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"Race, Crime and the Law", 2006.
This paper analyzes Randall Kennedy's book "Race, Crime and the Law," which presents an in-depth look at how issues of race link to crime and law enforcement.
2,728 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the views and opinions of author Randall Kennedy, a Harvard law professor, regarding the correlation between crime and race. This paper explores Kennedy's argument which states that the field of law enforcement in America is largely considered racist, especially by the African-American community. This paper analyzes the results of an investigation carried out by the author, which focuses on the issue of racial inequality in the justice system, which is largely overlooked. Kennedy's in-depth book details the numerous problems in the justice system, while also suggesting solutions. This paper delves into Kennedy's assertion that officials in law enforcement must be forced to respect the rules prohibiting racial misconduct, while also stating that police and prosecutors engaged in illegitimate racial practices must be deterred from continuing to do so. The writer of this paper also reviews the author's particular style of writing, which, in the case of this book, appeals mainly to a white audience.
From the Paper
"It must also be noted that Kennedy does not ignore serious issues of racial discrimination. However, he does frame them so the problems seem to be a result of a system or of the individuals in that system, rather than of society itself. A good example is seen where Kennedy describes abuse of power. Kennedy describes how police officers and judges can abuse their power and engage in racial misconduct. The abuse of power occurs because they are able to engage in this behavior unchecked. The emphasis is placed on controlling the behavior of those in power and maintaining standards. Kennedy argues that if standards and control are not maintained, then people can abuse their power without consequence of any action being taken. This creates a situation where complete control is lost, with this extending to problems greater than just racist behavior."
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The Race Against Crime, 2002.
An amalysis of the rise in crime in the U.S. among African-Americans.
1,491 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how African-Americans continue to hold first place in United States crime statistics and how the African-American prison population proportionally far outreaches the prison population of any other group. It discusses the problem of juvenile crime and how African- American children often lack proper adult supervision. They turn instead to television and other forms of media as sources of inspiration and role models. In conclusion it evaluates how a variety of social ills have made African Americans far more prone to engage in criminal activity ? and in particular violent criminal activity ? than any other ethnic group.
From the Paper
"According to Deputy Attorney General of the United States, Larry Thompson, the homicide rate among African Americans was seven times that among Whites, with ninety-four percent of these murders being committed by African Americans themselves. (Thompson 2001) A report by the Justice Department showed that during the period from 1976 to 1993, African Americans were also seven times as likely to commit murder as Whites. (USDJ 1998) Still more frightening, another report from the Justice Department, ?Homicide Trends in the United States? showed conclusively that African Americans although on average only 12.1 % of the population during that time period, committed however, fully 51.5 % of all offenses. (Fox and Zawitz 2001)"
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Race, Crime and Justice, 2005.
Addresses questions relating to racism and justice in the United States.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at three questions of racism and justice in the United States. The paper discusses the concept of restorative justice as penal alternatives, racial profiling and the tendency for non-white youths to have more police interaction than whites, and the increased incidences of violence and police brutality towards non-white juveniles.
From the Paper
"The concept of restorative justice is one that focuses on mediation between the perpetrator of a crime, the victim and the impact of the crime on the community. There are a wide variety of processes that this form of justice can take, but all of them "are based upon recognition that the offender, victim, and community are deeply interdependent when it comes to community safety" (Clear & Karp, 1999, p. 103). Restorative justice is a radical departure from the idea of dealing with crime and victimization. It does not seek to "punish" a "criminal," but instead tries to focus on the impact of every individual's behavior on the community."
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Race and Justice in the United States, 2002.
A look at racial inequality in the criminal and judicial systems in the United States.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
Despite the 14th Amendment in the American constitution, this paper claims that there is gross inequality in many states when dealing with African-American and Latinos regarding crimes and prosecution. It states that there is solid evidence that Blacks and Latinos commit a higher number of crimes per capita but in addition, critics of our legal system assert that some laws, particularly drug laws, are enforced more vigorously in minority communities. It is also claimed that people of color receive harsher sentences for the same crimes.
From the Paper
"America has taken the official stance that all are equal in front of the law for a long time. The 14th Amendment specifically states this. Blas? (2001) quotes a legal expert from Columbia University as he says, "One of the clearest principles of American constitutional law is that race is an inappropriate basis upon which to make official decisions.? The statue of Lady Justice seen on so many courthouses emphasizes this philosophy: she holds the scales of justice blindfolded."
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Criminal Justice and Restorative Justice, 2008.
An examination of the literature related to restorative justice in the criminal justice system from the years 1996 to 2006.
