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Are Red Light Cameras Constitutional?, 2002.
This paper examines the constitutionality of the Red Light Camera Program. Although the Supreme Court found the program constitutional, the controversy continues.
1,974 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
Red Light Cameras snap photos of speeders and red-light runners but they are also used to check and monitor traffic on selected roadways. The writer shows that the use of these cameras is growing as are motorists' fears of being watched. The paper traces the controversy showing both sides of the case that is reminiscent of a futuristic novel.
From the Paper
"Red Light Cameras are new additions to a range of tools, which law enforcement officers use to catch motorists who run red lights at will. They snap photos of speeders and red light runners but they are also used to check and monitor traffic on selected roadways. Although they are fast becoming a favorite of traffic safety advocates, these techniques, if not conducted within set guidelines and communicated about effectively, can prompt strong negative reactions among a small but vocal minority who see them as "big brother" techniques designed to trample citizens' rights."
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Red Light Cameras, 2002.
A discussion of the effectiveness of red light cameras at intersections.
2,787 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of the effectiveness of red light cameras at intersections. It explains how their purpose is to photograph errant drivers breaking the laws of the road so that the offender can be ticketed through the mail. It provides various statistics on the use of these cameras in different States and on accidents that are primarily caused by running a red light. It reviews various pieces of literaure on the topic and proposes a study to determine whether there is a direct correlation between the use of red light cameras and the reduction of incidences of major injury collisions at intersections.
From the Paper
"Currently red light runners are on the increase. Recently the characteristics of a driver who will run a red light have been determined. Statistically they are younger in age than those who do not run red lights and they have a higher incidence of poor driver incidences. In addition the drivers who are prone to running red lights are more often than their non red light peers have a history of alcohol abuse in the past. Drivers who run red lights cause 260,000 crashes a year."
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Road Cameras, 2005.
This paper analyzes photo radar and red light cameras to determine how useful they really are.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the radar cameras and red light cameras on the road. The paper relates how since the 1990s these technological methods for catching motorists in the act of speeding or running red lights has been touted by advocates as a powerful weapon for improving the safety of the roads. The paper explains, however, that critics call the technology Orwellian and they claim that the cameras have been employed primarily to increase revenue both for individual cities as well as the vendors who provide this technology. This paper researches the general pros and cons of the issue, examining some pertinent legislation.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to examine the radar cameras and red light cameras. Since the 1990s these technological methods for catching motorists in the act of speeding or running red lights has been touted by advocates as a powerful weapon for improving the safety of the roads. However, critics call the technology Orwellian and claim that the cameras have been employed primarily to increase revenue both for individual cities as well as the vendors who provide this technology. This paper will research the general pros and cons of the issue, examining some pertinent legislation as well as the major claims of both sides of the matter. In the end, however, it is and will be my position that photo radar and red light cameras are effective only at lining the city coffers."
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"Red Scare or Red Menace?", 2004.
An analysis of "Red Scare or Red Menace?" by John Earl Haynes.
1,715 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
A review of Haynes political work, which seeks to rectify deficiencies in the historiography of American anti-Communism. The paper points out that prior examinations have failed to accurately explain critical components of the opposition to Communism in the years after World War II. It shows how Haynes indicates that these works have misunderstood and incorrectly characterized the nature of anti-Communist activity. The paper specifies Haynes's four principal shortcomings in earlier depictions and explains them.
From the Paper
"First, he asserts, many histories do not adequately establish the connection between the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) and the espionage activities of the Soviet Union. Second, previous analyses have not described the significant links between pre-World War II antifascism and postwar anticommunism. Next, he charges, the accounts routinely fail to demonstrate the scope and diversity of sentiment against communism. Finally, prior works typically portray anticommunism as senseless and inscrutable. ?To make American anticommunism in the 1940s and 1950s historically explicable,? he writes, ?is the purpose of this book? (vii)."
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English Constitutional Law, 2007.
An analysis of English constitutional law, particularly the purpose of the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005.
