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Reagan's Policy in Iran-Iraq War, 1996.
Analyzes U.S. tilt toward Iraq in 1980-1988. Background, overall Middle East policy, secret talks, aid, arms for hostages deal with Iran, aftermath.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"This research paper summarizes and evaluates the policies pursued by the Reagan Administration during the war between Iran and Iraq (1980-1988). The basic policy of the United States during that period was to maintain a balance of power in the Middle East which after 1982 resulted in a decided tilt of the United States to support of Iraq. That policy served American interests well during the war, except for one glaring inconsistency, the administration's abortive attempts to arrange arms for hostages deals with Iran which backfired and led to the Irangate controversy. The continuation of an accommodating policy toward Iraq after the end of the war is more controversial and led to the Gulf War, but President George Bush not President Ronald Reagan, must bear responsibility for not adapting policy..."
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U.S. Policy Toward Iran & Iraq, 1989-1997, 1999.
A analysis and comparison of the Bush and Clinton policies including background (Iran-Iraq War, conflict with Israel), objectives, effectiveness, economic, political, military & diplomatic aspects, Persian Gulf War, oil, human rights and terrorism.
6,075 words (approx. 24.3 pages), 25 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"United States Foreign Policy Toward Iran & Iraq, 1989-1997
Introduction
United States foreign policy toward Iran and Iraq during the 1989-1997 period is described, analyzed, and assessed in this research. The period of investigation, 1989-1997, corresponds to the tenures of the Bush Administration and the Clinton Administration (through the time this research was performed in April 1997). Thus, the primary objective of this research was to compare, contrast, and evaluate the foreign policies of the Bush and Clinton administrations toward Iran and Iraq.
The thesis of this research is that the foreign policies of the Bush Administration toward Iran and Iraq were more effective in protecting the interests of the United States than the..."
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U.S. Policy Toward Iran and Iran, 1999.
Examines the evolution from the 1960s-90s. Discusses leadership, Cold War and the Balance of Power ideologies, the Iran-Iraq War, terrorism, the Persian Gulf War, dual containment and economic issues.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 26 sources, $ 135.95
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Abstract
This research discusses the evolution of American foreign policy toward Iraq and Iran in recent decades. In the 1970s, the United States relied chiefly on Iran, which it supported with economic and military aid to maintain its interests in the region.
From the Paper
"AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY TOWARD IRAQ AND IRAN
Introduction
This research discusses the evolution of American foreign policy toward Iraq and Iran in recent decades. In the 1970s, the United States relied chiefly on Iran, which it supported with economic and military aid to maintain its interests in the region. After the Khomeini Revolution of 1979 and during the Iran-Iraq War of 1980-1988, it played Iraq and Iran against each other but, as time went by, shifted most of its support to Iraq. During the Persian Gulf War, the United States marshalled a powerful coalition war effort against the Iraqis but stopped short of marching on Baghdad and toppling Saddam Hussein for fear of shifting the power balance in the central Middle East to Iran. Since 1993, the Clinton administration has pursued a policy of ..."
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Reagan's Foreign Policy, and the Soviet Union, 2004.
Analyses the Reagan foreign policy, and how it consistently confronted the Soviet Union in ways that forced it to spend huge amounts of money on defense. Makes the argument that this is the main reason that the Soviet Union collapsed.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper highlights the portions of Ronald Reagan's foreign policy that confronted the Soviet Union in ways that forced the United States to spend large amounts of money. The foreign policy issues that are examined include Afghanistan, The Iran-Contra Affair, Reagan's support of Eastern-European Dissidents and Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, (also known as "Star Wars"). Afghanistan is heavily analyzed, with a breakdown of significant historical points, such as the introduction of the US-made Stinger missile, which stripped the USSR of air superiority. The Iran-Contra affair is included as a way to demonstrate Reagan's willingness to confront communism everywhere. This was a marked policy shift from Jimmy Carter and caught the USSR off guard. The Strategic Defense Initiative is analyzed and is linked to an increased amount of money being spent by the USSR on research and development. The support of dissidents by Reagan is looked at as well, with the conclusion that with relatively little amounts of effort, Reagan's foreign policy fomented large amounts of political opposition to the Soviet Union in Eastern European satellite countries. This caused the Soviet Union to spend money combating this problem as well, with their spy apparatus. Definitive numbers are given that explain just how much the Soviet Union spending increased while Reagan was in office.
