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The Race to Space, 2006. An examination of the motivating factor behind the American and Soviet race to space. 1,439 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 47.95 »
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Abstract The paper explains that before landing on the moon, scientists feared that the astronauts manning a space craft might die and that there was a possibility of lunar microbes causing an epidemic if they found their way into the earth's biosphere. The writer explains that despite this great risk, the Soviets and Americans continued the race to space. The paper suggests reasons for this race to have continued and the writer posits that the only reason for doing so was for one of these nations to prove the dominance of their way of life over the other country's way of life. The writer states that the United States won the race to the moon, and also dominance of the planet, and that the Soviet Union broke apart while America prospered. In conclusion, the writer questions whether the exploration of space will wane without competition and posits that it may become a mission not of fostering competition between nations, but inspiring cooperation.
From the Paper "While the moon does not have anything to due with proving either of these ways of life superior to the other per se, the conquest of the moon was an important symbolic victory. There was a definite feeling that whoever managed to land on the moon first would prove to be the "superior" society. Astronaut Eugene Cernan clearly illustrates this anxiety to prove America's dominance of the Earth through space travel in his book The Last Man on the Moon. He starts his book recalling the occasion when he and two fellow astronauts were in the middle of testing a space craft when they were interrupted by an important phone call. Interruptions of these tests were rare since they were so difficult to set-up, so terminating the test must mean something very wrong had happened. One of the first thoughts Cernan remembers having when they were called out of their craft was "...maybe it was our worst nightmare come true, and the Russians were on their way to the Moon" (Cernan 5). That turned out not to be the case: in fact, the phone call was to inform them of the deaths of three other American astronauts in an electrical fire while testing another spacecraft. Cernan, of course, was devastated by the loss of his friends and colleagues, but nevertheless, he apparently viewed the idea of the Russians reaching the moon as his "worst nightmare." He writes that after the funerals, he worried that the American space program might be scrapped forever. "From this point on," he writes, "the dream of sending men into orbit and beyond would be viewed through the prism of the sacrifice demanded. It was a dangerous enterprise and we all now clearly understood what President Kennedy meant when he said our country had accepted this challenge not because it was easy, but because it was hard" (Cernan 13). Why, after such a tragedy, was Cernan's first fear that the Russians might beat the Americans to the moon? And why, after the funerals, did he and his fellow astronauts become even more determined to risk their lives for what was, for all practical purposes, a mostly symbolic victory? Risking so much to do something "because it was hard" really isn't a satisfactory answer."
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Race and Space, 2005. This paper concerns the subject of social geography and looks at race and space within two Canadian cities. 1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, $ 44.95 »
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Abstract This essay discusses social geography - that is, the way in which geography intersects with social, economic, and demographic issues. Namely, the essay addresses the issue of "race and space". The writer looks at how race is distributed across a given urban landscape, and the implications. In light of this, two Canadian cities - Toronto and Vancouver - are examined in this article.
From the Paper "Social geography, as the name implies, refers to the intersecting of geography with social issues such as economic, ethnic, racial and religious distribution of people within a given space. Though there are issues related to social geography in literally every geographic area, they are, on a small scale, particularly easy to identify and interpret in certain North American centers; these cities tend to have very high levels of immigration, much of which involves the entry of people who are racial or ethnic minorities."
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The Race to Space, 2002. Competition between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. in the "race to space" in the 1960s. 2,695 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 80.95 »
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Abstract This paper begins with a brief look at the history of the relationship between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. It then discusses the roots of rocketry and the birth of modern rocket science. A discussion of the race between the two nations to put a human being into space during the 1960s follows.
From the Paper "The contest for space explodes into life within the saber rattling environment of the nuclear age. Near the end of the 1950s, the cold war had escalated to frightening proportions. Both countries maintained enormous stockpiles of nuclear and conventional weapons. The United States developed its deterrence based on long-range bombers. By 1955 the US Air Force had "580 B52s, and 1500 B-47s,"(NASA) all 2080 aircraft capable of delivering nuclear weapons. In 1955, the United States Navy launched the world's first nuclear submarine. By 1960, the US had over 18,000 nuclear weapons in its arsenal, and developed the liquid fueled Atlas and Titan Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM)."
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Space Race as Propaganda During the Cold War, 2002. This paper details how the race to space and the moon was used as a show of military power. 3,430 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 97.95 »
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Abstract This paper details of the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and how and why it was a show of power and superiority. The author looks many different aspects of the space race including, its purpose, how it was used to show the other country its weaknesses, how it enabled both countries to explore the uncharted vastness of space and find for it new military and how they attempted to use the moon as the ultimate propaganda tool.
