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"The Rape of Nanking", 2005.
This paper reviews the book "The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II " by Iris Chang, a condemnation of what happened in 1937, when Japan had invaded China and committed atrocity after atrocity.
2,070 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that "The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II " by Iris Chang describes events that happened four years before Pearl Harbor, when the Japanese forces destroyed everything in their way in their march to conquer the important areas of China, not so much for a military victory but to crush the state of mind of a people opposed to everything Japanese; the world has never condemned the Japanese nor has Japan apologized. The author points out that the book lacks objectivity and presents a one-dimensional view of both the Japanese "criminals" and the Chinese women victims. The paper relates that, from a historian's point of view, Chang does not delve into the Chinese government's role in allowing this massacre and other Japanese atrocities to happen.
From the Paper
"If there is one section of the book where the author spends an inordinate amount of space it is with the lack of responsiveness of the Japanese government to answer charges about the war crimes committed in Nanking. One can see from recent headlines that the Japanese seem loath to do anything about the atrocities committed during the War, including the "comfort women" important from the Philippines and Korea, and other atrocities for which the Japanese government expressed regret, but offered no reparation. She goes into great length about the silence of the soldiers themselves, the rise of many of these war criminals into public life and the private sector and the lack of reparations to the Chinese victims of this Rape of Nanking and other atrocities on the Chinese mainland. Unlike the Germans, for example, who continued to root out suspected Nazis who had taken government and industrial jobs, the Japanese smugly left them alone- as if to say "let bygones be bygones"."
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'The Rape of Nanking', 2007.
This paper analyzes the book 'The Rape of Nanking' by Iris Chang.
858 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The writer of this article explains that Iris Chang, in her book 'The Rape of Nanking', tells the terrible story of an assault on the Chinese city of Nanking by the Japanese Army in 1937. The writer notes that Chang trained and has worked as a journalist rather than a historian. The writer then points out that Chang's analysis shows how close the two professions can be when writing about events many people living today can remember, with the ability of the journalist to uncover information and elicit stories from witnesses, while the historian finds trends and helps understand the forces causing events at different times. The writer explains that the war between Japan and China at that time was especially bitter and violent, and what happened at Nanking is taken by the author as evidence of how the militaristic culture of Japan at that time created an army with little regard for human life.
From the Paper
"Chang tells the story in chronological order, beginning with the period before the attack to show the tensions between Japan and China in the 1920s, the way the Japanese military developed in the years leading to the war, the political actions on both sides that contributed to the conflict, the impact of other nations with some stake in the conflict, and so on. Chang pays particular attention to the way the formerly isolationist Japan begins to connect with the outside world and then sought to interfere in the domestic situation in other Asian countries, notably in China. Part of this process was the new militarism within Japan, a militarism that was much more than defensive and that came to have an aura of imperialism at its core. The political situation and the military power of Japan worked together to drive the Japanese toward a confrontation with China, and the fall of Nanking and the events that accompanied that fall would become fodder for much of what happened in World War II as far as Chinese involvement was concerned, as well as the role of the Soviet Union against Japan. In addition, the outcome would contribute to the creation of a Communist China and the alliance of China with the Soviet Union for some time to come."
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Rape Of Nanking, 2004.
A book review of Iris Chang's "The Rape of Nanking".
904 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews Iris Chang's "The Rape of Nanking" which explores the 1937 Japanese invasion of China. It discusses the militaristic culture of Japan. The author also explores Japanese war crimes and the reasons why they were not brought to wide public attention. It concludes with lessons to be learned from Nanking.
From the Paper
"The Sino-Japanese War atrocities employed by the Japanese army when it invaded Nanking in December is the main subject of Iris Chang's "The Rape of Nanking" that she subtitles "The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II". Chang is as concerned with why the ensuing brutal massacre was forgotten or at least kept relatively secret as with exposing what happened in the Chinese capital. The influence of post World War II Cold War politics on this horrific episode as well as the militaristic culture of Japan is explored by ..."
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"The Rape of Nanking", 2006.
A book report on this text by Iris Chang on the Japanese invasion of Chinese Nanking.
1,572 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a book report on Iris Chang's "The Rape of Nanking" which relates the grisly and macabre Japanese invasion on the ancient Chinese capital in December, 1937 and January, 1938. The paper examines how Chang brings home the senseless and cruel way in which the invasion was carried out.
