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Kai T. Erikson's "Wayward Puritans", 1994.
This paper examines Kai T. Erikson's "Wayward Puritans": Puritan moral structure related to 20th Century American culture, deviance and witchcraft and the role of religion and Bible.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine Kai T. Erikson's "Wayward Puritans". The examination of major ideas in the book, subtitled "A Study in the Sociology of Deviance," focuses on the Puritan moral philosophy in relation to American culture today; the relationship between Puritan "crime waves" and deviancy; witchcraft; and the role religion played in the Puritan response to deviancy.
To Erikson, the Puritan ethos was based on a simpler and more direct way of seeing and experiencing one's relationship with God. This world view "suggested revival more than reform" (46), although there were elements of reform involved. The Puritan ethos saw the Church as an institution which was an obstacle to be changed if the individual ever hoped to have a direct experience of God. According to this ethos, the Puritan ... "
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"Wayward Puritans", 2004.
An analysis of Kai T. Erickson's "Wayward Puritans: A Study in the Sociology of Deviance", looking in particular at the social-control approach of the Puritans.
852 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces and discusses "Wayward Puritans: A Study in the Sociology of Deviance" by Kai T. Erickson. Specifically, it presents an extra chapter to "Wayward Puritans", demonstrating how the study illustrates the social-control approach to deviance. The Puritan society of early New England is an excellent example of how a small society carefully controlled deviant behavior that frightened them.
From the Paper
"Fearful of witches and the black arts, the society encouraged members to turn on each other in the name of "confession." Erickson writes, "As they [the possessed girls] became caught up in the enthusiasm of their new work, then, the girls began to reach into every corner of the community in a search for likely suspects." The community encouraged this behavior in their maniacal search for deviants in league with the Devil, and this shows how the community's beliefs and fears controlled the deviant behavior. Anyone could be accused, and so, the rest of the community had to strictly adhere to every Puritan policy, or become suspect themselves."
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Puritan Influence in Contemporary America, 2008.
An analysis of Nathaniel Hawthorne's depiction of Puritan society in his work, "The Scarlet Letter", and how Puritan values have influenced American society.
1,149 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, ranging from intolerance, persecution, and patriarchy to sympathy, compassion, and rebellion against dominant hierarchies, "The Scarlet Letter" embodies not only the characteristics typical of Puritan society, but also serves as a criticism for those characteristics in its account of Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale. The paper looks at how Hawthorne's account of these three societal outcasts in "The Scarlet Letter" demonstrates that there were those who sought to change the dominant Puritan ideals, and that the qualities they exemplified were not non-existent. The paper also discusses how, despite the fact that these opposing qualities of Puritanism clashed and co-existed for many years and in many more instances than simply the fictional town where Hester and Pearl lived, dominant patriarchy, narrow moralism, and the suppression of dissent have affected contemporary American society significantly more than have their opposites.
From the Paper
"Another example of Puritan patriarchy in "The Scarlet Letter" resides in the governor and the positions of power within the town. The governor's breast plate of armor that Hester and Pearl find within the palace illustrates how the positions of power within the town are dominated my masculine ideas such as strict punishment and patriarchic rules (Easton 114-5). This is exeplified in today's society through the domination of men in areas such as politics, corporate leadership, and physically demanding jobs and activities. Likewise in contemporary society, we have seen the rise of women in these areas and they continue to make more of a voice for themselves. Both the dominant and recessive traits of Puritanism are shown in the role of women. The status quo position of women as being subjugated to males runs parallel to the dominant patriarchy that existed in Puritan society. "
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From the Puritans to Ben Franklin, 2001.
This paper compares Ben Franklin's attitude to American identity to that of the Puritans.
930 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the early American settlers in regard to their identity. It compares the attitude of Ben Franklin and the Puritans. It surveys the history of the pre-Revolutionary Puritans and what lead to the search of their identity. It shows how Franklin was a figure who addressed all these issues and was one of the first to document them.
From the paper:
"From Puritan writings onward, and throughout all American literature, a dominant concern has been the question of identity, and/or the search for identity. Puritans, for example, sought to retain their identity and so found themselves having to escape to a ?New World? in order to preserve their convictions about God. In the end, Puritans came to view themselves as a ?chosen people? (?Introduction? 2). Benjamin Franklin, on the other hand, as one of the authors of the ?Declaration of Independence? (amongst other important revolutionary documents), helped construct a later version of the American identity as both independent and self-determining. And as he further advanced the question of identity in American letters, he helped bring to the table related notions of the ?American dream? and personal virtue. In so doing, Franklin?s vision of America was forged in ways much different than the more communal vision of his Puritan ancestors."
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Puritanism, 2002.
