early 1500s to mid-1600s), as well as some of the causes that led to the Reformation and the effects of the Reformation.
| |
|
The Age of Reformation, 2006.
This paper analyzes the major influences and events of the 16th century that brought about the age of Reformation.
2,340 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The writer of this paper contends and explains why the age of Reformation was most influenced by the opinions and dialogues of the 16th century. This paper discusses the impact of Christianity and religion, which was the very basis of society during this particular era. This well-researched paper details Martin Luther's historic impact on reformation, which resulted in a permanent change of Christianity and European culture. When Luther nailed his "Ninety-Five Theses," attacking papal abuses and the sale of indulgences by church officials, to the door of the Wittenberg Church, this became the symbolic act that began the Reformation era. This paper examines the various factors and influences that brought about this new era including the fact that the Europeans were expanding all over the globe, due mainly to the economic activity of mercantilism. This paper also delves into the influences of Desiderius Erasmus and Sir Thomas More.
From the Paper
"Two major influences from the north were Desiderius Erasmus and Sir Thomas More. Erasmus, 146-1536, developed a simple theology of Christian love, and believed that Christianity was basically an ethical religion, the philosophy of Christ, which was one of selfless love and piety. He believed that the Church's practices and dogmas were a profound departure from the philosophy of Christ. Some of the foundational texts of Protestantism belong to the writings of Erasmus. Sir Thomas More, 1478-1535, was the most prominent English humanist of the sixteenth century and an unwavering Catholic who was executed by Henry VIII for not renouncing this Catholicism, yet although he never converted to Protestantism, his writings were highly critical of the papacy and church abuses, and thus, also became part of the foundation of English Protestantism."
| |
|
Pre-Reformation Scottish Poetry, 2007.
A look at the transmission of pre-Reformation Scottish poetry after 1560
focusing on the works of Robert Henryson, William Dunbar and William of Touris.
4,327 words (approx. 17.3 pages), 40 sources, MLA, $ 114.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
After the Reformation, some works with Catholic material in them were still written and printed, but often in a modified form. In response to the changed political climate, it was inadvisable to disseminate poetry with Catholic content. This paper centers on the "Arundel" and "Bannatyne" works of Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, and the author of "The Contemplacioun of Synnaris", called William of Touris in Arundel 285. The manuscripts are chosen for their proximity to the Reformation and the importance of some of their works in Scottish literary history. Several of the poems have a long and wide circulation, especially the poems of Henryson and Dunbar. The paper concludes with a discussion of modern editions of Henryson's and Dunbar's work and the way modern editors have dealt with the Protestantization of some of the poems.
Outline:
Book Production at the Time of the Reformation
Anglo-Scottish Relations
Arundel 285 and the Bannatyne Manuscript
Minor Rewriting
The Removal of Catholic Content
Careful Titling or Placement within the Book
Other Situations
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Printing came to Scotland in 1508, the year after James IV gave the first patent to Chepman and Millar and asked them men to bring home a press and the men who knew how to use it. Chepman and Myllar's prints are poorly produced, with much abbreviation, Anglicization, incorrect word divisions, and inconsistent punctuation. Perhaps partly on account of this, Scotland's shift to print culture did not happen until later in the century (although the shift was far from linear). By the 1560s, "Scotland for the first time had more than one printer at work, but the printers were constrained by the political atmosphere.." In July 1567, Queen Mary, a Catholic, was induced to abdicate in favor of her son Charles James. She was then imprisoned. Scotland broke with Rome in 1560 when the Parliament met without royal authority and declared the country Protestant. "
| |
|
Protestant-Catholic Conflict and the Reformation, 2007.
This paper discusses how historians have sought to understand and explain the causes of Protestant-Catholic conflict since the Reformation.
1,458 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that before professional historians seriously turned their attention to the Reformation as an all-encompassing historical phenomenon during the 1960s, church historians, who held partisan views of the religious conflict from their respective denominational positions, believed that conflict between Protestants and Catholics boiled down simply to one of difference in theological doctrine. The writer discusses that what was highly ironical was that Catholic theologians, who couched the conflict in rather negative terms, peacefully agreed with their protestant counterparts that it was about individualism. The writer maintains that a complicated picture of conflict, in which a variety of different historical actors brought with them their own agendas, has contributed to the richness of how the Reformation unfolded. The writer concludes that even though the Protestant-Catholic divide had its narrowly religious aspects, it would be foolish to think that people caught up within the forces of Reformation operated merely out of a stern belief in their own faiths.