From the Paper
"By the spring of 1938, Nanking shops were reopened, electricity, water and telephone service were back on and there was even a brand new Japanese-run bus service. So on the surface, at least, Nanking was big and bustling again. But it was a thin veneer, indeed. Underneath it all, taxes were levied at extortionate rates to finance the new bureaucracy of Japanese officials. And opium, once smoked quietly in back rooms by a relative handful of local aristocrats and wealthy merchants, now became a street drug in which one could brazenly light up in public or patronize opium dens without fear of reprisal. The Japanese openly encouraged the addiction by frequently offering opium in place of cash for Chinese laborers."
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The Nanking Massacre, 2002.
A paper discussing the views of the Japanese society on Japanese actions during World War II.
815 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
The following paper examines Japanese actions during World War II, focusing specifically on the Nanking Massacre, an attempt to dominate China quickly by demoralizing and destroying the population of China?s capitol. The writer discusses the economic and political goals of this action and he also examines how not all of Japanese society has been comfortable with acknowledging this part of their history.
From the Paper
"After World War II, Japan?s economic needs still required raw materials only available from other countries, and they continued to look to China as the source. This economic reality was complicated by the post World War II politics regarding China, which was now split into two countries: the Republic of China, now in exile on the island of Taiwan, and the Communist People?s Republic of China on the mainland. While Japan needed good relations with The People?s Republic of China because of the need to trade with them, the post World War II sentiment among most of the dominant powers was that the Communist government was not legitimate, should not be recognized, and should not be encouraged in any way."
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Nanking Massacre, 2002.
A look at the Sino-Japanese conflict.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed outline and presentation of the events that occurred during the Nanking Massacre. The event is sometimes referred to as the "other Holocaust". That term is explained and the author takes the reader on a journey through the Sino-Japanese conflict as well.
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The Re-definition of Rape, 2006.
A look at how the feminist movement has re-defined the definition of rape and the effect that rape has on a victim.
1,860 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how historically, the concept of rape has severed to protect a man's right to exclusive sexual access to his woman, while the feminist re-definition of rape empowers women to assert control over their own bodies. This paper also reviews various reactions to this re-definition of rape and discusses the effects that rape has on a victim.
From the Paper
"Criminology indicated that date rape was an under-reported crime (Date pp). Vanstone highlighted the fact that sex through physical violence is clearly viewed as rape, date rape, on the other hand, may not involve physical violence (Date pp). There are other forms other forms of coercion to obtain sex that is also considered rape, such as "fear of violence, detention, intoxication with alcohol or a drug, and deception can all be factors relevant to whether the woman has consented (Date pp). Vanstone said that date rape has been an offence for a very long time, yet only recently has been acknowledged as a serious social problem (Date pp). According to a 1996 survey, almost 90 percent of rape victims know the perpetrator, and of these victims, some 25 percent were the current partner, boyfriend or date of the victim in the twelve months prior to the survey, and if previous partners are added in, the percentage is as high as 37 percent (Date pp). However, date rape is rarely reported to law enforcement authorities, and most surveys indicate that the number of sexual assaults reported to the police are only the tip of the iceberg (Date pp). "
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Rape Statistics, 2002.
An examination of statistics surrounding the crime of rape - unreported rape, likelihood of being a victim etc.
1,510 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 0 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper is a study of the calculation of statistics about rape. The data that the writer chose for this assignment involves the number of injuries resultant from violent crime in the United States. Specifically, the writer looks at how the likelihood of being the victim of a violent crime in the United States is related to gender and race of the victim. Included in the paper are worked calculations and tables.
From the Paper
"In order to make such a study possible, the researchers have to look at a large collection of data, sometimes incomplete that will vary from doctor to doctor. One of the first problems that arise is the underreporting of rape in the United States. It is widely believed in the United States that only 1 out of three rapes are reported to authorities. The second problem is that different doctors will characterize the injuries differently among No injury, severe injury, and minor injury. For example, a bruise for one doctor may be a minor injury, but for another doctor, no injury. The measurement scale is an interval, severe, some (minor) injury, or no injury. Attached is a copy of the data from the Bureau of Justice statistics.'
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"Rape Fantasies", 2006.
This article discusses Margaret Atwood's short story "Rape Fantasies".
