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Radiation Safety, 2004.
This paper discusses the uses of radiation and safety measures that can be taken to protect from overexposure.
3,080 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that it is next to impossible to avoid sources of natural radiation in our everyday life, but precautions can be taken to maintain distance from local sources of radiation and to use distance, time, and radiation-shielding as protection. The author points out that radiation is not responsible for the assumed mechanism of carcinogenesis caused by the exposure to magnetic fields. The paper relates that the nuclear industry and many other sources of radioactivity are used in an enormous range of industrial processes, such as industrial radiography, thickness gauges, smoke alarms, and medical diagnosis and treatment.
Table of Contents
Types and Sources of Ionising Radiation
The Effect of Radiation on the Body
Detecting Radiation
Regulating Body Standards and the Workplace
Ionizing Radiation
Contamination
Stochastic Effects
Deterministic Effects
Monitoring Radiation Exposure
Radiation Accidents
Types of Radiation Accident
The Food Industry Uses Radiation
From the Paper
"Ionising radiation does not accumulate in our body, but science proves that the radiation effects are evident from exposure to large amounts of radiation, as in sunburns from too much exposure to strong sunlight. Radiation carries energy that has a damaging effect on the living cells of living things and can either kill them or change their structure and function to inhibit correct functioning but this would take large doses to kill a good number of cells to cause death. Radiation dose would have to be several thousand times bigger than the dose received annually from the environment to cause death. Death would occur if the person were exposed more over a year. For example, exposure to sunlight over a year gives one a suntan, but one-day exposure of sunbaking could cause death by sunstroke."
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UV Radiation, 2001.
This paper looks at the positive side of ultraviolet radiation.
1,215 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the many positive aspects of UV radiation. The author examines the way ultraviolet light is commonly used, defines UV light, its dangers and how it's used in fluorescent lighting. The paper also describes how UV radiation is frequently used in water purification plants, destroying harmful bacteria.
From the Paper
"UV radiation is what is responsible for causing human skin to tan. Unlike x rays, ultraviolet radiation has a low power of penetration, so its only direct effects on the human body occur on the skin's surface and include sunburn, suntan, aging, and carcinogenic changes. Most of us know that "sunburn" is not simply a metaphor but is in fact like burns from other forms of radiation and can include symptoms ranging from redness and tenderness to blisters, swelling, seepage of fluid, and sloughing of the outer skin. Tanning - while it is never healthy, as we know now, is simply a natural body defense that uses melanin to help protect the skin from further injury from UV radiation."
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Cell Phone Radiation, 2006.
A discussion regarding the dangers of cell phone radiation.
1,547 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the danger of the radiation emitted from a cell phone in use. According to the paper, some of the potential health hazards that may evolve from cell phone use include noise in the ear, memory loss, headaches, malignant brain tumors and DNA damage.
Outline:
I.The Silent Enemy
Cover-up?
Radiation
II.Concerns for All Ages
In Light on Concerns
III. The Big Question
The Privilege to Listen
From the Paper
"Even though cell phones and fortune cookies may not initially appear to have a common thread, the concept that connects them is that those who market cell phones, in a similar sense, do not usually consider what happens to those who purchase and use cell phones. In the study completed by Salford et al funded by a grant from the Swedish Council for Work Life Research. Completed during 2002, the authors examine potential risks of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields for the human body. Their previous studies posit ". . . weak pulsed microwaves give rise to a significant leakage of albumin through the blood-brain barrier."
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Radiation and Genetic Birth Defects, 2004.
This paper discusses genetic birth defects that were caused by exposure to radiation at the bombing of Hiroshima and under other conditions.
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, for several decades, the medical community has alerted the public to the incidence of birth defects that are directly related to radiation, underscoring the long-term impact that exposure to radiation has on the body and on future offspring. The author points out that exposure before conception carries a risk of specific birth defects including mental retardation and childhood cancers. The paper stresses that to avoid these risks in the future it is important to re-evaluate the location of nuclear reactor sites as well as the frequency of x-rays.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Background
The Basics
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A defect occurs when there are changes in the DNA. Changes can occur spontaneously or can be caused by an external factor. One of the external factors that have been strongly linked with changes in the elements of DNA is exposure to radiation. Changes that are caused or directly linked to the exposure to radiation are referred to as mutations.
When these changes result from radiation exposure they are called radiation-induced mutations."
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"Black Body Radiation", 2005.
A personal response to the Jeffrey P. Brown essay "Black Body Radiation and the Ultraviolet Catastrophe."
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a personal response to the Jeffrey P. Brown essay "Black Body Radiation and the Ultraviolet Catastrophe". The paper examines Brown's underlying philosophies and ideological message, while critiquing his conclusions.