From the Paper "Even though Sputnik had no direct military impact, it showed the progress of the USSR in science and military and prompted the US government to pay more attention to its own missile operation (McGhee 331). The media played a major role in spurring the government to take action. Sputnik was front-page news on all the papers and it had all of America wondering how something like that could happen without anyone knowing (Schefter 23). At first the US government was not impressed by the Soviet's accomplishments. President Eisenhower felt that the U.S. people had acted like children and that no response to Soviet actions was necessary (Burrows 200). He felt that the US needed to toughen up for a long war they may have in the future and did not see the US as being in any competition with the Soviets (Burrows 200). He even went so far as to congratulate the Soviets on their accomplishments (McGhee 330)."
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Space Race, 2007. This paper explores how the Soviet Union and the United States became engaged in a space race as both attempted to conquer the space beyond the Earth. 4,161 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 35 sources, MLA, $ 111.95 »
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Abstract In this article, the writer notes that at the end of World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States were locked into a bitter battle of military positioning and propaganda known as the Cold War. Stemming from this, as technology advancements showed the world the military capabilities of space exploration, the two nations began a fierce competition to rule space. The writer notes that while the competition was closely aligned with the arms race between the two countries during the Cold War, space technology also became an important part of the technological, cultural, ideological, and military rivalry between the two countries. The writer points out that while the space race developed from a vicious Cold War, the race ended in cooperation between two powerful nations. The writer then concludes that while the space race certainly advanced technology far beyond what would have occurred without such competition, the race also fostered and developed the technological, cultural, ideological, and military mindsets of both countries forever.
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Abstract
References
From the Paper "Space exploration clearly offered numerous solutions to these issues for both superpowers. Space exploration and satellites could, scientists and military annalists believed, be used to spy on other countries, gathering photographic and location specific information regarding any technologies, military movements, or weapon storage. Additionally, the leaders of these countries believed that to beat the other to space would promote a concept of superiority, prowess, and military superiority. As the development of rocket technology increased, and as that technology advanced, space exploration became a feasible goal.
In 1947, the citizens of the United States had one of their first experiences with space, further fueling the flames for the Space Race. In July of that year, farmers in Roswell, NM discovered a crash site nearly three-fourths of a mile in width, consisting of metal, and other unfamiliar debris. A local sheriff called the military, who declared a few days later that a "flying disk" had crashed. Shortly thereafter, the statement was retracted, and replaced with stories of a downed weather balloon."
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The Space Race, 2004. A overview of the history of the space race between the USSR and America. 1,729 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 55.95 »
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Abstract This essay provides a history of the United States' space program and its rationale for beginning such a program. It also gives information on the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union to see who would be the first nation to put a man on the moon. It explains that when it looked as if the Soviets were ahead with the launching of the satellite Sputnik, America ultimately pulled through to finish first in the space race.
From the Paper "The United States's main rationale for carrying out a space exploration program was the rivalry with the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Both nations had the desire to demonstrate a technological superiority of one form of government over another: a democratic state versus a communist dictatorship. So after both sides became aware that space flight was possible, the Cold War rivalry was the key that opened the door to aggressive space exploration on both sides."
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The Space Race, 2007. A discussion on the competition between the United States and the U.S.S.R. to be the first nation in space. 1,367 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 45.95 »
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Abstract The paper discusses how, in the 1950s, the two superpowers of world affairs, the United States and the United Soviet Socialist Republic, engaged in a quest for ultimate power that would in time become known as the Cold War. The paper examines the competition between the nations, known as the Space Race. The paper further explores the meaning of the Space Race and its accomplishments within the context of the Cold War.
Outline:
Abstract
The Purpose of the Space Race
Time Well Spent and Energy Used Wisely?
Larger Purpose of the Space Race
Does Society Need This Kind of Enterprise?
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper "From the point of view of the Americans, the Space Race also took on a much more significant purpose than simply showing that space exploration was possible; early in the consideration of the potential of space exploration and travel, it was realized that the technology and science that could be derived from an effective space program would have many uses, and in light of the possibility of Assured Destruction, defense was one of the most important. In the minds of the American government, the demise of communism was the key to winning the Cold War outright."
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The Space Race, 2007. This paper explores the role that the launching of Sputnik I had in further intensifying the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the US. 1,092 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 38.95 »
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Abstract The paper posits that, with the launching of Sputnik I, a space race emerged, which cemented the conflict between the Soviet Union and the US. The paper illustrates how, because of the space race, hostility between the Soviet Union and the US increased, prompting America to create a Western alliance to combat the new threats.