From the Paper
"In the 1980's, a swirling of events converged to form a perfect storm that met the conditions for bringing down what Ronald Reagan termed the "evil empire." The first incident was that Old School communists in the Politburo sought to make an impression in Central Asia, but found stalwart resistance in The Gipper. Second, Reagan's abrupt shift from Carter's lax foreign policy took the Soviets by surprise, with the new administration's desire to challenge communism on every front possible; out of this desire came the ill-fated support of the contras, along with the hugely successful backing of Eastern European dissidents, namely the Solidarity movement in Eastern Europe. The third event in Reagan's foreign policy shift that took the world by surprise was the administration's renunciation of the doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction; Reagan took the steps of beginning a Ballistic Missile Defense program, which he coined the Strategic Defense Initiative. The Soviets, with few options of recourse, were forced to make concessions that led to the implosion of the "evil empire" shortly afterward. Thus, by applying a policy of confrontation of spreading Communism, bleeding the Soviets in Afghanistan by supporting the mujahideen, and abruptly announcing a paradigm shift in American foreign policy with the Strategic Defense Initiative, Ronald Reagan certainly hastened, if not caused the downfall of the USSR."
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U.S. Foreign Policy on Iran, 2002.
An overview of the background of U.S.-Iranian relations and the rationale of U.S. interests in Iran.
4,025 words (approx. 16.1 pages), 13 sources, $ 147.95
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Abstract
This paper will take a critical look at U.S. Foreign Policy towards Iran to make sense of the situation. First, brief background of US-Iranian relations will be provided, followed by an outlining of the rationale of US interest in Iran. The primary thrust of the paper will look at US policy towards Iran in the post Gulf War era. Specifically, the fundamental question that will be addressed is, how has the Clinton administration viewed Iran, and has the US's 'containment' stance towards Iran been an example of sound foreign policy?
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Reagan Housing Policy, 1990.
This paper evaluates federal housing policy during the Reagan Administration's, with an emphasis on funding for low-income housing: Reduction of the federal role and funding, struggle with Congress, incentives, homeless issues, free-market concept and
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 12 sources, $ 111.95
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From the Paper
"This research evaluates federal housing policy during the Reagan Administration's tenure in office, with an emphasis on funding for low-income housing. To a great extent, housing policy during this period was the policy of the Reagan Administration, as opposed to a policy reached through bargaining and compromise between the Administration and the Congress.
Upon entering office, President Reagan proposed a fundamental shift in federal housing policy, the ultimate intent of which was to eliminate a federal role in the supply of housing. As a consequence, he refused to approve any legislation which created new federal housing programs, or increased funding for existing federal housing programs. "
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Soviet Foreign Policy in Iran 1945-1979, 2005.
A paper on the political and economic developments between Iran and the Soviet Union.
5,075 words (approx. 20.3 pages), 13 sources, MLA, $ 127.95
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Abstract
This study examines earlier Soviet Union foreign policy towards Iran. The paper looks at how Soviet foreign policy grew and, at times, declined through economic cooperation with Iran from 1945-1979. Particular emphasis is shifted away from Cold War stances and upon nation to nation growth. An outline of the study is appended to the paper.
From the Paper
"James Harlon Williams characterizes Soviet foreign policy in the Persian Gulf region as a "product of historical experience." Historically, it followed a pattern or strategy of "expansion, consolidation, and preservation." As Imperial Russia expanded its borders during the course of the Great Game in Asia, it emerged as the most powerful Continental power in Central Asia. Quickly thereafter, Russia moved to consolidate and preserve that power through political shoving matches with Great Britain. While the Russians significantly pushed their borders southwards towards Iran, the British countered Russian influence in order to protect British India. The idea of Iran as a "buffer" state acted as the way the British used Iran to prevent Russian penetration towards the Persian Gulf. Since the British resisted a stronger Russian presence in the Gulf, Russia employed a series of proxy conflicts while averting war with Britain. Playing a game of power politics dominated Russian and British diplomacy. From the mid-19th to the early 20th centuries both sides asserted their political dominance in Iran. Their goal was to dominate the enemy as much as possible yet averting war at all costs. Engaging in a head to head war would not be beneficial to either Russia or Great Britain from an economic and military perspective. In doing so, the tsar abandoned hopes of obtaining a warm water port in the Gulf."
