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Reason, Mind, Body, 2005.
This paper discusses various philosophical approaches to the relationship of reason, mind and body.
1,490 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although reason is the primary tool of philosophers, many philosophers have differed in their opinions concerning how reason should be employed, the most centrally held premises from which all of their arguments spring forth. The author describes the Socratic Method, Cartesian Dualism founded by Descartes and post-war period philosophers who argue that there is no true distinction between the mind and the body and the physical aspects of the body is the mind. The paper concludes that the relationship between the body and the soul necessarily is dependent upon (1) the mind versus body and (2) the free-will versus determinism debates.
From the Paper
"Philosophers have also debated the elemental nature of reality. The concept of reality is particularly difficult to define by virtue of the fact that it encompasses everything that the individual experiences and knows, and everything that has been arrived at by mankind through the process of deductive reasoning. "Phenomenology is the study of structures of consciousness as experienced from the first-person point of view. The central structure of an experience is its intentionality, its being directed toward something, as it is an experience of or about some object." This in one view that favors the unique individual perception over some abstract encompassing view of reality, and it can be seen as a revolt from Hegel's ideas concerning reality."
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Mind and Body Belief of Descartes, 2002.
An overview of Descartes' beliefs on the interaction of the mind and body.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the mind-body problem and Descartes. Descartes claimed that the pineal glad was the interface between the mind and the rest of the brain. Perhaps the most popular view about the relationship between mind and body is the belief that mind and the body are two separate entities.
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The Cartesian Mind-Body Dilemma, 2008.
An analysis of Rene Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy" in relation to the Cartesian mind-body dilemma.
1,448 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Cartesian mind-body dilemma by analyzing Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy". The paper explains that Cartesian dualism intended to moderate between the established religious paradigm of the time and the emerging natural sciences and by positing mind and body as complete substances which refer to nothing but themselves. The paper also looks at how Descartes' theory of mind preserves the religious conception of man as an immortal soul in possession of free will by placing such outside the realm of the physical sciences. The paper points out that Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy" seeks to establish two distinct classes of substances in mind and extension, but fails to adequately address the manner in which these two incommensurable substances interact to generate our experience of the world. The writer suggests that Descartes conceives of the body as a 'kingdom within a kingdom' of mind, and is left with the problem of how these kingdoms are able to carry out diplomatic relations with one another.
From the Paper
"The cogito, 'I think therefore I am', delimits mind as the substance of thought, the primary existential of being. This is arrived at by proposing that there could be a malicious demon of some sort that may be propagating a vast illusion of experience, generating even our thoughts. Even in this radical scepticism, however, Descartes concludes that there must be something that this hoax is played upon, and no matter what this demon may be able to do, he can never convince something that it is nothing; "...I must finally conclude that this proposition, I am, I exist, is necessarily true whenever it is put forward by me or conceived in my mind" . The cogito, therefore, shows mind to be a substance that is necessarily true without reference to any other substance. It is the essence to which all the modes of thought refer."
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Tthe Substantial Union of Mind and Body., 2002.
An analysis of Descartes's perception of the interaction between mind and body.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This essay will argue that Descartes's perception of the interaction between mind and body was such that he conceived that this interaction produced a separate, unified substance from either of its two components. Although it must be acknowledged that Descartes was often not clear on this point - hence many of the popular preconceptions on the issue of Cartesian dualism - nonetheless he can be seen to have advocated the view that a human being is a unified individual substance that is composed of two incomplete substances: the mind and the body.
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Mind/Body, 2002.
A study of mind/body controversy and the concept of philosopher Leibniz.
980 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the relationship between mind and body, and investigate the revolutionary approach to this debate by philosopher G.W. Leibniz. The paper describes the philosophical works of Locke and Descartes, which began the long standing debate and explores the main approaches of dualism and monism to the mind/body controversy..
From the Paper
"The discussion over the relationship between mind and body that has been intriguing philosophers for a long time is divided into two broad categories: dualism and monism. According to dualism mind and body are two separate substances. There are several types of dualist views including parallelism, epiphenomenalism, occassionalism and interactionism. John Locke and Descartes are among those who laid the foundation of this idea. Whereas Locke and Descartes believed in Dualism, there were other famous philosophers and thinkers who supported monism. Monism refers to the theory that mind and body are inseparable and thus one is influenced by the other."
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The Mind-Body Debate, 1995.
A discussion and analysis of the mind-body debate.
