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Reality Therapy and Client-Centered Therapy, 2004.
Compares and contrasts two different schools of thought on counseling.
5,400 words (approx. 21.6 pages), 15 sources, APA, $ 191.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at Reality therapy and client-centered therapy, comparing and contrasting the approach that each therapy takes to counseling. The paper discusses humanistic theories and self-actualization, as well as the theories of Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. The paper also talks about the fundamental task of all therapists.
From the Paper
"Humanistic theories and related therapies including client-centered or person-centered therapy regard people as unique, self-determined and worthy of respect and see human development as guided by a variety of human needs. Key humanistic theorists include Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, both of whom take a holistic view of human growth that attempts to account for all of the diverse aspects of human experience. Humanistic theories propose that individuals pursue self-actualization and the acquisition of unconditional positive regard..."
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Projective Testing and Client-Centered Therapy, 2004.
Questions the move in psycho-therapy of combining projective testing with client-centered therapy.
5,500 words (approx. 22.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 134.95
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Abstract
The work of Carl Rogers has contributed in substantial ways to the development of psychotherapy. There exists an extraordinarily extensive amount of writing about the value of his research, his clinical work, his methods, his style, and his profound impact on therapy. This paper poses the question, ?Could interpretation of projective testing aid the process of reflection and clarification of communication between client and therapist during client centered (Rogerian) therapy??. The paper provides a critical analysis of Rogers?s work and into ?projective testing? itself. There are many forms of projective testing and diverse opinions with reference to projective testing. This paper critiques and analyzes several of them, using existing research in order to best formulate an informed answer for the central question being posed.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Carl Rogers?s Life and the Seeds of his Interest in Psychology
Client-Centered Therapy and Listening to the Client
Professional Responses to and Critiques of Client-Centered Therapy
Process of Reflection and Clarification in Client-Centered Therapy
Projective Measures / Projective Testing: an Introduction
The History ? and Methods of ? Projective Testing
Six of the Best-Known Projective Tests
Zeroing in on Spurious Therapists and Rorschach Projective Testing
Rogerian Reflection and Projective Testing
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Sir Francis Galton is generally given credit for devising the first projective test, which the British explorer and intellectual researcher developed in 1879. His test consisted of a word-association challenge; subjects were given a set of words and asked to produce a ?first response? to each word. Following Galton?s work, Carl Jung ? a Swiss psychiatrist and renowned prot?g? of Freud ? utilized a word-association test in combination with blood pressure measuring devices to detect what he called ?complexes.? Those complexes were ?constellations of feelings and thoughts organized around an emotionally charged issue? (Lilienfeld). And Jung believed that a ?delayed or physiologically pronounced response to a word? can indicate the existence of a complex."
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Client Centered Therapy, 2005.
An examination of the strength of client centered therapy.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 8 sources, $ 115.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses client centered therapy, a concept that was developed by Carl Rogers throughout the 1940s and 50s. The paper explores how the focus of the therapy is on the client, as the therapist allows the client to discuss issues within his or her life. Through the client's own words he or she is capable of discovering answers to life issues, being supported by the therapist through questions and answer, clarification of thoughts, or restating situations. The paper further discusses how client-centered therapy is a non-directed approach in which the therapist allows the client to talk and discuss answers by themselves.
From the Paper
"Events in life can often lead the individual to doubt whether he or she has any control over the present or the future. As conditions mount at different crossroads of existence, the feeling or powerlessness begins to extend into every realm of being. This was the condition of this writer's world a few years ago after a painful divorce and the death of my father. It was at that time, therefore, that counseling seemed the only method of recovery. The initial point of attending therapy was to be capable of handling that moment in time. What was discovered, however, was that I had not lost the power to control my world; I had only briefly lost my way."
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Carl Rogers and Client-Centered Therapy, 1978.