From the Paper "Mid-20th century signified the emergence of a significant event that defined the future development of countries all over the world, in both the Western and Eastern hemispheres of the world. During this period, the Cold War developed as a result of the containment policy that the United States had propagated, in response to the increasing support and popularity of Communism in Asian and East European countries. Cues from Communist countries like the Soviet Union bloc elicited corresponding responses from champions of democracy such as the US. What emerged, then, was a competition between Communism and democracy, represented primarily by the Soviet Union and US, respectively."
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Trade Spaces in "Trading Spaces", 2002. A representation of hegemonic masculinity in the popular television series "Trading Spaces". 3,010 words (approx. 12.0 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 88.95 »
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Abstract The textual analysis of the TV series "Trading Spaces" explores the possibility of interchanging gender roles in this home improvement showcase. A strong case is built on the unchanging male hegemony. However, the paper shows that the series does focus, in a particular way, on issues of gender and power, and especially on the supposedly changing nature of masculinity. Provides limitless examples from the show to exemplify gendered television.
From the Paper "Since its launch in September 2000 as a late-afternoon show, Trading Spaces has regularly scored a 2 or 3 household rating in its universe in prime time, according to Neilson Media Research data, peaking one Saturday evening in April at a 3:2 for an episode featuring the Dixie Chicks. With that all-time household record for TLC, Trading Spaces also beat out all broadcast networks in delivery of adults 18-49 that night (the network regularly ranks in the top 10 of all cable networks in delivery of adults 18-49 and adults 25-54). By the conclusion of its third season, Trading Spaces will have taped 65 new episodes compared to last season's 40, and can be seen in 70 million homes in America, and internationally in Canada, Japan, Australia, Thailand, and the Philippines (Foege)."
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Apollo 7 and 8 Space Missions, 2003. An analysis of the effect of the Apollo 7 and 8 missions to America's standing in the space race. 2,629 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 79.95 »
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Abstract This paper discusses the Apollo 7 and Apollo 8 space missions and their overall effect on the United States' space race. It looks at the history behind the space race and climate in the United States at the time that the National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) was first developing these missions. The paper concludes that these missions helped to revive American interest and motivate the public's support for NASA, as well as helped America to take a definite lead in the space race against the Soviets.
From the Paper "Remembering the Apollo 8 mission, William Anders stated, "The biggest surprise of the mission was to see the first Earthrise over the moon and to realize that the Earth was even more interesting than the moon. I consider the moon voyages a technical feat, a political feat." Apollo 8 was indeed both of these. The Apollo 7 and 8 missions were vital ingredients in the overall victory for America in the space race. They helped to revive American interest and motivate the public's support for NASA. They also helped America to take a definite lead in the space race against the Soviets and use this momentum to continue to the moon. Lastly, they helped to prove that the moon was a feasible goal, and that Kennedy's idea of putting a man on the moon before the decade was out was more than possible."
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Canadian Space Technology, 2006. This paper discusses extensively Canada's involvement in space operations and its problematic future. 3,250 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 93.95 »
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Abstract This paper explains that Canada's tryst with a space program began during WWII as part of the defense science operations undertaken with the U.S. and U.K.; however, the Canadian space program program was transferred from military to civilian control. The author points out that the launching of the Alouette-1 research satellite put Canada as the third nation following Russia and the US to design and build its own satellite, and Canada became a world leader in space robotics with the Canadarm which is a remote manipulator system. The paper relates that Canadian citizens are being promised that its governments would not sign any agreement to collaborate on Star Wars if there is any indication that it has been designed for purposes other than defense. The paper states that, however, the Canadian government inches closer towards participation because weaponization of the space will be one of the biggest industrial projects in the history of the planet.
Table of Contents
The Canadian Military's Involvement in Space Operations to Date
What Should be Canada's Role in Space Power and Space Operations?
Should Canada Support the Space Defense Initiative and the Weaponization of Space and Why?
From the Paper "Canada is likely to pay a political price, if its tries to ignore NMD. Transcending missile defense in general and NMD in particular, a lot of other concerns are surfacing that re unable to be managed by the archaic Cold War policy parameters. The most crucial among them is the budding issue of space control. Extended periods of Canadian policy of opposition of the weaponization of the outer space has been politically feasible under the deterrence conditions of the Cold War. This opposition did not come at a price, since neither the U.S. nor the erstwhile Soviet Union had the strategic need, the technology potential to weaponize."
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Space Debris and Junk, 2002. An examination of the causes and effects of space debris and junk. 1,711 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 55.95 »
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Abstract This paper discusses the nature, causes and effects and the technological and legal solutions to the increasing problem of the presence of space debris and junk in space. By relating the problem of space debris to a memorable current event, it informs the readers about the possible dangers that future space explorations might face if this problem will be left unsolved. It also looks how technological and legal solutions provide an implication that the problem of space debris are taken seriously by government and astronomical agencies because of the prevalence of mishaps and accidents that have been happening/occurring in space.
