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Reasoning Concerning Pascal's Wager, 2001.
The main two types of reasoning used in argumentation and how the argument from Pascal's Wager only provides prudential reasoning for the belief of God.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 0 sources, $ 50.95
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Abstract
A discussion of the two main types of reasoning and an in-depth definition of each to help the reader understand each before taking a look at Pascal's Wager Argument. The paper then uses the knowledge of each type of reasoning to show how the Pascal's Wager argument only uses prudential reasoning.
From the Paper
"The phrase 'a good reason to believe' is ambiguous between a prudential and an epistemic reading. A good prudential reason for something means that it is in one's self-interest to believe it over something he or she would otherwise choose. A good epistemic reason for something, on the other hand, is when one knows of a valid and sound argument supporting it. "
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Inductive Reasoning, 2002.
An argument against Inductive Reasoning in the field of science.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss inductive reasoning and will establish a connection between science and how that relates to this way of testing within the field. By discovering the reasoning in this style, we can see how it may be a problem for science, as the definition of inductive reasoning clearly states that something must be studied from small to large, when we have not the faintest clue what is the smallest element of matter in the universe. An argument can be made for its invalidity when discussing this form of reasoning for its seemingly inconsistent basis.
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Moral Reasoning, 2004.
This paper discusses gender differences in moral reasoning styles.
730 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that females more often advocate caring and compassionate responses in cases where wrongdoing is evidenced, whereas males are more likely to advocate an ?eye for an eye? type of thinking. The author points out that, in the situation of the film, ?Taps?, if girls had been involved, they would have been more likely to base their moral sensitivity and decisions not only upon their interpersonal needs and experiences, but also back their decisions by more rational thought processes. The paper stresses that a teacher should take into consideration the different learning patterns and moral reasoning styles of boys and girls to assist them in working out problems.
From the Paper
?Taps? is a movie about a private military high school, where the school is facing closure. To prevent this the adolescents attending the campus take over the school; in terms of adolescent moral reasoning, the boys involved impulsively react instead of thinking things through. They arm themselves, feeling like they are taking initiative and working together as a team to accomplish a common goal. They react just as they are taught, to be a team and to foster group dependence and unity."
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Reasoning and Communication, 2005.
This paper discusses "Revealing Moments: The Voice of One Who Lives with Labels" by Didi Khayatt and examines the resaoning and communication in this writing.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the communication and reasoning in the essay "Revealing Moments: The Voice of One Who Lives with Labels" by Didi Khayatt. The writer dsicusses that the article concerns views of ethnicity and identity as expressed by the labels people put on others and accept for themselves. Further the writer notes failures in the reasoning and writing of the essay and problems with understanding its meaning.
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Passion and Reasoning, 2002.
Shows how these elements are presented in plays by Jean Baptiste Moliere and Jean Racine.
1,138 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Both "Tartuffe" by Jean Baptiste Moliere and "Phaedra" by Jean Racine are plays about passion and the momentary defeat of reason. The paper explores these themes in both plays. It shows that "Tartuffe" is as much a tale of hypocrisy as of passion and a suspension of reason and that "Phaedra" is about a powerful and passionate queen who is mocked by the object of her passion, Hippolytus, her stepson. The paper also uses Saint Thomas of Aquina's "Summa Theologica" for his views on reason.
From the Paper
"Although Tartuffe appears to be an extreme case of irascibleness, his hypocrisy must be his perceived ?proper? strategy to survive. Reason is entirely absent in his life, which leads to the inference that his life experiences may have completely eliminated its inherent power in Tartuffe. But in Orgon, the loss of reason is temporary and condition by the presence of the light of truth and reason, which his wife Elmire brings back to him. Just as enormously erratic as Tartuffe is Phaedra, whose fear of age and perceived loss of attractiveness, lead her to crave for Hippolytus. She also suffers a blackout of reason. Looking closely, it is a resistance of death in aging that conditions this fear. And Hippolytus? youth, as well as his challenging improbability as a pursuit, makes him seem like the solution to Phaedra?s problems with mortality. She has yet to discover that physical life is not the only, or the better, kind of life there is. But she loses the chance and the time to discover the true answer and solution by destroying herself, finding no more reason to live."
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The Development of Inferential Reasoning Skills, 2002.
A review of the relevant psychological literature on the topic.
935 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines psychological theory on the development of inferential reasoning skills. The pragmatic view and the natural logic view are discussed. The work of Shaw-Jing and Cheng as well as the work of Braine are presented.