This paper reviews psychological literature to discuss the philosophy, methods and effectiveness of humanist, non-directive therapy techniques; focus is on Carl Rogers.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 18 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to review some of the literature dealing with client-centered therapy. Client-centered counseling and therapy was a radical departure from the field of therapy. It began in December 1940 when Carl R. Rogers, its leading exponent, presented a paper on the attitude and orientation of the counselor at the University of Minnesota. The paper later became a chapter in Rogers' controversial book, Counseling and Psychotherapy (1942). Basically Rogers proposed that therapy be nondirective rather than the current practice of directive techniques.
Counseling and Psychotherapy, unlike other writings, was almost entirely theory-free and empirical in tone. Controversy ensuing from the publication of Rogers' book has not yet subsided. The development of theory and research in all areas ... "
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Rational Emotive Reality Therapy, 2007.
A look at the theory behind rational emotive reality therapy and its uses.
1,733 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 56.95
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Abstract
According to the precepts of rational emotive behavior theory, all people possess an innate desire and ability for happiness, fulfillment productivity, and safety. This paper describes the theory upon which rational emotive reality therapy is based, the roles of both the counselor and the client, the techniques employed in counseling, and the outcomes sought.
From the Paper
"Irrational beliefs are an unfortunate inheritance from those who surround us during childhood, and become part of our individual persona through repetition, but that is not the sole source of those notions that defeat us. As we mature, we both absorb incorrect and self-defeating definitions and values of our culture, society, and significant others, and develop a number all by ourselves. This is particularly true in our concepts of happiness and fulfillment. Simple desires may become desperate needs, magnified into the unattainable by belief systems gone awry. We want to enjoy a seamlessly happy life, free of trauma and loss, but that is not realistic. If the unrealistic belief develops that we cannot bear the stress of trauma and loss, we may become terribly depressed and immobilized by that depression. "
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Client Centered Theory, 2005.
A review of Carl Roger's client-centered theory.
2,396 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses Carl Roger's client-centered theory. According to the paper, the most important characteristic a therapist can hold is one of empathy. The paper further discusses how Roger's approach is based on humanist theories in which the human must be considered first and foremost as a human and not as a scientific machine.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Discussion
Examples
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This practice of treating each person as an individual means that the therapist must respond to each and every individual based on the client's needs (Pollack, 1993). This does not mean, however, that each client should be treated different. In each case of therapy, self actualization is the goal, and there are different methods and different levels necessary to achieve this (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). But there are three key factors which the therapist should use to and they are: "congruency (or genuineness), unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference" (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). Already discussed, congruency is important because a client will notice if a therapist is not genuine. Positive regard is the notion that the client shall not be judged by the therapist, as humans are positive, and thus the therapist should be unconditional in the positive regard of the client. Lastly, the therapist must try to understand the emotions of the client, and help to bring forth the reasons those emotions exist. In the end, this means according to Rogers that the client is moved "forward in a constructive direction without intervening and assuming therapeutic expertise" (Bozarth & Brodley, 1991). In other words, the therapist should reflect and maintain a positive attitude, and let the client move towards self actualization. The therapist is responsible to treat each person as an individual within these guidelines in order to help the client."
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Asthma and Client-Centered Care, 2008.
This paper discusses the relationship of the nurse and the asthmatic patient as required in client-centered care.
1,355 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, from the standpoint of the author who is an asthmatic, the very first nursing action when dealing with someone suffering from an asthma attack should involve empathy for the patient. The author points out that the nurse's goals for asthma management are the prevention or reduction of attacks, patient education, maintaining normal activity levels for the patient and improving quality of life. The paper relates that, because asthma is a chronic illness, self-care, in which the patient decides the degree and quality of participation in her care, is a very important element in asthma management. The author states that nurses tend to error by seeing the individual as a passive patient and by agreeing only to the idea of self-management if it is a matter of collaboration with the nurse. The paper stresses that the most effective form of self-management is self-agency, which often includes activities with which nurses do not agree such as adjusting drug dosage.