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The Politics of Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey, 2001.
Describes the politics and governments of five middle eastern countries.
3,990 words (approx. 16.0 pages), 3 sources, $ 108.95
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Abstract
The paper covers the politics and governments of Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey. Each section briefly describes the government structures of these countries. Then each section talks about Islamic influence in their political system, relations with the United States and the Soviet Union, and the effects of the politics of oil production. In the conclusions the paper compares these three factors for each country to each other. It explores these important factors in the political structure and the effects on Middle Eastern politics and foreign policy.
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The Iran-Iraq War 1980-1988, 2003.
Examines causes of conflict between the two countries.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 111.95
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Abstract
Discusses alternatives faced by each of the rival powers in the 1980 boundary crisis that led to war, Iraq's decision to resort to military force, the historical roots of Iran-Iraq conflicts, and the scope and nature of war.
From the Paper
"The Iran-Iraq War of 1980-88 was the longest conventional war between sovereign states in the 20th century. As a war it was grimly retrograde, consisting for the most part of static, positional infantry warfare, not unlike the Western Front..."
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The Iran-Iraq War, 2001.
This paper shows how the Rational Choice Theory, especially the element of maximizing utility, best explains why Iraq decided to resort to war and invade Iran in 1981.
2,010 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"A territorial dispute concerning the Shatt-el-Arab waterway was a key issue foreshadowing a crisis between Iraq and Iran. The river was vital to economic prosperity to whoever controlled it, which was Iran at the time of the crisis. It is located at the northernmost area of the Persian Gulf, thus providing strategic access to oil rights and maritime activity (Tahir-Kheli and Ayubi 12). Disputes over the waterway even date back to the early 17th century. Briefly, however, Iraq wanted the entire river, while Iran demanded half of it ( Tahir-Kheli and Ayubi 20). The Algiers Treaty, made at the end of an OPEC summit conference on March 6, 1975, finally granted Iran?s demand. Although in theory the treaty was an approach to a peaceful resolution between the two countries, it increased tensions even more. Saddam Hussein perceived the treaty to be humiliating for Iraq and was, therefore, determined to revise it. However, as long as Iran was capable of preponderant political and military forces, Iraq would have to adhere to the treaty."
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Iran-Iraq War, 1995.
Examines the causes, course and effects of the 1980-1988 war. Discusses historical roots, leadership, religion, military strategy, weapons, global factors and the outcome.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, $ 71.95
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From the Paper
"IRAN.IRAQ WAR
This research paper discusses and analyzes the causes, course and consequences of the war between Iran and Iraq. That war began in September, 1980 and ended with a de facto cease fire in August, 1988. In military terms, the war resulted in a stalemate. Neither Iran nor Iraq achieved their stated war aims. Nevertheless, this war was noteworthy in a number of respects. Its origins were deeply imbedded in very old religious and territorial conflicts between the various regimes which at different times controlled the areas which comprise modern Iran and Iraq. Since the war ended inconclusively, a return engagement may well occur in the future.
The war was the longest and was among the most savage conventional wars of this century. There were also a number of ..."
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Iran's Foreign Policy, 2007.
An analysis of Iran's foreign policy with regard to its regional support and relations with the United States.
1,527 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an overview of Iran's foreign policy since the fall of the Shah and the Iranian Revolution in 1979. It particularly focuses on its regional influence and its support for terrorist organizations such as Hezbollah, Islamic Jihad and Hamas. The paper then discusses Iran's relations with the United States, particularly following September 11.
Table of Contents:
After the Revolution
Who Makes Iran's Foreign Policy?
The Changing Directions of Iran's Foreign Policy
The US-Iran Relations in the Post 9/11 Scenario
Iran's Support for Terrorist Organizations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The moderate former President Khatami tried to improve Iran's relations with the US as Iran even encouraged its allies in Afghanistan to co-operate with the Americans the Taliban regime after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The relations again turned sour as President Bush declared Iran as part of the "axis of evil." For a short while after the US invasion of Iraq in March 2003, the Iranian regime seemed to be intimidated at the prospect of a similar pre-emptive operation by the US against Iran (Schwartz). The fear was reflected in its sudden start of negotiations with the EU on ending Iran's nuclear program. The window of opportunity was, however, lost when the US insisted on a regime change and the determined insurgency in Iraq took root. The marked difference in behavior of the US against states that had nuclear capability (e.g., North Korea) and those which did not, also convinced the Iranians about the advantage of acquiring a nuclear deterrence; hence the current stand-off on the Iranian nuclear program between Iran and US."