From the Paper
"The Development of deductive reasoning skills has been of interest to psychologists since the 1960s. There are two contrasting views on the development of reasoning skills. The first is the pragmatic view, which proposes that pragmatic rules develop first and that these then generalize and develop into formal rules. The natural logic view is that a set of formal rules develops first and that pragmatic rules follow. Many studies prior to the one conducted by Shaw-Jing and Cheng attempted to explain the development of logic using one of these two models."
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Learning and Reasoning in an Uncertain World, 2004.
An examination of artificial intelligence and its application in modern society.
3,115 words (approx. 12.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This essay discusses a few of the key concepts associated with artificial intelligence and elaborates on the key factors that make AI possible in the machines of today. It concludes by attempting to answer the important question of whether artificial intelligence will one day supersede human intelligence.
From the Paper
"Artificial Intelligence is a branch of science that focuses on developing machines in a way, that they use human-like logic and reasoning to solve complex problems. This is usually achieved by developing algorithms which emulate the problem solving skills of a human being and attempt to use the data obtained from a given problem to try to solve it accordingly. The key point here is the type of problems that the machine is required to solve, as some questions might be easily solved mimicking human logic while others might be extremely complex for the machine to understand in terms of human judgment. Therefore, the nature and the efficiency of AI in a particular machine vary depending on the problem as well as the specific design of the machine (Russell 2002).
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Susan Wolf's "Freedom Within Reason", 1995.
This paper is a critical review of Susan Wolf's "Freedom Within Reason" about free will, values, responsibility, autonomy and reason.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 1 source, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Susan Wolf, in Freedom Within Reason, seeks to shed new light on the age-old philosophical question of free will. The reader's attention may be engaged by the fact that Mick Jagger is quoted on the first page of the book---"I have my freedom, but I don't have much time" (Wolf vii). If that reader expects Wolf's philosophical study of free will to remain on the rock lyric level, he or she will be sorely disappointed. Wolf fulfills all the standards of logical and analytical discourse. On the other hand, in her book she attempts to not only shed new light on free will but to do so in a style which tries to keep the interest of the reader from flagging. As a result, she has fashioned a work which should satisfy both the serious philosopher and the intelligent lay reader who has any interest in the question of free will. "
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Faith and Reason: Conflicts of Authority in History and Fiction, 2002.
Explores the relationship between faith and reason in the history of the European inquisitions and in the representations of faith and reason in Eco's "Name of the Rose".
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
Both the perspectives of the European inquisitions and Eco's "Name of the Rose" offer important understandings of medieval history. Eco's novel exemplifies how singular perspectives are often ineffective in determining what is true, or what is truth. In this paper, the role of "truth" is explored as an important process of the inquisitions and an important question for the characters in Eco's novel. The novel, as fiction, plus historical understandings from non-fiction sources, help build an understanding of the role of the Inquisition in establishing bureaucratic processes and legal institutions.
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Reason and Passion, 2004.
An examination of David Hume's philosophy of reason and passion.
1,293 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how British philosopher David Hume posited that reason cannot be the major determinant of moral action and how, instead, reason should only play a secondary role to another primary human faculty, passion. It argues the continuing relevance of Hume?s thesis that, despite the current level of scientific knowledge, passion remains the strongest determinant of ethical and moral action. The first part of this paper evaluates Hume's conception of reason as an ability to calculate and to discern causation. The next part of the paper then looks at Hume's definition and categories of conception. In the final section, the paper compares Hume?s writings on the secondary role of reason to Peter Singer?s principle of utility and shows how passion continues to be the prime motivator human action.
From the Paper
"Despite the supposed primacy of reason, however, most people disagree with controversial philosopher Peter Singer's view of "preference utilitarianism," an extreme ethical value system that seeks to replace individual instinctive interests with a ?reasoned? concept of the general good. Singer?s value system states that one's own interests and ideas matter only when seen in their consequence to everyone else's interests (Singer 15). According to Singer's preference utilitarian, the obligation of an American couple to feed and nurture their own baby is equal to their obligation to feed and nurture a refugee Kurdish child. After all, both children have an interest in eating and growing up. The fact that parents intuitively love their own child more than a child they have never met does not figure into Singer's equation."
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Poe, Reason and the Irrational, 2007.
This paper discusses the work of Edgar Allan Poe's as it relates to reason and the irrational.
8,527 words (approx. 34.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 180.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that a significant literary tradition exists questioning the defining characteristics of madness, as not deviant behavior but behavior associated with brilliance. The writer then points out that discussions of the literary interpretation of madness as a form of brilliant understanding, is expressed through the works of Edgar Allan Poe so effectively that even his interpretation of the mundane as horrible, can be called into mind on the issue of analogous representations. The writer maintains that when speaking of Poe and his contribution to literature one expert expressed that the analogous idea of the mundane as filled with horror was not based upon the reality of the object but on its interpretation by the individual character and therefore his or her readers.