2,390 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 73.95
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Abstract
An examination of the mind-body debate. The author attempts to answer whether the mind and body are independent of each other or whether they co-exist.
From the Paper
"The mind-body problem deals with trying to figure out whether someone is made up of a body and a mind where the mind is independent of the body. It is known that people have minds.The question is whether they (the mind and body) are independent of each other or not for their existence."
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Renee Descartes and the Mind-Body Problem, 2002.
Explores Renee Descartes' views on the relationship between the mind and the body.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at Renee Descartes' approach to the question, is mind the same thing as body and if yes, how and if no, why not? It summarizes the arguments Descartes presented in support of his views and offers opposing opinions to each of Descartes' arguments.
From the Paper
"The discussion over the relationship between mind and body that has been intriguing philosophers for a long time is divided into two broad categories: dualism and monism. According to dualism mind and body are two separate substances. There are several types of dualist views including parallelism, epiphenomenalism, occassionalism and interactionism. John Locke and Rene Descartes are among those who laid the foundation of this idea. Whereas Locke and Descartes believed in Dualism, there were other famous philosophers and thinkers who supported monism. Monism refers to the theory that mind and body are inseparable and thus one is influenced by the other."
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Mind/Body Dualism, 2003.
An analysis of Descartes? mind / body dualism concept.
1,375 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by stating the argument Descartes gives for a version of mind/body dualism. It then considers two objections to Descartes? argument and finally assesses the validity of Descartes? argument in light of those objections.
From the Paper
"Much of the intellectual history of psychology as well as philosophy has involved the attempt to come to grips with a dilemma of mind and body. This dilemma was eventually broken into main two opposing views: one view (dualism) proposes that our universe contains two very different and equally fundamental types of entity: mental/spiritual and physical/material items. Most followers of this view hold that human mind (or soul) is to survive the annihilation of the body. The contrasting view, materialism, on the other hand, affirms that everything in our universe is composed of mass-energy, minds and bodies included."
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Stress, Mind & Body, 1996.
Examines studies on negative effects of stress on mind & body. Depression, heart problems, anxiety, anger, hormones; treatments.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 13 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"The concept of stress, physiological and psychological, has undergone a gradual change in definition and treatment over the past hundred years. Generally defined by some specialists as the feeling of pressure and lack of confidence in overcoming external difficulties and obstacles of either subjective or objective nature, the stress is different to every individual. The medical profession paid very little attention to stress until the Civil War. So common were complaints of heart palpitations by injured solders that the term ?soldier?s heart? was created. During the Civil War, doctors took their first look at widespread stress. In World War I, the ?shell shock? syndrome was attributed to damaged blood vessels in the brain inflicted by the repeated sonic pounding of heavy..."
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Mind and Body, 1973.
This paper discusses the development of the concept of mind and body in primitive people and its t effect on the culture of the people.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 7 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
"The dualism of the mind and the body is one which has plagued philosophers and social scientists for centuries. It is a seeming paradox which is the result of the evolutionary process. Man is made distinct from other animals by the possession of a mind which is capable of reason rather than mere instinct. It is a mind which has delved into the curiosities of existence and after life; which has created complex institutions of government and economics. And yet it reverts back to the primordial instincts of the animal; passions and emotions which dull the forces of reasoning. The mind cannot ignore the existence of a material body. It must try, though, to attain a harmony between the two, rather than a continual warfare. For they are integral, and mutually dependent, and interactive upon one another. This cannot be denied. This paper will attempt to ... "
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Mind-Body Dualism, 2002.
An examination of the debate over dualism in philosophy and psychology.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 17 sources, $ 127.95
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Abstract
Examines the debate over dualism in philosophy and psychology. Plato's doctrine of ideal form. Aristotle's concept of the actual & the potential. Ideas of Acquinas, Descartes, Kant. Freud's theory of human experience & behavior; his dream theory. Theories of Jung, Adler, Nagel & Churchland. Psychopharmocology & affect of drugs on mind-body split.
From the Paper
"This research examines the mind-body dualism split in the history of psychology. The research will review the philosophical background of dualism and then discuss how the legacy of philosophical dualism informed the emergence of psychological theory and its application in practice over the course of the 20th century.
What must be appreciated about the debate over dualism in psychology and philosophy is that in each of these disciplines, most answers are either partial or always subject to further debate, not only on account of conceptually creative theory but also on account of the accumulation of an increasing body of new, scientifically verifiable knowledge and information about how body and mind function. The dualism debate arose in the ancient period, not solely between Plato and Aristotle but in part..."