From the Paper
"Wilson and Kendall (2006) found from their own study that nurses felt very uncomfortable with the idea of clients as experts for their own lives. The general interpretation by nurses of this concept was that patients think they know better than the nurse. Even though nurses no longer view themselves as expert, many of them feel that patients with asthma are too influenced by the information they receive from the Internet (Wilson & Kendall, 2006). It was mentioned to me that I thought I knew it all. Many nurses are also fearful that if they agree to let the patient be expert, then they will be accountable for the patient's actions and will be liable to lawsuits."
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Nonverbal Behavior and Therapy Client Reactions, 2007.
A discussion regarding the importance of understanding the nonverbal behavior of clients in therapy.
2,185 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This research paper discusses the significant problem of clients who are reluctant to share negative feelings about their therapy experiences in modern counseling. According to the paper, the researchers had the thought that if clients will not willingly share negative feelings about their therapy experiences, then maybe there exist other communication mediums through which these negative feelings are being transmitted.
From the Paper
"Interestingly, most of the nonverbal cues that the researchers were looking for turned out to be non-important, or rather non-significant. Though there were a total of nine nonverbal communication cues that the judges were asked to evaluate for, only three of them showed any measure of significance when contrasted with the self-reported data by the volunteer clients and therapists. The only significant associations that could be found were for horizontal head movements, vertical head movements, and speech hesitations. The other nonverbal cues had no significance attached to them, once researchers compared the findings of the judges with the data from both the clients and the therapists (Hill and Stephany, 1990). This is an important finding because it help the researchers determine whether or not any of the nonverbal cues could be used by therapists to evaluate responses and look for inconsistencies. Because other research has indicated that nonverbal cues can be laden with emotion, and even be important indicators of deception, understanding the use of nonverbal cues in response to certain questions by therapists can give those therapists an important point of reference in evaluating responses."
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Existential and Person-Centered Therapy, 2007.
This paper explores the concepts and beliefs of existential and person-centered therapy.
1,198 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper examines existential therapy which believes that one lives and makes choices based on the limits of one's observations and experiences. The paper explains that the therapeutic goals of existential therapy are to see the client becoming self-reliant when it comes to making good choices. The paper also looks at person-centered therapy, where the individual is seen as a self-determining agent responsible for the authenticity of his or her choices. The paper discusses how this therapy is essentially non-directive, but uses guidance to show how to use one's own latent resources to solve problems.
From the Paper
"The Existential concept of human nature is that humans exist in a universe seen as purposeless and irrational and the individual thus has a unique opportunity to become self-determining and responsible for authenticating his or her choices. (Random, 1997) The philosopher, Yalom, who expanded on this existential theory, says that death, freedom and responsibility, isolation and meaninglessness are the root of most psychological problems and have no ultimate answers, that one may find one's own answers to these questions, and the answers are accessible without lengthy study and analysis. Rollo May, considered the father of American Existential Psychotherapy, was influenced by the theologian, Paul Tillich, and wrote about the existential experience in laymen's language in Love and Will and Freedom and Destiny. (Hoffman, 2004)"
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A Person-Centered Therapy to Weight Loss, 2006.
This paper discusses person-centered therapy and how it may be used to assist people with weight loss objectives.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
Weight issues are a concern of millions of people within the country on a daily basis. Physicians have repeatedly warned Americans that being overweight can create serious health issues such as diabetes, heart disease, and stroke. Yet, although this common information exists, obesity remains a national health concern and does not appear to be diminishing to any significant degree. This may be because many overweight individuals excessively eat in response to emotional upheaval in their lives. When pressure is applied from outside sources to loose weight, the emotional tension becomes even more severe, causing more weight to be gained and obesity to appear to be permanent in the individual's life. This paper examines person-centered therapy as an approach to assisting people with weight loss.
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Family-Centered Therapy, 2006.
A comparison between the family systems therapy approach and that of the individual therapy style.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 3 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
Distinguishing between types of therapies is beneficial for those seeking to make change within social settings with specific or unique needs. Family centered therapies are one of the many different therapy strategies that can be applied to facilitate change. However while individual therapy tends to be defined as a relationship between two individuals with the purpose of achieving therapeutic change, the family systems therapy approach takes a more integrated process towards the close social units in which the individual seeking therapy resides. This paper identifies differences between the traditional individual therapy style of therapy and the family systems therapy approach.