1,313 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 21 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005, which enshrines in law, for the first time, a duty on government ministers to uphold the independence of the judiciary. The paper describes the history and the scope of the law, as well as its purpose. In addition, the paper discusses the Constitutional Reform Act with relation to English constitutional law and its need for reform.
From the Paper
"The scope of judicial review today is almost unrecognisable compared to that of 25 years ago, and judges are more willing to intervene to ensure that the body in question acts in a procedurally correct manner, even when such a decision may impugn on the authority of the executive. For example in the case of Anisminic Ltd v Foreign Compensation Commission , where a statutory provision seemed to exclude the courts' supervisory jurisdiction, the court, according to Wade and Forsyth, acted in a way of "total disobedience to Parliament" by recognising a broad concept of jurisdiction. Further, in the Pergau Dam case, Lord Irvine argues that the court "took away from the executive a considerable degree of autonomy" in holding that the Secretary of State's decision was unlawful. He continues arguing "it is this type of judicial activism which begins to blur the boundary between appeal and review, thereby undermining the constitutional foundations on which the courts' supervisory jurisdiction rests"."
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Cameras in the Courtroom, 2005.
This paper discusses the issue of cameras in the courtroom as part of the relationship of the press with the courts.
4,010 words (approx. 16.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 108.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the press has long argued for the right to bring cameras into the courtroom arguing that (1) freedom of speech and the press is guaranteed by the First Amendment to the Constitution and that, (2) in a truly free society, the public has a right to know what goes on inside a courtroom. However, the courts claim that the use of cameras in a court room could influence public sentiment about a trial, which, in turn, might influence the jury. The author reviews court rulings of the Lindbergh kidnapping case, "Rideau vs. the State of Louisiana", "Billie Sol Estes vs. State of Texas", "Nixon vs. Warner Communications", "United States vs. Mitchell", O. J. Simpson cases and the Clinton-Lewinsky fiasco, regarding the use of cameras in these court rooms, the decisions strengthening these rulings and the current opinions of the courts. The paper concludes that the press and the courts are dependent upon each other; if there were no freedom of the press, there would be no one to make sure a defendant received a fair trial. Several long quotes.
From the Paper
"The issue of cameras in the courtroom popped up again in the fiasco between President Clinton and Monica Lewinsky. The defense sought to use illegally tapped telephone conversations against the President. In this case, the Court ruled the public right to know outweighed the President's right to privacy. President Clinton's testimony was broadcast on TV in front of millions of viewers, but the President came out looking like the winner. The prosecutor Kenneth Starr wanted to expose Clinton on television, but failed, "Instead, the camera captured a controlled and confident Clinton telling his side of the story in detail for the first time. He rebutted much of the legal case against him and launched a counterattack on the four-year, $40-million prosecution as unfair and politically driven.""
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Cameras in the Courtroom, 2002.
A discussion of whether cameras should be allowed during felony trials.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 7 sources, $ 87.95
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Abstract
Discusses whether cameras should be allowed during felony trials. State laws and judicial rulings on the topic. Defendant's interests. Constitutional issues (First and Sixth Amendments). Concerns over publicity in trials, and role of the major media. Cites several cases and opinions. Personal reaction to topic contends that cameras should be allowed.
From the Paper
"Cameras in the Courtroom
Issue:
Should cameras be allowed in the courtroom during all felony trials?
There has been no final decision on this question on the part of the Supreme Court, leaving a patchwork of State laws and judicial rulings on the topic. In California, absent a claim by the defense that the defendant's interests will be prejudiced by the presence of a camera in the courtroom, and that claim upheld by the judge, the presumption is that cameras may be allowed in the courtroom if so requested by a news-gathering organization
(Wilson Conference, 1097).
There are two major constitutional areas that must be dealt with in deciding whether to allow a camera. These are the public's right to..."
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Constitutional Courts in France and Russia, 2003.
A comparison of the roles of the constitutional courts in France and Russia today.