From the Paper
"By contrast to church and traditional historians, these up-and-coming scholars came to the understanding that conflict was far more complex than the top-down accounts that had informed the writings of scholars in the past: conflict in fact involved a multitude of messy motivations that took place within equally disparate social, economic, regional as well as national backgrounds. Most crudely, Marxist historians, whose influence on social historians should not be discounted, brought about this change of perspective first. By seeking the cause of conflict not in the doctrine of individual spiritual renewal, but in the inherent social and economic inequalities that persisted within both pre- and post-Reformation Europe, they radically endeavoured to shift the emphasis away completely from the purely religious aspects of the Reformation. What these left-wing historians saw, as they looked at the state of early modern Europe, was not a landscape that was tectonically divided between Protestants and Catholics, but one that was classified between the rich and the poor. Reacting to the aristocracy of feudal nobles, who had for so long controlled land and labour, it was the bourgeois, living within the towns, whose sense of injustice led to them to rise up against their social superiors. More specifically, within the towns, it was the patricians who took the side of Catholicism, while tradesmen and merchants, who were cold-shouldered by the establishment, came to support Protestantism in an attempt to overturn this hierarchy."
| |
|
German and English Reformation of the 16th Century, 2006.
A description of events between Germany and England of the causes and effects of the reformation of the 16th century.
3,898 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 106.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper clearly interprets event and actions leading up the German and English reformations of the 16th century. It begins on the topic of Germany and its catalyst feudal systems and religious overlords, and goes on to study the works of martin Luther and his conniving methods and perseverance to proceed with his reformation through his 95-theses to eventually win the hearts of fed up peasants, merchants growing rich off the New World, greedy nobility, and challenge the authority of the Church and Pope. This paper also discusses the reformation of England started by King Henry VIII. It discusses in detail how Henry VIII invented his own hybrid religion, infused it into his own country to build national unity and to suit his own desires, and was excommunicated from the Catholic Church all while making himself the Supreme Head of the Church of England. This paper looks at societal cause and effects such as the printing press which allowed lower classes to become more educated, bible translations to common languages that allowed the lower classes to step past the clergy to speak freely with God, new merchant opportunities in the New World, and political gains of money and land.
From the Paper
"In Sixteenth-century Europe, the material world was becoming increasingly distinct and spiritual ideals more confused, as the printing press spread information and humanist studies inspired ideas of doctrinal difference. The nations were becoming even more conscious of their nationalities, and the faithful were pained about the short comings of society and of the church. From the beginning the impulse to reform the Church had mingled with political currents. The spiritual impulse was dominated by dynastic intrigue, greed, and war, and in the end national politics determined the fate of the Reformation all over Europe. What began in a mood of spiritual piety had its triumph in the rearrangement of secular power."
| |
|
Reformation of the Church, 2006.
This paper describes the Reformation and revolt of Martin Luther in 1521.
1,756 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper explains that the Reformation was the religious development of the Renaissance that was heralded in part by Martin Luther. The aim of Luther and the other reformers were to free themselves from the oppressive rule of the Roman Church and establish a purer faith. The paper details the spread of Lutheranism and shows how in a short time Lutheranism was the religion of approximately half the population of Germany. The paper concludes that the Reformation not only changed the complexion of Europe, it forever changed Christianity across the globe.
From the Paper
"Born in 1483, Luther became an Augustinian monk and in 1507 was consecrated a priest, and the following year was made professor of philosophy at the University of Wittenberg (Koestlin pp). After visiting Rome in 1511, he was made doctor of theology, and by this time had gained the reputation of power and independence in his preaching (Koestlin pp). In what became the fundamental doctrines of Protestantism, Luther believed in the exclusive authority of the Bible, which meant the right of private judgement and the justification by faith (Koestlin pp)."
| |
|
The Renaissance and the Reformation, 2002.
A discussion of how the reformation was a significant break from the renaissance period in Europe.
914 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper provides a brief insight into the renaissance period which began as a cultural movement in fifteenth-century Italy and was known as an age of expansion, of the development of broad humanistic and philosophical thought. It also examines the period of the reformation, which in contrast was a collapse of many religious, political and philosophical schools of thought where nations desperate to break away from the shackles of Rome through the introduction of Protestantism and other changes. It analyzes how the renaissance was an age of change, of humanism that fairly broke the back of Christianity through corruption and dilution and how the reformation was a snap back against those changes and a return to biblical literalism.