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U.S.-Iraq Foreign Policy, 2003.
An examination of the international relationship between the U.S. and Iraq over the past two decades.
2,802 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the United States foreign policy toward the Middle East has been greatly tested, challenged and even questioned. From the Iran-contra scandal that plagued the Reagan administration even down to the current foreign policy concerning anti-terrorism, it looks at how the nation has been forced to constantly evaluate how much its foreign policy measures up to its ideals of freedom and liberty. It analyzes the relationship with Iraq and how the United States is justified in its current ideologies as it concerns Iraq. It evaluates how its application of that policy not only contradicts the United Nations'(UN) policy, but it also defeats itself, for its application deviates far from its theoretical principles.
Outline
Iraqi History and Foreign Policy
Historical View of U.S. Foreign Policy
Current U.S. Foreign Policy and Its Problems
From the Paper
"The United States also claims that the Iraqi government is still manufacturing and mass-producing weapons of mass destruction; and therefore, it is the United States? duty to stop Iraq from producing such weapons. The problem with this argument is that the conflict regarding Iraq?s alleged production of mass destruction has always been a conflict between the Iraqi government and the United Nations, not between Iraq and the United States. Additionally, before the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) was withdrawn from Iraq, it documented the destruction of 38,000 chemical weapons, 480,000 liters of live chemical weapons agents, forty-eight missiles, six missile launchers, thirty missile warheads, and hundreds of materials that were equipped with the ability to produce chemical weapons (Zunes 2). While early UNSCOM inspections revealed evidence of Iraq producing large amounts of biological agents (to include anthrax), it quickly set up highly technological devices to detect chemical and biological weapons, even after they were dismantled after the December 1998 bombing raids from the Clinton administration. And even if the Iraqi government were to be bold enough to continue to engage in mass production of biological and/or chemical weapons, these weapons would almost certainly be detected by the satellite system put in place by UNSCOM and later destroyed in tactical air strikes."
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U.S.-Iraq Foreign Policy, 2003.
Examines whether war is the correct solution to the problems in Iraq.
2,852 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of Iraq's and the US's foreign policies, and the contradictions of the U.S. policy between theory and practice. It discusses how the foreign policy has changed with different government administrations and how the misunderstanding of U.S. foreign policy has often been the cause for conflict between the two countries. The paper focuses on current foreign policy and the need to solve the present crisis.
From the Paper
"Former Secretary of State Madeline K. Albright once said, "The ultimate trust of our foreign policy is how well our actions measure up to our ideals?.Freedom is America?s purpose"(Wittkopf 25). In the past two decades, the United States foreign policy toward the Middle East has been greatly tested, challenged, and even questioned. From the Iran-contra scandal that plagued the Reagan administration even down to the current foreign policy concerning anti-terrorism, this nation has been forced to constantly evaluate how much its foreign policy measures up to its ideals of freedom and liberty. Although the United States has had to constantly evaluate its foreign policy, many Middle Eastern countries?in particular, the nation of Iraq?have not had that responsibility, or at least have not embraced such a task. Given the delicate nature of Iraq?s foreign policy, the United States is justified in its current ideologies as it concerns Iraq; however, its application of that policy not only contradicts the United Nations'(UN) policy, but it also (and even more importantly) defeats itself, for its application deviates far from its theoretical principles."
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American Policy in Iraq, 1993.
An examination of the origins of problem, Saddam Hussein, regional factors, U.S. objectives and recommendations for negotiations.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"American Policy to Neutralize Iraq
This research examines policies that the United States might adopt to neutralize Iraq as a threat to the stability of the Middle East region. The findings of this research are presented in separate discussions of (1) the nature and origin of the problem, and (2) American objectives in the Middle East region, together with possible American policies to neutralize Iraq as a threat to the stability of the region.
The Nature and Origin of the Problem
The origins of the Iraqi threat to the stability of the Middle East region greatly predates the appearance of Saddam Hussein as Iraqi leader or the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. With the fall of the Ottoman Empire during the First World War, European nations gained political control of the countries of the Middle East..."
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