4,928 words (approx. 19.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 125.95
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Abstract
The nations of Russia and France have experienced particularly turbulent episodes in the evolution of their respective constitutions and constitutional courts. This paper examines the constitutional courts in these countries to determine how their respective roles have evolved, followed by a summary of the research in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"The current Russian constitution was adopted on December 12, 1993. Russia has a Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Superior Court of Arbitration; judges for all courts are appointed for life by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president (Russia, 2002). The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is the first judicial body of constitutional review in the history of Russia. The Court was created by the Fifth (extraordinary) Congress of Peoples' Deputies of the RSFSR on 30 October, 1991. The Court comprising 15 justices had been anticipated by the amendments to the 1978 Constitution and the Law "On the RSFSR Constitutional Court" adopted on the basis of the amendments to the Constitution. The Constitutional Court commenced its activities in December 1991. At that time the Congress had selected 13 justices leaving two vacancies."
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Cameras in the Courtroom Argument, 2004.
An opinion paper about the effects of cameras in the courtroom.
1,325 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses an issue that is central to America's constitutional foundations, that is, the ongoing conflict between the First Amendment and the Sixth Amendment. It focuses on the current controversy about video cameras in the courtroom and the impact they might have on the free press/fair trial debate.
From the Paper
"The print press currently has legal reasoning that supports the coverage of courtroom proceedings. One of those reasons is that the public has a right to know what is going on in the cases, and the press is the only way they can find out about it. The Supreme Court has made it clear that cameras in the courtroom can be constitutionally permitted, because the presence of a camera does not make a trial unfair."
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Constitutional Non-Compliance, 2004.
An analysis of how, during times of war, the United States government has been guilty of constitutional non-compliance.
1,731 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the violation of the Constitution of the United States, which is formally termed as ?non-compliance?, has been seen throughout the history of the United States and how, specifically, it has occurred during times of war during civil disturbances, with the use of extrajudicial force used to supercede the ordinary process of law. It looks at how one such instance occurred during the Civil War and how the violations, which have occurred during the ?War on Terrorism?, are some of the most blatant violations of constitutional ideals and principles ever witnessed.
Outline
Statement of Thesis
Introduction
Preamble to the United States Constitution
Definitive of the Language in the Preamble
Historical Incidents of Non-Compliance
What Does the Constitution Say?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Although it is understandable for some restrictions during war time in order to keep citizens safe and the country secure it is evident that since September 1, 2001, that the non-compliance to the Constitution which is evidenced by the implementation of the Homeland Security Act and the Patriot Act that the all inclusive powers of the government in spying on citizens is too broad of a scope of powers to be vested in a government of a democracy."
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Laeken Declaration and the Constitutional Treaty, 2008.
An examination of the extent to which the Constitutional Treaty met the objectives set for it by the Laeken Declaration.
2,970 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Laeken Declaration and the background for the creation of the Constitutional Treaty. The author discusses the content of the Treaty and the reasons for its rejection, and explains how it failed to provide solutions for two specific problems that were raised at Laeken. The author concludes that although the European States may not yet be ready to adopt a formal Constitution, the document has been ratified by more than half of the member states and the debate it has sparked is still ongoing.
Outline:
I. The Content of the Laeken Declaration and the Reasons for the Creation of the 'Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe' more Generally.
II. Critical Judgment on the Content of the 'Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe'.
From the Paper
"If the answer to the questions 'do we want a Constitution?' and 'do we need a Constitution?', or a formalisation of the existing functional, unwritten Constitution is yes, then the next logical questions are 'do we want this Constitution?' or 'do we need this Constitution?'. Apparently, the answer is no according to the French and Dutch people, but let us examine in more detail why two countries that have played a fundamental role in the development of the Union since its creation have rejected the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe."
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Create a True Experiment for Stationary Cameras, 2008.
A comprehensive description of the creation of a true experiment for the use of stationary cameras in a high-risk crime area.
3,241 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper, broken down into five parts, describes the creation of a true experiment to examine the use of stationary cameras in crime prone areas. All elements are included, explained and discussed. The author also includes discussions related to data gathered, the test instrument itself and the validity and reliability of the results. The forth section discusses the advantages and disadvantages of cross-sectional, panel and trend designs and which is most effective. Finally, in the fifth section, the writer presents a discussion of the relationship among the various concepts explained in the text.