From the Paper
"The Renaissance was a period of enormous change and refinement in the human condition in Europe. It is the period that marks the shift from Medieval to modern times. First, the Renaissance was marked by a period of interest in humanism. The humanists believed that each individual person had a unique significance to society. This belief structure led to fundamental changes in art, literature, philosophy, the greatest of these changes occurring initially in Italy. It was during the Renaissance that the humanism that extended individuality to people also spread to nations and the collapse of the Emperor systems."
| |
|
Reformation, 2007.
This paper discusses changes brought about by the Reformation relating to the family environment.
976 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that for every segment of the universal history, in order to have a proper image of the realities of the time, it is important to take into account all major aspects of the social order. From this perspective, the writer then points out that the family framework is representative for painting a relevant illustration of the era. The revolution in human thought must be seen from a historical perspective and background. The writer discusses that the Reformation brought along a series of changes that would prove to affect the future evolution of the family environment. The writer concludes that overall, it can be said that the Reformation had indeed an important influence upon the family environment of the Renaissance period.
From the Paper
"In the late middle Ages, at the beginning of the Renaissance, questions about the real value of the human being became again the centerpiece of philosophical thought. Scholars such as Pico Della Mirandola advocated the supremacy of man as the representative of God and the only receiver of Its Word. Accordingly, the woman was identified with sexuality and sin. Therefore, everything that was somewhat related to the woman as procreator, with family and children was treated with utter disregard and cruelty. In this context, the Reformation of the church was an important step in modifying the status of family member, both women and children."
| |
|
The Martin Luther Reformation, 2002.
An analysis of the influence of Martin Luther on the Reformation.
2,185 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 68.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of the Martin Luther Reformation. Using the book by Roland H. Bainton called "Here I Stand" the writer explores several aspects of the reformation including Luther?s personal contribution.
From the Paper
"The religious reformation has been a topic of debate for several centuries. The involvement of Martin Luther in the reformation is arguably the most important aspect of the entire era. With Martin Luther?s guidance and beliefs the foundational basics for the Lutheran Church came about. Roland Bainton wrote a biography of Luther?s life that details the events leading up to and then leading to the Reformation itself. Luther?s contribution to the Reformation will be etched in stone forever as the strongest influence there was on the era. In addition Luther?s beliefs and actions in the Reformation still have a direct impact on churches today.
Historians today credit a particular summer in Luther?s life for the turn Reformation took. Before that summer Luther was an avowed Catholic. He felt he had been called to become a Monk and was very involved in studying the literal sense of the Catholic Faith and all that it represented. It was only after he had what some might call an epiphany during that summer that he restructured his life and his beliefs and went to the extreme in his understanding of what that meant. Once Luther felt he had the truth he completely disavowed the Catholic teaching and all of the things that went with it. Until this point in Luther?s life he had been teaching the Catholic faith. He was adamant in his understanding of the faith and he drilled home to his followers all of the details and tenets that he held in his heart to be true(Bainton, 1983). Needless to say when the transformation occurred many felt disbelief as well as some anger that everything he had been demanding they believe and follow was now being discounted as a false belief and wrong. Luther spent time explaining that he had simply seen the truth and his spiritual obligation not only to himself , but to those he had been leading mandated that he tell them the ?truth? as he now understood it(Bainton, 1983). Throughout time there have been some who argued that the foundation of the Reformation was nothing more than the result of a good professor or teacher making sure when he prepared his lectures that he did a good job and prepared lectures that would provoke thought and debate.
Luther found his turning point when he began to focus on the agony and suffering of Jesus Christ. He was consumed with the belief that Christ was forsaken and was made to suffer because of the sins of man and for Luther all other things were inconsequential outside of this basic fact(Bainton, 1983). Luther focused on this and then made the connection in his mind that if this was allowed to happen then God was a loving, caring and merciful father. Until this point Luther, along with those he influenced believed that God was an angry and jealous God who perpetrated that anger on mankind. According to the sudden revelation that Luther experienced during that fateful summer, God was none of those things. He had allowed mankind to mistreat, abuse and then forsake his only son. Instead of destroying the world for what had happened to his son he forgave mankind and allowed his son to die on a cross for mankind(Bainton, 1983). Luther believed that this single act proved without a doubt that mankind is guided by a loving God. This started him on his journey, which impacted Reformation in a big enough way that an entire faith was started."
|
|
|