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This article studies the book "Rape Fantasies" and the writer asks the question "Who is the victim when a woman is raped?" The writer maintains that the women of Margaret Atwood's short story "Rape Fantasies" suggest that women often cannot identify who is a victim and who is not a victim when they are raped. The story is told as a monologue in the first person voice of a woman named Estelle. It chronicles a group of women indulging in spoken fantasies about rape, specifically being raped by men. At first, the women's joking tones suggest that they are not really talking about being raped at all, but enjoying their sexuality. The women desire sex with strangers but use the word 'rape' as a way of discussing their unspoken and unacknowledged sexual desires in a culture that does not permit women to openly acknowledge their sexuality in a positive fashion. But at the end of the story, as Estelle is revealed to be speaking her monologue to a man she has met in a bar, Atwood suggests that ultimately, even when women are joking about rape, rape is still a very serious act against women in terms of female victimization.
From the Paper
"In defiance of the warnings cited by the narrator from popular women's magazines, Chrissy says she fears men. But Chrissy is still a victim, because she cannot enjoy sex other than in terms of being forced to enjoy sex. In her daily life Chrissy dresses to attract men and to win male approval. In Chrissy's private life she uses the idea of forced sexuality as a way of enjoying male attentions without the pressures of the consenting to sex. Thus, Chrissy is still a victim of rape ideology.
Estelle, the office worker responds to Chrissy's comments by noting how popular the topic of rape has become in women's magazines, citing titles like "Rape: Ten Things To Do About It" is less open in her attitude. At first, Estelle pokes fun at the magazine's obsession, noting that the carefulness urged by the magazine on the part of women makes it seem like avoiding sexual assault is a step-by-step process ''like it was ten new hairdos or something," not a serious criminal and personal issue. The story evolves from Estelle's point of view. But there are hints that Estelle initially finds the conversation of her female colleagues uncomfortable, as is evidenced by her focus on the beginning pursuit of the women, a bridge game and by concentrating on her bidding."
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Rape Myths, 2008.
This paper argues the negative influences of rape myths on crime policy and society.
3,010 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that people who report the crime of rape to the authorities are attacked very often because of rape myths. The author points out that rape myths permeate society with their age old rhetoric and transform large scale false beliefs. The paper stresses that rape myths give perpetrators the ability to justify their actions and, at the same time, they discredit the real victims who wish to seek justice. The author underscores that there are numerous rape myths, but the most common ones, which the author examines in detail, are 'you can't rape the willing', 'men are at danger of being falsely accused of rape', 'some categories of forced sex are not really rape' and, the most famous one of all, 'no can mean yes'.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Impossible to Rape an Unwilling Woman
Women Secretly Want to be Raped
Women Cry Rape
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Metaphorically speaking, the penis was deemed a weapon and the vagina as a submissive holder for it. The saying implicates that by merely 'vibrating', this holder could fend off the attack. In the words of Michael Ryan, one of the most prominent jurists in the 1830s, it was 'almost impossible' to rape a resisting woman. Children who had claimed that they were raped had to do so very carefully, many at the time considered the rape of a child impossible! John Leeson, who was a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, was one of the professionals who had claimed this."
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The Social Learning Account of Rape, 2006.
A critical explanation into the causation of rape, focusing on the social learning theory of rape.
2,430 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 20 sources, MLA, $ 74.95
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Abstract
Rape has a number of definitions and traditionally rape is defined as the forced, non consensual, penetrative vaginal sex. This paper aims to discuss the causation behind this cruel and obscene violation to a person's self, using the most popular theory of rape; the social learning theory. It begins with a generalisation of the theory with reference to Bandura, of which the theory is based upon followed by an explanation of how this theory relates to and provides a cause for the unlawful act.
The main theme throughout is pornography and how this may or may not have a direct effect upon people, particularly men who rape. It also discusses the impact of culture, society, aggression theories and feminism.
From the Paper
"The social learning theory is a general theory of human behaviour, a variant of Behaviourism which looks at the way in which certain behaviour is acquired. Social learning theory, however, pays greater attention to the concept of human development and moreover recognises substantially the role of social reinforcements in explaining how these behaviours are learned. The basic proposition is that the same learning process in a context of social structure, situation and interaction, generates both conforming and deviant behaviour."
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The Effects of Rape on Subsequent Relationships, 2001.
A research paper on the effect of rape on later relationships, determining if women who are raped have a difficult time becoming emotionally or romantically close to a man.