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Mind and Body, 2006.
A review of literature discussing the idea that if you change the body, you change the the nature of human existence.
1,744 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews two science fiction novels, the 'Necromancer' by William Gibson and 'Sparrow' by Mary Doria Russell. According to the paper, both novels underline the importance of the physical state of individual bodies in shaping society. The paper further discusses how in both books, the central thesis is that modern humanity denies the effects of the body, upon the mind and society, at its peril.
From the Paper
"In Mary Doria Russell's Sparrow, the novel depicts an alien, primitive world that is interfered with by outside forces. Once the delicate balance between two warring tribes on another planet is upset by outside influence, chaos breaks loose. Also, the novel's main character is initially subject to another kind of physical alteration, because he is priest. The novel is concerned not simply with how the individual natural body is impinged upon by technology and changed, but also by how the interference of celibacy affects the mind and body--by withholding the body's natural functions through attempted improvement, more harm may be done. It shows how a community of priests is created on earth characterized by physical noninvolvement, and also how the priest's involvement in the environment of another world changes that world."
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Mind-body Connections, 1987.
Impact of psychological processes & techniques on physiological health & illness. Discusses placebos, meditation, hypnosis, imagery, deep relaxation.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 22 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
" The purpose of this research is to explore the health and psychological literature for evidence that non-medical techniques such as meditation, visualization, relaxation, hypnosis, etc., lead to physiological healing. To this end, this research explores evidence for the notion that physiological processes can be influenced by the mind and then proceeds to examine whether there exists evidence that non-medical strategies are viable techniques for bringing about beneficial changes in physiological processes.
Influence of Mind upon the Body
That the medical sciences recognize a relationship in which the mind produces physiological change in the body is shown by the fact that (...)"
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Universal Reason, Universal Mind, 2002.
A discussion of some of the parallels and differences in Kantian and Buddhist assumptions.
1,263 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how there is a marked similarity between Immanuel Kant?s ideas of the empty universe and universal reason and the Buddhist idea of the universal mind. It attempts to explore these parallels, while also being mindful of the difference that exists between Kantian and Buddhist thought. It analyzes how both Kant and Buddhism demonstrate that the universe is empty since it is not different from the not-self ? because it cannot differentiate, for in order to differentiate it must somehow have cognitive access to the object outside itself. It also demonstrates how the crucial difference between Kant and Buddhist thought is one of quality. Kant assumes that the universe is inherently empty and neutral and his attempt is to demonstrate it to be so. On the other hand, Buddhist internalizes this process and accepts the fact that the universe is empty but that it must be experienced by the individual mind ? by way of the empty, universal mind, the individual mind may also become empty, free of the distinction/perception between subject and object.
From the Paper
"Kant assumes that the universe or universal reason is innate by way of this distinction. In order to grasp that a representation is a representation of an object, a being must be able to comprehend several things. First, that being must recognize that there is an object that the representation is a representation of. Next, there has to be a recognition that the representation is different from the thing represented. Thus, the representation of an object is a bridge that connects a being?s consciousness with the things that surround it. Thus universal reason must be able to reason itself, to see itself, plus the representation, and the object. The representation is the means by which a being can have any awareness of objects as objects at all."
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Descartes' Body-Mind Dualism, 2008.
A look at Rene Descartes' theory of body-mind dualism.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Rene Descartes' belief about the dualism of mind and body in which Descartes states that the mind and body can exist and function independently from each other.. The writer of the paper first looks at Descartes' four categories of explanations for his body-mind dualism arguments and then explains why he believes that, regardless of the multitude of forces brought in favor of the body - mind dualism, one cannot correctly state that body and mind can function on their own.
Outline:
Abstract
Dualism of Mind and Body
Support of Mind - Body Dualism
Personal Belief
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Rene Descartes is regarded as one of the greatest minds humanity has ever mastered. Born in France, he became specialized in several subjects, such as theology, philosophy, literature, mathematics, law or medicine. A firm sustainer of the sciences, Descartes believed that everything surrounding him could be explained as a combination of mathematics and another subject. "Descartes, who was convinced that science and mathematics could be used to explain everything in nature, was the first to describe the physical universe in terms of matter and motion, seeing the universe a as giant mathematically designed engine." "
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