Outline:
Introduction
Morality
Intuition and Reason
The Death of Reason
Power
Supernatural
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The defining characteristics, of madness in the literary and cultural determinism present in Poe's 19th century and now our 21st century worlds are associated not with the inability of an individual to function, within a normal scope of human cultural existence but with his inability to function within such a context while still knowing so much more than the average man. The individual, whom the norm expresses as possessed of madness has both superior reasoning and increased knowledge, including greater knowledge than the leaders of average men, who are in and of themselves leaders, likely to be average as well, as a product of their ability to possess power among those whose admiration is based on normalcy and who constantly seek the clues of congruence to determine their trust in another and self. Poe expresses this idea masterfully in Marginalia, when he expresses that seeking the brilliant in the historical would require one to discount the great and look for those who were condemned to death or who died in obscurity within the walls of an asylum or prison."
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Human Reason, 2002.
Discusses the ideas of four neoclassical authors on the use of reason.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the views of Molire, Racine, Pop, and Swift, on the topic of human reason. While Molire and Racine see reason as a force that might cure humanity of its violent and confusing passions, Pope and Swift see it as just one more aspect of human nature that has been misused in society. And while Swift and Pope make interesting arguments in both verse and prose, Molire and Racine seem to have a more cohesive view of reason and its importance.
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Nietzsche on Reason and Morality, 2007.
An examination of Friedrich Nietzsche's views on reason and morality.
1,755 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at Friedrich Nietzsche's attempts to show the empty interior of the "idols", that is, the "truths" man has taken to heart so blindly. The paper focuses on Nietzsche's views regarding two such 'truths', reason and morality, and points out that it is not so much the falsity of these idols that Nietzsche wants brought to light but their life-denying qualities that have had such a tight grasp on our lives. The paper then asserts that Nietzsche's message for future generations was to not let reason and morality reign over mankind. The paper concludes that Nietzsche advocated that we question the 'truths' we hold so dear, those that seem to him to do little more than prevent us from living.
From the Paper
"Reason is the first enemy in Nietzsche's battle against the denial of life. At first he sets out to show how reason has progressed (starting with Plato) into a current form that is such denial of life that it caused nihilism to spread across Europe. When Plato first began investigating the world he came to the conclusion that what we experience here on earth could not be the reality or nature of world as it really was in itself. The importance Plato placed upon such earthly objects and occurrences (instead of a sort of self existence) was a representative quality, in which they were mere glimpses, place-holders for reality, the 'forms' of such a world that existed beyond the heavens. Thus the world became homage to truth rather than truth itself; this event, for Nietzsche, was the 'sun beginning to set'."
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Reason, Mind, Body, 2005.
This paper discusses various philosophical approaches to the relationship of reason, mind and body.
1,490 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although reason is the primary tool of philosophers, many philosophers have differed in their opinions concerning how reason should be employed, the most centrally held premises from which all of their arguments spring forth. The author describes the Socratic Method, Cartesian Dualism founded by Descartes and post-war period philosophers who argue that there is no true distinction between the mind and the body and the physical aspects of the body is the mind. The paper concludes that the relationship between the body and the soul necessarily is dependent upon (1) the mind versus body and (2) the free-will versus determinism debates.
From the Paper
"Philosophers have also debated the elemental nature of reality. The concept of reality is particularly difficult to define by virtue of the fact that it encompasses everything that the individual experiences and knows, and everything that has been arrived at by mankind through the process of deductive reasoning. "Phenomenology is the study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view. The central structure of an experience is its intentionality, its being directed toward something, as it is an experience of or about some object." This in one view that favors the unique individual perception over some abstract encompassing view of reality, and it can be seen as a revolt from Hegel's ideas concerning reality."
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Kant's Ideas of Reason, 2001.
The following essay compares and contrasts Kant's assumption of an innate, neutral and universal reason with the Buddhist assumption of the inwardly experienced, empty, universal mind.
1,670 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 54.95
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Abstract
The following paper explores how reason can always provide a hypothetical imperative to achieve any action. This paper examines how it is the categorical imperative, that reason leads to and which is the morally right action, that should be followed.
From the Paper
"Reason seeks to reduce the world into an ordered, unified systems, and to generalize. Theoretical reason seeks to determine what is and what ought to be. Theoretical reason, according to Kant, ?makes it possible to cognize what is. But reason has its practical employment in determining what ought to be as well.? (Kant, A 633/B 661) This roughly corresponds to the quests of the two philosophical disiplines of metaphysics and ethics. Kant believes that, ?Human reason is by its nature architectonic.? (Kant, A 474/B 502). "
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