Outline:
Part 1 - Create a True Experiment for Stationary Cameras
True Experiment Requirements
Design of the Experiment
Abstract
Comparison Groups
Variation in the Independent Variable
Random Assignment
Conclusion
Part 2 - Create a Test Instrument
Nominal Data
Ordinal Data
Interval Data
Ratio Data
Part 3 - Validity and Reliability of Survey
Validity
Reliability
Part 4 - Cross-Sectional, Panel and Trend Designs
From the Paper
"One of the ways to determine the causal impact of certain conditions upon social groups it through the use of "True Experiments". True Experiments contain at least three elements, being: at least two comparison group, an experimental group and the control group; before the measuring of change in the dependent variable, a variation must be made in the independent variable; and, members of the comparison groups are randomly assigned (Schutt, 2006, p.201). These elements are important in determining the causal mechanism and controlling the experiment."
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Anti-Federalists and the Constitutional Debate, 2006.
A review of the debate between the Federalists and Anti-federalists of the constitutional congress.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper summarizes the debate between the Federalists and Anti-federalists of the constitutional congress. It suggests some ongoing problems in American public life which demonstrate the main issues which drove that debate, far from being resolved during the constitution's ratification, continue to resonate in current events. This paper discusses the Ratification Debate and the major issues which drove the debate between the Federalists and the Anti-federalists: Distribution of power, protection of rights, limitations of institutions and the ongoing Relevance.
From the Paper
"In the last few days of September in 1787, the Confederation Congress met to debate and construct a new Constitution of the United States. The document they wrote and sent for ratification to the thirteen states that made up the newly-formed country was intended to replace the Articles of Confederation that had ordered the nation since its inception. The nation was reaching a crisis point, as the experiment had been going poorly. Surprisingly, perhaps, the problem was not one of the many possible economic problems that new nations are likely to experience when reconstructing after a long and difficult war. As Gordon Wood (1969) argues, the general economy was running well and people felt comfortable and even prosperous (p. 395). Rather, the concerns that brought the nation's leading politicians together were primarily political. "
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10 Constitutional Amendments, 2005.
A discussion on proposed constitutional amendments.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The following paper briefly adumbrates ten constitutional amendments this writer believes can safeguard individual rights in America. The paper looks at the constitutions of other lands to arrive at a better idea of what revisions will serve America best. The paper concludes that American problems need uniquely American solutions.
From the Paper
"Proposing amendments to the United States Bill of Rights is a favorite activity of many Americans. With that in mind, the following paper will offer up ten amendments, in order of significance, aimed at bolstering individual rights. To perform this rather ardurous task, it is necessary - among other things - to speak with various individuals who are of voting age and of sound mind to gain their input into what amendments will most advance the cause of liberty and the pursuit of individual happiness. The paper will also review the constitutions of at least a handful of other nations with an eye towards determining which aspects of them, if any, may be worthy of incorporation into the revised Bill of Rights. Finally, this paper will conclude with a table that delineates each of the ten amendments and offers a brief explanation of the meaning and intent of each amendment."
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Constitutional Monarchy, 2005.
An explanation of why the Constitutional Monarchy is the best form of government.
839 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to prove why the Constitutional Monarchy is the best form of government. It shows how it protects the well-being of the population through its written constitution and how it adapts to the ever-changing society through its democratic system of the people having the power. It also demonstrates how it gives the people a reason to follow the government's decisions through the presence of a monarchy that inspires a sense of community and nationalism.
From the Paper
"One of the major causes for the dissolving of governments is an inability to adapt to the changes and advancements in the world around them. For example, with constant advancements in science causing a decline in religious followers, there is no way a Theocracy could survive. Plato proposed a government that was ruled by the intelligent and although this may seem flawless in theory, the reality is with an ever-changing world around them it could never work. Therefore a good government must be able to meet these changes and advancements, and work with them. A constitutional monarchy does this through following the utilitarian 'greatest good for the greatest number' (Kay 1997) ways of its democratic system. "
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