Outline
Introduction
What are Space Debris and Junk?
Effects and Threats of Space Debris and Junk
Technological Aspects of Resolving the Space Debris and Junk Problem
Legal Aspects of Solving the Space Debris and Junk Problem
Conclusion
From the Paper "Space debris and junk can pose a tremendous danger to satellites and spacecrafts, whether these spacecrafts are manned or not. In a book entitled, "Orbital Debris," authored by the Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, spacecrafts traveling in the lower Earth orbit, or LEO, are more susceptible to collide with smaller particles, with a one-millimeter diameter (CETS 1995 4). However, there is also a big chance that big-sized particles will collide with spacecrafts and satellites traveling along the LEO region. Collisions between spacecrafts and space junk usually happen in the LEO region because this particular region is highly-populated with space debris and junk. This is logical since most of the space programs and explorations that were conducted by nations on Earth are usually located in the nearest region away from the Earth, which is on the lower Earth orbit."
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Gender and Space: The Bedroom, 2005. This paper examines the connection between gender and space and looks at domestic violence within the space of the bedroom. 1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, $ 53.95 »
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Abstract This essay briefly explores the relationship between gender and space. Specifically, preconceived notions of privacy and safety in a bedroom and how this relationship is altered in the presence of domestic violence. Furthermore, how domestic violence in this space is portrayed in the public sphere. Sources are drawn from academia, current events and popular culture.
From the Paper "Ideally, the bedroom should be a space of peace, a safe place as much as a respite from every day pressures. In a word, it should be a space of solace. But those close quarters within the confines of a dysfunctional domestic relationship, also present opportunities for cyclical abuse, violence, misogyny, and a general oppression. The trouble, lawmakers say, is trying to balance the interests of the victim with her privacy. This essay explores the relationship between gender and the bedroom and how domestic violence within this space changes the accepted notions of privacy and safety."
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The Militarization of Space, 2004. This paper argues in favor of the United States' militarization of space. 1,729 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 55.95 »
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Abstract Just a few decades ago, the question of weapons in space was largely the realm of science fiction writers. However, the dawn of the 21st century has witnessed a permanent presence in space for mankind in the International Space Station. The increasingly internationalized nature of space has caused many observers to call for the United States to assume control to ensure that continued access to this vital and strategic region continues in the future. However, critics of such proposals assert that as the "last peaceful frontier", there is no room for weapons in an otherwise free outer space. This paper provides an overview of the issues, the controlling legislation, and relevant international treaties, followed by an examination of the position of the space militarization advocates and those of its critics. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper "Accordingly, the Space Commission cautions that there has been an insufficient amount of attention paid to the threat and, as a result, "the U.S. is an attractive candidate for a 'Space Pearl Harbor'" (Pena 16). The fact of the matter is, though, that the United States relies more on space than any other country and that the American military in particular is becoming increasingly reliant on space-based systems; in addition, these space systems are currently undefended and are potentially vulnerable to attack."
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Quasi-Public Privatized Spaces, 2002. A discussion of the increase of quasi-public privatized spaces using Universal's City Walk, Los Angeles as an example. 2,283 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 70.95 »
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Abstract This paper examines how public space should be democratically organized to support communal usage from people in all walks of life and how today access to true public space has become a scarcity. It evaluates how people are more commonly flocking to quasi-public privatized spaces such as Universal's City Walk, which is representative of a typical sequestered quasi-public space. It looks at how it is surrounded by high fences, set high upon a hill, how visitors are required to follow strict guidelines and how their activity is monitored. It analyzes how the development of quasi-privatized spaces such as City Walk are more representative of a demoralizing and hierarchical society, where certain groups feel more privileged than others. It shows how by creating walled cities and gated communities, Americans are shutting themselves off and creating exclusive mini-communities, that have nothing to do with democracy and everything to do with exclusion.
From the Paper "The creation of such quasi-public spaces are actually much more representative of the increasing paranoia that exists throughout the nation in urban cities like LA. Universal's City Park was created for the purpose of expression of the ideas and desires of a small group of people, not representative of the community as a whole, inclusive in reality of vagabonds and the elite alike. Steven Flusty, in his work "Building Paranoia" also describes the Park as a "Jittery Space."
He describes this as "space that cannot be utilized unobserved due to active monitoring by roving patrols and/or remote technologies feeding to security stations." People entering City Walk are subject to constant monitoring, whether on the walkways, in the shops or by the fountains. "
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