From the Paper
"We live in an era that has replaced the Godhead with a secular focus on empiricism, science and capitalism. Our concerns are largely those of a temporal nature, based on self-interest. As a species of and in nature, we have distanced ourselves..."
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Nuclear Radiation Shielding, 2002.
A detailed report of an experiment testing the shielding of radiation by various materials.
940 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
Discusses an experiment of the shielding of radiation. The experiment uses fluid flow measurements and the method of continuous flow to determine the coefficient of viscosity. Includes the calculations and results of the said experiment as well as diagrams. Discusses the conclusions and several human errors that happened when carrying out the experiment.
From the Paper
"There are two different ways water can flow this can be either streamline or turbulent. When a liquid has a streamline its particles flow in regular and smooth paths called streamlines. In this type of motion the viscous drag opposing the flow is proportional to the average velocity of the liquid. In turbulent flow, the particles have irregular motion therefore the viscous drag is proportional to the square of the velocity. "
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Radiation Testing on Humans, 2004.
Looks at the history of radiation experiments done on innocent civilians, army personnel, and animals.
2,037 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper describes some of the horrific radiation experiments the U.S. government performed on members of its Armed Forces, private civilians, and animals in the name of research and science. The paper asserts that the government was not ignorant as to the effects of these experiments and that it continues to perform different, but equally hazardous, experiments on military personnel, as evidenced by the high rate of unexplained illnesses and diseases in soldiers returning from their tours of duty overseas.
From the Paper
"Today it seems almost inconceivable --if not patently paranoid-- to think that less than fifty years ago Americans would have sat passively by while the government tested high levels of radiation on the captive population. Would we have really bought a line saying that it was safe to be downwind of nuclear explosions? Would we really have put up with government sponsored radiation tests run on the most vulnerable members of society? Unfortunately, the answer is yes. Despite the fact that even back then any cautious look at the evidence would have demonstrated the risks of radiation, the very people with whom we entrust our daily survival -- doctors, scientists, and the elected government itself -- intentionally deceived the American public about the risks of radioactivity and the exposure rates which they would be experiencing."
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Dangers of Radiation, 1997.
Definition of radiation, types, pros & cons, scientific aspects. Examines nuclear policy standards and emission avoidance. Includes a table.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
" Introduction
This research examines the concept that "all radiation is dangerous" from three perspectives: as a matter of scientific fact or truth, as a policy basis for radiation protection programs, and as a warning for everyday precaution among a general public. Beyond differences in radiation types, substantial differences in the sciences can be invoked to consider the truth of a question. The bulk of this work is addressed to biophysics, agriculture, and medicine. The premises will be considered as follows: Is there any benefit (as opposed to danger) that can result from any level of irradiation?; Can there be a threshold level of radiation of any kind above zero below which no deleterious effects will be manifested among plants, animals, or minerals? "
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Solar Radiation, 1991.
The impact of the sun's energy on the layers of Earth's atmosphere including Physics, absorption and evaporation, sunspots, the ozone layer and magnetism.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 3 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"Solar Radiation and the Atmousphere
As the earth's nearest star, the sun determines much of what happens on the earth--its energy is what allows continued life on the earth, and its actions create the earth's weather, in the form of wind, clouds, and other climatic examples. The sun's warmth and energy are so important that without them the earth would become encased in ice (1:74). However, the earth is not completely open to solar radiation. The different layers of the earth's atmosphere provide different interactions (and different results from those interactions) with solar radiation.
The earth's atmosphere, the receiving end of the sun's radiation, is divided into four parts: the troposphere, which is the bottom-most layer and extends from the earth's surface to about 11 kilometers high (at which point the stratosphere..."
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Radiation, the Media and the Marshal Islands, 2006.
A history of the U.S. nuclear explosions conducted on the Marshall Islands.
1,010 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the nuclear explosions conducted by the U.S. Department of Defense on the Marshall Islands from June 30, 1946 until August 18, 1958. The paper looks at the damage caused by the testing, the media's involvement in exposing the damage and how the U.S. responded to legal actions brought against the U.S. government by Marshallese living on the islands at the time of the nuclear explosions.
From the Paper
"From June 30, 1946 until August 18, 1958, the United States Government conducted a total of 67 nuclear explosions off the Marshall Islands, "all of which were considered atmospheric" (Republic of the Marshall Islands 1). The most horrific of these blasts was the 'Bravo Shot,' conducted in the Bikini Atoll on March, 1954. This blast was as powerful as 1000 hydrogen bombs (1) and much more devastating than the 1945 Hiroshima blast. However, the full extent of the destruction was clouded by governmental reticence for years, due to Cold War defense secrecy."