A historical overview of the origins of the Puritan religion.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This piece is a analysis of Puritanism. The author starts by discussing how the Puritan religion emerged as a result of the religious and political conflict in England during the 16th century, conflict which the monarchy was unable to alleviate. Then, the author discusses how, the Puritans, who were fed up with the bureaucracy and ritual of traditional Christianity, established a faith built on discipline of faith and the predestination of the Calvinists. After discussing how Puritanism entailed searching for signs that one had been saved, the author shows how some of the Puritans, fleeing religious persecution, established a highly ordered and flourishing colony in New England. The author closes by indicating that the religion eventually failed due to factionalism and a growing desire for personal salvation among its adherents.
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The Relationship between James I and the Puritans, 2006.
This paper explains the importance of foreign policy, in relation to other factors, in influencing the relationship between James I and the Puritans in the years 1603 - 1625.
1,427 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at the relationship between James I and the Puritans, focusing on the significance of foreign policy. The writer notes that the Puritan's view regarding foreign policy, although the Millenary Petition of 1603 acknowledged James's authority over all such matters, was stringently anti-Spanish. The writer maintains that in the eyes of the Puritans, Spain was something of a Catholic super-power and, along with the traditional hatred of the Spanish, they took the more extreme view that the Pope was the "Anti-Christ" and that all Catholics were irretrievably evil. The writer points out that when compared to James's tolerant attitude, this was potentially dangerous for both parties. The writer notes that before 1618, foreign policy did little to damage James's relationship with England's Puritans, who were largely conformist. The writer concludes that after 1618, however, with the increasingly serious negotiations with Spain over the match, the Puritans became far more concerned about James's tolerant attitude towards Catholicism and, in a Millenarian point of view, the potential danger of James failing to ensure a Protestant victory in the Battle of Armageddon.
From the Paper
"James's 1618 Book of Sports was, by going against extreme Puritan Sabbatarianism, a further attempt to separate the conformist Puritans from the non-conformist individuals, which added to his lengthy list of such efforts. These endeavours, whilst casual, did help James in recognising some extremists, but also helped to further alienate some - such alienated groups would have been particularly adverse to any foreign policy sympathetic to Catholic powers (and more prepared to resort to extreme measures), which was especially dangerous because most such Puritans were by no means poor: Puritanism required, to some extent, literacy, and literacy was largely restricted to richer members of society, who were therefore more likely to be MPs, or MPs' more important constituents (as part of the Gentry). Such Puritans were, fortunately for James, rare (partly owing to their emigration) and so they had little effect. Puritans in Parliament were conformists at least to the extent that they recognised parliament, and so had little effect on foreign policy - the reasons for anti-Spanish sentiment in Parliament were varied, but had little to do with extreme Puritanism. Until 1618, there was little reason for souring the relationship between James and the majority of Puritans (specifically) through domestic policy, finance, the constitution or other areas, as the dissatisfaction that could arise from these problems were not religious issues. After 1618, however, with the increasingly serious negotiations with Spain over the Match (now with Charles, since Henry, James's older son, had died), the Puritans became far more concerned about James's tolerant attitude towards Catholicism and, in a Millenarian point of view, the potential danger of James failing to ensure a Protestant Victory in the Battle of Armageddon."
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Puritan Society, 2002.
This paper discusses the Puritan society, which was part of the foundation of the United States.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that the Puritans were a highly restrictive people; they believed that their religion was the only correct one. The paper reveals that most of Puritan society revolved around religion, although there is no actual "Puritan religion" of which to speak; mostly, Puritan society came about because many people arrived in America with non-conformist views toward the Anglican Church. The author states that the concept of Manifest Destiny was important to the Puritans and was reflected in American history because many people believed that it was their God-given right and destiny to expand out toward the West Coast and conquer the lands that they found there.
From the Paper
"As for the religious leaders and holy men of Puritan society, they believed that they were far superior to everyone else. This did not include only the people in the Puritan society, but people of other races, nationalities, and religions as well. Often, the Puritan holy men were very rich, but they felt threatened and frightened by individuals of other religions who shared the same duties over their flocks as the Puritan leaders had over theirs. Puritan holy men were believed to be devoid of original sin, and they taught the Puritan society to believe that anyone who preached another religion was an instrument of the devil. They encouraged this not only because they felt threatened by other religious leaders, but also because many of the other religions were more open and accessible to the general public, and the Puritan holy men wished to continue to control society through religion."
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New England Puritanism, 2004.
An examination of the worldview and beliefs of the Puritans who arrived in the United States and how they were affected by the society around them.