2,275 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 70.95
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This paper examines the effect rape has on victims' subsequent intimate relationships. By interviewing women and providing in-depth research this paper show how women who have been raped a single time by a man who she does not know are more likely to have problems with their post-rape relationships. The paper details reasons for this difficulty in forming relationships and discusses possible treatments.
From the Paper
"In a society where rape is a common occurrence, Kilpatrick, Edmonds, & Seymour (1992) found that 1 in 8 adult women in a given community have been raped, it is important to understand the long-term effects on the victim (as cited in Layman, Gidycz, & Lynn 1996). More specifically, the purpose of this study is to discover the long-term effects of rape on subsequent intimate (emotional and sexual involved) relationships on women who have been raped a single time. It is hypothesized that women who are raped a single time and do not receive social and psychological support will be more likely than women who have not been raped to have difficulties with subsequent intimate relationships with men. Women are the focus of this study because they are commonly thought of as being raped more often than and are more likely to report rape than men."
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Childhood Rape, 2004.
Explores the long-term effects of rape using the book, "Prince of Tides", for reference.
1,489 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper examines the topic of childhood rape through the storyline of the book, "Prince of Tides", and explores research into long-term effects of rape, focusing on childhood rape. How childhood rape affects a person as an adult is the central theme of this paper.
From the Paper
"For many years troubled adults were ignored or punished for their mental state. Adults who had been raped as children were expected to just ?get over it? or ?move past it?. Society did not connect the fact that the adult had been raped as a child with the problems occurring in adulthood. These adults would display instability in many ways when it came to conducting their lives. In recent history therapists have begun to understand the very real long lasting effect that childhood rape has on the lives of the adult victims. In the story Prince of Tides by Pat Connery the issue of rape effects are explored and explained in the plot. While the book itself is fiction it is a truthful and honest account of the negative impact childhood rape has on the victim when the victim enters and lives in adulthood."
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Rape Shield Laws, 2002.
Discusses rape shield laws - where a victim's personal sexual history may not be used against her in a trial - and their effectiveness.
2,945 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes and examines the multitude of issues concerning rape shield laws. Part II discusses why rape shield laws were and are necessary. In Part III, New Jersey?s rape shield law is outlined. Part IV reviews noteworthy cases involving rape shield laws. In Part V, the pros and cons of rape shield laws are examined. Lastly, this paper concludes with recommendations concerning how and why rape shield laws should be modified.
From the Paper
"Few crimes have long-term (or lifelong) impacts upon victims. Some crimes, like child abuse, domestic violence, molestation, murder, and rape, exact long-term (and often lifelong) pain upon victims. What makes rape particularly traumatizing to victims is that rape inflicts both physical violence upon victims as well as emotional trauma. Rape victims are instantaneously stripped of control, dignity, personal safety, self-esteem, etc."
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The Causes of Rape, 2002.
A comparison of two theories of behavior which lead to rape as set forth by experts in the psychology field.
3,462 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that there are a number of different views of the meaning of rape, its causes and other issues of importance. Different theorists and analysts have offered their view of the meaning of this act, the reason why this type of violence seems necessary to some people, the effect of rape on the victim, and the view taken of these matters by society. The paper explains that criminologists take different views of the causes of rape based on different theories of behavior. It examines two such theories - The 'Social Learning Theory' as set forth by a number of theorists, among them Ronald Akers and 'Radical Feminist Theory', which combines a feminist perspective on society with ideas about what causes human behavior. In terms of rape, this means male behavior. The paper shows that in some ways, both theories address rape from a perspective involving learned behavior and would try to solve the problem by substituting a different learning structure. It explains that where Akers and the Radical Feminists differ is in their definitions of rape and so in terms of the behavior they are explaining.
From the Paper
"Akers (1998) states that his General Theory "is applicable to all types of criminal and deviant behavior, from minor violations of social norms to the most serious and organized criminal activities" (Akers, 1998, xx). He offers a chapter on rape and sexual aggression in which he calls such crimes "sexual access," and describes the crime in terms of non-consensual sexual intercourse. This brings him into conflict with some feminists on the subject, such as Rozee (1994), who states that "limiting definitions of rape to only non-consensual sexual intercourse ignores some of the most violent and obviously non-sex-related cases of rape that occur, such as penetration with objects" (Rozee, 1994, 500). It would also exclude male victims, victims who are underage, wives, and the non-forcible rape of an incapacitated victim, which Rozee would not exclude."
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