985 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the content of peer reviewed articles published within a ten-year period, from 1996 to 2006. It focuses on the criminal justice system and its experiences with restorative justice. The paper looks at the values that researchers have that drive investigation during any given period, as seen in the examined articles. The paper also identifies gaps and trends in research during the specified period.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Purpose
Hypothesis
Strengths/Weaknesses
Methods
Data Collections
Results
Method
Variables - Independent and Dependent
Statistical Analysis/Means/Mode/Median
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Given the evidence provided from this study the researcher finds the following true. Hypothesis (1) - proven true, given restorative justices seems to be the more commonly used tool for rehabilitating criminals in the population specified. Other data collected from the content analysis however suggests hypotheses (2), suggesting less relapse is likely among participants engaged in this form of justice remains questionable. Further research is needed to establish or refute this hypothesis, given changing trends in criminal justice and criminal behaviors in the future. Overall, the researcher argues despite some comments to the contrary, restorative justice, which aims to involve victims in the rehabilitation process and encourages convicted criminals at a young age to rehabilitate and participate in their community, remains an effective form of justice."
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The Criminal Justice System, Society and Crime, 2008.
An investigation into the correlations between race and crime, as well as the discrimination that occurs when classification of crimes and its perpetrators come into account.
2,840 words (approx. 11.4 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 84.95
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Abstract
The paper explains and clarifies the perceptions of crime by gender and race in the belief that in crime, white males will likely fare better in the Criminal Justice system than minorities and women. The paper affirms that there is a need for further research regarding perceptions about men and women of various races regarding how they view crime by minority groups. The paper further states that there is a need to investigate why these perceptions have not been studied extensively over the past decade.
From the Paper
"Other research, which has been conducted utilized a sample used for studying white-collar criminal careers. This research identified the broad range of white-collar crimes and criminals prosecuted in American federal courts. Researchers benefited form this method by, careful sampling techniques and rich data collected in their study. However, in the same token, researchers added detailed information on the number, timing, and types of other criminal events attributed to these offenders both before and after the offense that was the focus of the previous Yale study."
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"Race and Mixed Race", 2002.
An examination Ranier Spencer's "Race and Mixed Race" which denies the concept of race.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This essay reviews Ranier Spencer's essay on "Race and Mixed Race." Spencer argues that there is actually no such thing as race, since so many identities and racial mixtures exist within each person. The essay argues that Spencer makes a legitimate point, but that his contention ultimately ignores what can actually be done about racism.
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Race, Gender and White Collar Crime, 2008.
A research proposal exploring the perceptions of race and gender on white collar crime.
3,813 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
The paper proposes research on a New Jersey college campus to ascertain the perceptions of race and gender on white collar crime. The paper provides a literature review to either prove or disprove the hypothesis that white males will find white-collar crime less prevalent and damaging then racial minorities and women. The paper explains the methodology to be used and looks at previous research on this topic.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Theory and Hypothesis
Methods
From the Paper
"How can one expect society to act towards a crime if the lines are so vague that it often is only used to characterize those considered elite and upper class? This study attempts to further explain and clarify the perceptions of white collar crime by gender and race. It is our belief that White males (who benefit the most from the practice) will find white-collar crime less prevalent and damaging then racial minorities and women. This research helps to affirm not only is there a need for further research regarding perceptions men and women of various races regarding how they view white collar crime, there is a need to see why these perceptions have not been studied extensively over the past decade of research."
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Racialization of Crime, 2005.
This paper reviews the document "The Racialization of Crime Race Crime and the Media: An Overview".
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in the document "The Racialization of Crime Race Crime and the Media: An Overview", a number of important equity issues are raised. The author points out that these issues include the perpetuation of racist stereotypes in the mass media and the lack of visible minorities. the paper discusses Black people in positions of executive authority in the mass media and the othering of crime and its association with race and deviance in the Toronto media.
From the Paper
"In the document "The Racialization of Crime - Race, Crime and the Media: An Overview", a number of important equity issues are raised. These range from the general - such as the perpetuation of racist stereotypes in the mass media and the lack of visible minorities, and particularly Black people, in positions of executive authority in the mass media - to the particular - the "othering" of crime and its association with race and deviance in the Toronto media. This latter equity issue will be a particular focus of this analysis, as it illustrates the complexity of the discourse representing Canadian minorities as "foreign" and "deviant" and thereby justifying "deportation" as a means of supporting the "health" of the society."
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A Restorative Justice System, 2008.
This paper explores the need for a restorative justice system to take the place of the existing criminal justice system.
2,746 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 82.95
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Abstract
The paper explores why the public seems to have low levels of confidence and trust in the justice system and the extent to which community residents participate in justice initiatives. The paper examines the potential and the limits of restorative justice as a mechanism and discusses increasing community and citizen involvement in the justice process. The paper clearly shows the evidence that approaches to justice in our modern Western society are ineffective. The paper explains how the criminal justice system ignores the public's role in addressing crime, and thus alienates the community. The paper concludes that future approaches to justice should revolve around a restorative system as opposed to a criminal justice system.