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Selection of Clients for Group Therapy, 2006.
A comparison of the selection of clients for group therapy as opposed to the selection of clients for individual therapy.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
Unlike therapy and psychological assessments at the individual level, an entirely new level of complications emerges when we deal with those same disciplines at the group level. For the practicing psychologist at the individual level, one needs only to agree to meet with the client and then proceed to do so according to the individual needs and capacity of the client. However, when one considers the group environment, wherein the psychologist collectively works with several patients who are also encouraged to work with one another, client selection in particular can be made all the more difficult. This paper compares the differences for the practicing psychologist in client selection at the individual level vs. the group level. The paper points out that all the the process is more complicated at the group level, there are also benefits to be had in the group session such as more voices and more interaction, which can be especially helpful in socialization cases or for mood improvement.
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Client Resistance during Therapy, 2005.
Review of an article about how counselors should view client resistance.
830 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, summarizes, and reviews Jeff Rothstein's journal article, "Is Handling Client Resistance A Pas De Deux?". The paper discusses Rothstein's approach to how counselors, therapist,s and even teachers should handle an individual's resistance during the helping skills process and asserts that Rothstein's approach would be useful in a classroom and a social worker?s office, as well as a psychoanalyst?s couch.
From the Paper
"How should resistance be viewed, upon the part of the individual counselor or a teacher during the helping skill process? First and foremost, according to Jeff Rothstein, LCSW, the act of resistance should not be resisted on the part of the counselor. He states that ?to me, resistance is a sign you are getting somewhere,? that is you, the counselor, teacher or therapist. This means that resistance upon the part of all helping individuals ?should be responded to as a speed bump rather than a stop sign. To shut down or resist? the queries of the therapist or counselor ?may be an adaptive attempt by the client to maintain a sense of control over their circumstances,? a sense of control that ultimately is merely a reinforcement of ineffectual life strategies that they are actively seeking help from the counselor to alleviate. (Rothstein, 2000)"
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Gestalt Therapy and Behavior Therapy, 2006.
An analysis of Gestalt therapy and behavior therapy.
1,280 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and analyzes Gestalt and behavior therapy. According to the paper, Gestalt therapy is a psychological system that stresses integration of body and mind factors by developing self-awareness and personal responsibility. The paper goes on to discuss behavior therapy, stating that there are several approaches to cognitive-behavioral therapy, including rational emotive behavior therapy, rational behavior therapy, rational living therapy, cognitive therapy and dialectic behavior therapy.
From the Paper
"Therefore, the therapeutic process encourages the client to interact with the environment, as a group, as an individual, and on many different levels, with different techniques, from using battacca bats to whack furniture, to imaging and interacting with the image in their mind by conversing with it out loud. The techniques used in therapy vary as widely as the therapists and clients, from principles based on Holism, Field theory, figure formation, organismic, the concept of the Now and "unfinished business." The therapist dialogues with warmth and caring, yet remains "invisible," as the client is encouraged to interact with the field (environment). The client must think of him- or herself as an abstract area in a limitless "field," thus, therapy is "unpredictable," or follows moment to moment dictum. (Doermann, 2002)"
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Family Therapy & Art Therapy, 1987.
Describes & compares approaches & suggests possible integration. Discusses founders, concepts, techniques and results.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
" Family therapist, Walter Kempler, worked for a brief time with pioneering Gestalt therapist Fritz Perls who greatly influenced the development of Kempler's concepts of dealing with whole families in therapeutic situations. Although the two agreed on many principles, Kempler finally parted professional company with Perls on the issue of the therapist's involvement in the sessions. Perls thought that the therapist should be outside the immediate encounter, and Kempler believed that the therapist should not hide behind any device whatsoever (Kempler, 1973, p. 13).
Kempler, Perls, and others important in the field of family work--Virginia Satir and Murray Bowen--held that the family constellation is the most valuable and appropriate unit for(...)"
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