1,306 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the impact that the Puritans made on their surrounding society and visa versa. The writer states that, throughout their long history in New England, the Puritans were always laying the foundations of the commonwealth and were religiously preserving their faith and polity from unorthodox contamination. It explains that, aside from their religious lives, the Puritans also widened the area of supply and increased the agricultural output for purposes of export into all parts of the north Atlantic world while raising the standard of living beyond the dreams of their early immigrant forefathers.
From the Paper
"In regard to religion, the Puritans were convinced that all forms of church polity and social conduct which had no scriptural sanction were sinful and not to be ignored. To them, the passages of the Holy Bible, as they were interpreted without regard to time, place or origin, were God?s positive command and were an all-sufficient authority for life?s purposes. Life was not a progress but a state of preparation for the life beyond and the things of the earth that were worldly were rejected, not to mention that the Puritans sought only those things which the Holy Bible demonstrated as being pleasing in the sight of God. Beauty, pleasure and the indulgences of the flesh, even if moderately enjoyed, were harmful to the soul. Righteousness was obedience to God?s inscrutable will which the individual was always in direct communication. In essence, ?Puritanism was the reawakened temper of early Christianity.? 8 "
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Hawthorne and Puritans, 2002.
Examining Nathaniel Hawthorne's attitude to the Puritans in two of his famous novels - "The Minister's Black Veil" and "Young Goodman Brown".
1,982 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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This paper deals with the way that Nathaniel Hawthorne comments critically on the beliefs of his Puritan ancestors. Although the two stories are very different, both of them involve the problem of seeing as a metaphor for Puritan doctrine. The paper provides an explanation of key Puritan characteristics and how these tie in to each of the novels.
From the Paper
"The Puritan sect deplored the decline of the English church and in their colony they sought, in the words of their first governor John Winthrop, "a Citty on a hill" that would be an example to the world, showing that "to doe justly, to love mercy, to walke humbly with our God" and to "be knitte together in this work as one man" was the way to salvation (quoted in Morison 73). They believed that humanity had fallen and that individuals could only save themselves through "an extreme form of piety" that depended on "a particularly self-deprecatory and submissive stance" toward God (Conkin 9). This self-critical approach saw every action as a moral choice and every aspect of life was to be guided by its potential impact on the possibility of being saved. Thus the Puritans "wanted every possible act to be considered, rational, and voluntary, and consequently subject to praise or blame," that is, subject to possible censure from the united community or from an authorized voice of the community such as a parent or a minister (Conkin 13)."
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The Rise and Fall of the Puritans in England, 2006.
An examination of the era of the Puritans.
1,072 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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In this paper the author describes the era of the Puritans from their rise in the reign of Elizabeth I until their demise. It discusses the meaning of their title and the allies and enemies that they had. The paper concludes with the fall of the Puritans due to their intolerance and surmises that religion and politics never mix well although a lesson was learnt by the Puritans that came to America.
From the Paper
"The Puritans, ultra-conservative in matters of religion, now had a political cause. They saw Roman Catholocism as their enemy, and felt that the Anglican Church did not go far enough to distinguish itself from Catholicism. So, it found followers who, more for economic and social reasons than religious ones, came to agree with the Puritans that it was time to do away with "Absolutism" in religion as well as in the ruling classes. Charles I believed that English Kings had a hereditary right to be absolute rulers, creating laws at will, and refusing to be opposed at the pain of exile or death. This meant that the Church of England would not permit dissent from other Protestants."
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Puritan Women: Work and Religion, 2006.
An examination of the role of Puritan women in their homes and society.
2,110 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 66.95
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This paper examines the role of Puritan women in their homes and the larger community. The writer details the responsibilities of a Puritan woman, describing her household and child-rearing tasks as well as her charitable works. A brief description of their religious outlook and witchcraft is also presented. The author contends that Puritan women saw a life of toil as a religious obligation.
From the Paper
"According to Christine Leigh Heyrman, Puritan women, beginning in the early to mid 1600's in Pre-Colonial America, played numerous major roles in regard to work and religion and were quite knowledgeable on a wide variety of topics, especially those related to child-rearing, household duties and serving the Church. Yet despite being "subordinate to their husbands" at both home and church, "Puritan 'goodwives' played an important part in the economies of their households and husbands entrusted them with a wide range of practical responsibilities" ("Religion, Women and the Family," Internet), including maintaining the needs of the household and actively performing in church functions while leading a "Puritan" lifestyle based on religious purity, chastity and devotion to one's family, husband, children and fellow men and women and their communities."
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Crevecoeur and Puritan Beliefs, 2002.
A comparison of St. John de Crevecoeur's environmental views with Puritanism.