Outline:
Introduction: The General Public and the Criminal Justice System
Why the Public Seems to Have Low Levels of Confidence and Trust
in the Justice System
The Extent to Which Community Residents Participate in Justice
Initiatives
The Potential and the Limits of Restorative Justice as a Mechanism
For Increasing Community and Citizens' Involvement in the Justice Process
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Evidence shows that public confidence and trust in the criminal justice system is low. In Canada, a recent survey revealed that most citizens were dissatisfied with the government's response to crime, even though they found no fault with the police themselves (p. 64). It appears to be the criminal justice system itself that dissatisfies the public. Canadian citizens are dissatisfied with the performance of the criminal court, the prison system, and, in particular, the parole system (ibid). The same findings tend to be replicated in studies of other Western countries, such as the U.S. and Europe (p. 65)."
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Varying Viewpoints on Criminal Justice, 2002.
A discussion of viewpoints on crime and punishment across the political spectrum.
1,220 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines various attitudes towards criminal justice, as outlined by Michael Tonrey's 'Malign & Neglect: Race Crime and Punishment in America', Elliot Currie's 'Crime and Punishment in America', Gary S. Becker's 'Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach' and others. It discusses the ongoing argument in America between various factions over the issue of crime and the appropriate punishment for each crime. Despite some vastly dissimilar viewpoints, supporters on all sides of the issue of criminal justice draw upon the sociological and economical demand for change, as well as hard, cold statistical analysis, to support their conclusions.
From the Paper
"Crime has always been a prominent problem in the United States, in large part, because the criminal justice system is unequipped to rise to the challenge of reducing crime and preventing crime at massive levels. Throughout much of America?s history, an ongoing argument has persisted between various factions over the issue of crime and the appropriate punishment for each crime. "
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Restorative and Retributive Justice, 2004.
An analysis of the differences between restorative and retributive justice and their impact on the American justice system.
3,058 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 89.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how different theories of justice prevail at different times and how two of these can be termed restorative justice and retributive justice. It looks at how, stated simply, restorative justice emphasizes rehabilitation, while retributive justice emphasizes punishment. It attempts to show how the conflict between these two theories marks much of the history of American justice and continues to shape penal policies today.
Outline
Introduction
Punishment and Crime
Restorative Justice
Retributive Justice
Current Programs
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Punishment in itself is a problem and has been since the beginning of human society. Some people today see punishment as a vestige of the human past that should have been left behind when human beings came out of caves and formed a social order. These people feel that today we should substitute measures that do not involve cruelty to our fellow man. Others believe in punishment as a retributive instrument and feel that punishment can be used against anyone who breaks the laws of God or Man. Packer (1968) writes: "I think both are wrong, although the danger of the moment is that we will overuse the criminal sanction, not that we will abandon it" (p. 3)."
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R. Hofrichter's "Health and Social Justice", 2007.
This paper reviews R. Hofrichter's "Health and Social Justice", which relates that health inequalities have their source in widespread social, economic and political forces that are linked with gender, race, class, and social justice.
1,225 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that R. Hofrichter's in his 2003 book "Health and Social Justice" contends that health inequalities originate in social determinants of the world order and policies that promote inequity. The author points out that gender, race, and class are important because of the structured hierarchies in society that determine people's life chances and the opportunities they will experience. The paper contends that gender, class and racial discrimination are embedded in all social institutions and in all aspects of life. The author stresses that health inequalities are not inevitable but are the result of preventable, avoidable, systemic conditions and policies based on imbalances in political power as exemplified in the United States, which has an atrocious record of population health.
From the Paper
"The Alma Ata declared that health for all would be possible. However, globalization was about to gain momentum. The Ottawa Charter for Health promotion identified the "prerequisites of health as peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, and equity." The Adelaide Recommendations observed that healthy public policy is marked by an explicit concern for health and equity in all areas of policy. The Sundsvall Statement fits with the goals of health for all, and calls for a supportive environment to bring about equity and social justice."
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Justice in Drama, 2003.
Examines the conflict between human justice and justice of the gods in three works.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper introduces an analysis of this theme in Sophocles's "Oedipus Rex", Euripides's "Hippolytus", and Shakespeare's "Hamlet". It examines characters who follow preordained paths.
From the Paper
"Justice in drama is generally divided into two sorts-human justice and the justice of the gods-and often the two are presented as being in conflict. This can be seen in different ways in the works of Sophocles, Euripides, and William Shakespeare."
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Justice in "Republic", 2002.
Examines the resemblance between justice in the individual and justice in the city in Plato's "Republic".
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
It is clear that for Plato the parallel between the individual and the city was much more than a simple question of resemblance or a useful illustration or metaphor for his text. Rather, as this paper will argue, making the association between the two allowed him to not only justify the rule of his ideal city by philosopher kings, but also to illustrate the social and political power dynamics of his ideal city.
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