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Species Radiation, 2000.
The causes and effects of evolutionary abundance in certain geographical areas in certain eras. Includes specialization, adaptation, variations and theories.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Evolution is a process of change and development as organisms adapt to their environment and to changing circumstance through time. A variety of mechanisms have been identified as being involved in the process of evolution. This process does not take place in a steady and even manner, and eras of massive change have been identified in the fossil record during which a process called radiation has taken place, producing many new species and so many changes in a given population. Such a sudden and massive expansion of species has been identified in different parts of the world, such as the rapid growth in diversity of cichild fish in Lake Victoria in eastern Africa, where more than 500 species have evolved over the last 12,000 years. Scientists have sought to discover why such radiations occur.
Darwin explained the process of specialization and related..."
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Cell Phone Radiation, 2000.
A research paper on the effects of cell phones.
945 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the harmful effects of cell phones. Backing statements up with facts, the author tries to prove that these ubiquitous little devices are, indeed, quite dangerous.
From the Paper
"Cell phones, are suddenly being thought of as the cause for many health effects. Many cell phone industries, research teams, and government laboratories are conducting experiments to see whether or not cell phones are hazardous to human health. Cell phones are extensively popular and a much needed item. Almost every working individual uses a cell phone."
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PET Imaging, 2005.
This paper discusses the use of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scans to reduce the need for exploratory surgery and other invasive techniques and to target better radiation therapy in cancer patients.
3,785 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning is an advanced imaging technique that can differentiate between malignant lesions and benign lesions in almost every process in cancer diagnosis, staging and treatment because PET is more sensitive than CT scanning or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques. The author explains that for PET scanning, the patient is injected with positron emitting radionuclides and placed in a tube and surrounded by a ring of detectors; when one of these high-energy photon rays is detected, the source location can be determined and mapped by a specialized software package. The paper relates that, after radiation and surgery there is considerable damage to surrounding tissue; therefore, it is often difficult to distinguish living cancer cells from morphological changes caused by surgery or tissue death caused by radiation; however, because dead tissue and cancer cells have different glucose metabolism rates, they are easy to distinguish by PET imaging.
Table of Contents
Improving Outcomes for Radiation Therapy
How PET Scanning Works
Radiation Therapy
Using PET to Analyze the Effectiveness of Radiation Treatments
From the Paper
"Because PET scanning is based on glucose levels, it is important that these be controlled prior to the scan. Patients are usually told to fast for 4-6 hours prior to the test. However, they can drink water and take any medications that they are on. The goal is to get the base glucose level lower than 160 mg/dL before administering the FDG or other isotope. Patients with diabetes should continue their routine of eating small meals and taking their insulin. Then these small inconveniences, PET imaging is non-invasive and causes little discomfort to the patient."
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Zebrafish Development, 2005.
An investigation into the impact of ultraviolet radiation on the development of zebrafish.
952 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a study on the effects of ultraviolet radiation on the development of zebrafish and explains that the study was conducted in an effort to help determine when exposure to ultraviolet radiation can be helpful and when it can be harmful.
From the Paper
"Background and Overview. While global warming represents a threat to humankind by virtue of a reduction in the ozone layer and an increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation in the future (Conscience, Cotton, Schlumpf et al. 2001), researchers have shown that moderate exposure to varying levels of ultraviolet radiation may have some beneficial effects for humans. For example, multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and, to a lesser degree, rheumatoid arthritis, in the Northern Hemisphere, especially in Western Europe and North America, display a latitudinal gradient in disease frequency, with the prevalence of these disorders increasing at higher latitudes (Lim et al. 2003). Furthermore, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) that occurs in the upper portion of air in a room has been cited as an environmental control measure that could economically reduce exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) droplet nuclei (Burge, First & Ko 2002)."
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Heat Transfer Mechanisms, 2002.
An introduction to heat transfer, including a description of convection, conduction and radiation.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly describes the different forms of heat transfer. Heat transfer is a process that occurs on the molecular level. The basics of the process are defined, with three heat transfer mechanisms identified-- conduction, convection and radiation.
From the Paper
"In metals, thermal energy is transported by conduction band electrons. This is based on understanding molecular orbital bands. This refers to solids that form a lattice, including metals. These lattice metals are understood by looking at the lattice itself as one large molecule rather than looking at it as individual atoms. The electron orbitals of the atoms overlap, creating a continuous band covering a range of energies that extends throughout the lattice (Shriver, D.F., Atkins, P.W., & Langford, C.H. Inorganic Chemistry. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994, p. 91)."
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