755 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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This essay examines the difference between Puritanism and Crevecoeur?s views. Specifically, the contrasting views of motivational force and the influencing factors that shaped individual character are presented. While the Puritan?s actions were driven primarily by religious beliefs and a fear of not living in accordance with God's commandments, Crevecoeur believed that the environment shaped a man?s character. Crevecoeur's views are explored through a comparison of a migrant's life in America with the life he would have had in Europe.
From the Paper
"Religious suppression of the Puritans in England led to the ?Great Migration? of the 1630s and to the creation of New England on the shores of America. These early Puritan settlers hoped to establish a purified society far from the corrupting influence of England, one that would be in accordance with divine will. Puritan preaching applied lessons from the Scriptures to individual lives, offering moral and socio-economic guidance and sought to provide for the common welfare through communitarian organization and to that extent, indirectly laid the foundation for the modern, democratic and capitalist societies of today (Wake Forest University Web site).
In ?The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism,? Weber points out that the Calvinist belief in predestination of salvation or damnation of souls led to a level of anxiety, on the part of individuals, to avoid actions that would be seen as that of the ?damned? by society. This led to conscious planning of one?s day-to-day behaviour in accordance with God?s will. Thus, labor became a duty to God (Serendipity Web site). This fervent belief in predestination and duty to God benefited the Puritan settlers by virtue of being able to work hard towards establishing a prosperous economy and communities in a new, unknown land."
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"The Puritan Dilemma: The Story of John Winthrop", 2004.
Critique of Morgan's autobiography of John Winthrop and his life as a Puritan.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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This paper summarizes and reviews Edmund S. Morgan's book on Puritan life in America, the dilemma faced by Puritans, and in particular, the book's subject John Winthrop, concerning the question of what responsibility a righteous man owes to society. The paper then compares this dilemma with political dilemmas that America has wrestled with from its inception.
From the Paper
"What Mr. Morgan manages in this book is to show us that even 370 years ago, John Winthrop was already confronting many of what would be enduring themes and challenges of the American experiment. The struggle over how democratic America should be has been at the very core of our politics. Separationism would eventually lead to revolution and the split with Great Britain and then would explode most disastrously in the Civil War. Elitism (Armenianism) has been evident in America?s troubled history of race relations and periodic bouts of xenophobic anti-immigrant fever. Twentieth Century nihilism (Antinomianism) would prove far more virulent than the Seventeenth Century variant, because no longer at least a function of religious faith. And, Isolationism has been a constant temptation, mostly working to our advantage but also leaving us unprepared for things like Pearl Harbor and 9-11."
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Basic Puritan Beliefs, 2004.
This paper discusses the basic Puritan beliefs on religion, morality and justice as illustrated by Cotton Mather.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 23.95
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The paper explains the basic Puritan beliefs on religion, morality and justice as illustrated by Cotton Mather. The paper explores Mather's belief that Puritans are God's chosen and those who are different are a threat to the community.
From the Paper
"The Puritan society in Boston is described by Arthur Miller in his preface to "The Crucible" as one that was organized to withstand the harsh elements and lifestyle and those considered other Massachusetts tried to kill off the Puritans but they combined they set up a communal society which in the beginning was little more than an armed camp with an autocratic and devoted leadership. Such leadership came in the form of men like Cotton Mather, a devout and zealous pastor."
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Puritan Zeal in "The Birthmark", 2007.
An analysis of how Nathaniel Hawthorne depicts science in search of material perfection as a manifestation of Puritan zeal in "The Birthmark".
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 91.95
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This paper discusses how, throughout the story "The Birthmark", Hawthorne tells us that Puritan zeal is an evil and dangerous attitude, whether it is manifested through the capitalist's zeal for technological progress, or through the transcendentalist's zeal to spiritualize all acts and objects. The paper then endeavors to go beyond the simple interpretation which says that it is only a cautionary tale about science. It looks at how the protagonist is more truly characterized by Puritan zeal and how Hawthorne's protagonist is a scientist because the materialistic aspirations of the age had a large investment in science.
From the Paper
"We must first consider the Puritan heritage of America, which is an abiding theme in Hawthorne's work as a whole. The Puritan forefathers has brought with then an intense Calvinist faith, which was instrumental in forming the character of the new nation. The central tenet of this faith was 'sole fide', or 'justification by faith alone'. Calvinism was a reaction against the institutional basis of Catholicism, and therefore aimed to establish a personal communion with God, the only means to which was faith in Jesus Christ, and in the Bible as the words of God addressed directly to the believer. The Calvinist doctrine implied predestination, so that the believer is marked out by being in a state of grace. Only with grace are the words of God meaningful, and it is through the Bible that God establishes communion with the believer, and therefore confirms to believer that he or she is without sin."
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