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Public School Policy Making, 2007.
The objective of this paper is to demonstrate an understanding of the public school policy process, key policy terminology and policy concepts by examining the public school (K-12) policy for the state of New York.
3,635 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 101.95
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Abstract
This paper explores various policy papers, which define public school policy ranging from illumination of the classroom to environmentally sensitive cleaning and maintenance to funding recommendations. The author points out that a systematic difference was found between the federal and the non-federal systems in policy performance including little indication that federal systems either equalize or redistribute the aggregate resources of society. The paper relates that the goals of the governor's 'Campaign for Fiscal Equity' are (1) a multi-year, massive infusion of school funding, (2) the creation of a clear cut system of accountability to drive funds to key educational strategies and (3) a fair and simple foundation formula to distribute school aid based on student need not politics.
Table of Contents
Objective
Introduction
BEST (Building Educational Success Together)
State of Affairs in New York State Schools
Inequality in Quality of Classroom Provision
Policy Adoption Recommendations of the Three Agencies
Fiscal Policy Recommendations
Policy Recommendations Comparison
New York State Board of Regents
The Atlantic Philanthropies, The Ford Foundation, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and The American Institute for Research (A.I.R) and Management Analysis and Planning (MAP)
New York State Commission on Education Reform
Impact of Federalism on Policy-Making Process
Recent Policy Enactment
From the Paper
"Policy issues in New York State Schools are inclusive of use of chemical and pesticides in school and recently Education Law 409-I has been enacted which establishes the department as being responsible to report "on the status of utilizing environmentally sensitive cleaning and maintenance (green ) products in all public and nonpublic schools by June 1, 2007." Policy such as this is shaped by the stated needs of certain socio-political view and in one such case the need for facility alignment for quality education is upheld by educators."
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Public Policy-Making Process, 2006.
A review of public policy making and the public policy-making process.
2,114 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the process of public policy making. According to the paper, the policy making process that occurs in governmental organizations is a complex process that involves many organizations and entities, and is inclusive of several stages in the policy-making process. The paper further discusses the thesis of Charles E. Lindblom and Edward Woodhouse.
Outline:
Introduction
The Nature of Policy
Different Kinds of Policy Analysis
How Perceived Problems gets on the Public Agenda
The Major Players in the Process
The Decision-Making Processes Used to Adopt Policies
The Environment Within Which Policy Must Take Place
How Federalism Impacts the Policy-Making Process
Assessment of the Process Using the Thesis of Lindblom and Woodhouse
From the Paper
"Policy analysis is stated to have its limitations in the work of Lindblom and Woodhouse and the policy-makers are generally given too much advice or information which is incidentally extensive but does not offer a contrary or different point of view. Another limitation exists in the fact that while one group would hold that the correct action was taken yet another group would believe that the action was incorrect and this is based on individual reasoning. Stated is: "There runs a deep and wide river of information and opinion fed by many springs, from formal research projects to letters to the editor, some of which makes it way into the thinking of those with direct influence over policy." [p.15]"
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Policy Making, 2001.
An analysis of the correlation between policy making and public opinion and suggestions for strengthening the link.
1,250 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes and examines the nature of policy making and public opinion. Part II discusses the various steps involved in the policy making process. In Part III, the nature of public opinion and the question of whether public opinion provides a sound basis for national policy making are examined. Lastly, this paper concludes with recommendations for strengthening the relationship between policy making and public opinion.
From the Paper
"Thomas Jefferson once said, ?The good sense of the people will always be found to be the best army.? While this populist idea may be debatable, there can be little doubt that public opinion is an important and powerful tool in our information-age democracy. Policymakers are influenced by several factors, including constituents, lobbyists, political parties, public opinion, and special interest groups. However, the exact nature and scope of the relationship between policymaking and public opinion is neither direct nor simple."
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Home Schooling versus Public Schooling, 2006.
A comparison of home schools and public schools in the United States, the pros and cons.
1,861 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper shows the balance between the negative and positive aspects of public schools. Similarly, it reflects that home schooling provides an ideal atmosphere for a child under close supervision but has certain limitations too.The biggest advantage the home schools offer is the protection from the violence, sex, drugs and other social ills that is now a common phenomenon in the public schools. The public schools may be infested with serious problems, but they are still indispensable to the intellectual, emotional and psychological growth of young minds. The intellectual growth at homes and social grooming at public schools are shown to be equally important. Both these options provided are shown to provide endless opportunities to learn and grow.
From the Paper
"Education is most important facet of any society. Educated youth is an asset which contributes to progress, development and evolution of civilization. Human beings are naturally blessed with enormous potentials. Education is the knowledge of putting one's potentials to maximum use. When we think of education, the first thing which comes to our minds is the educational institution or the school. Since centuries, the most common form of getting formal education is through Public Schools. However, it has been observed that in last two to three decades, the Public School education is going down the slope. There are numerous questions raised as to the quality of education being imparted and the illicit extra-curricular activities the students are indulging while attending Public Schools. Parents are now getting apprehensive of sending their children to Public Schools and are forced to think of safe alternatives."
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The Effects of 9/11 as a Crisis on Policy-Making, 2007.
An analysis of the long and short-term effects of 9/11 on policy-making in the United States.
1,585 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the effects of the terrorist attacks of 9/11 upon policy-making in the short and long-term in the United States. It focuses on the roles of the media, public opinion, the Congress and the White House. The paper suggests that 9/11 has profoundly changed the relationship between the President and Congress and has, at the same time, presented unique challenges for policy-makers who must deal with a hostile press and public opinion.
From the Paper
"The first of the groups to be discussed is the media. While it is commonplace to argue that the media does not really have any "great" impact upon policy-making decisions - chiefly because it tends to lurch quickly from one crisis to another in response to what it perceives to the public's short attention span (Kingdon, 62; Downs, 38-50) - the reality might be somewhat different. For one thing, as Bernard C. Cohen wrote long ago, the media has historically been the chief means by which people who might otherwise have little contact with one another communicate with one another - simply because the public coverage devoted to a topic brings that topic to the attention of otherwise disparate groups (Cohen, 39-45; see also Kingdon, 63)."
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European Union Environmental Policy-Making, 2003.
An exploration of the the manner in which various domestic factors in the European Union member states can influence the Union's policy-making.
2,717 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper shows, without discounting the force of global and European structure and mechanisms, how each member state?s position in environmental policy-making in the EU level is determined by its own national interests that are derived from its own domestic characteristics and conditions. It looks at how public opinion, economic structure, geographical conditions and political construction, all shape the state?s case-by-case position in the EU. It shows how ideally member states would rather have its own regulation adopted as the EU-wide legislation as that will entail no adjustment costs on its part. It also examines in the environmental sector how the need to maintain competitiveness, to regain internal market access, or simply to ensure the success of a quality-of-living protection programme drives member states even further in its effort to influence the resulting EU legislation.
From the Paper
"The European Union as known today originated from the need of West European countries for a regional arrangement to facilitate their economic development. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) created by the founding Treaties of the European Communities were created as functional agencies only in charge of the coordination of national, economic strategies in designated sectors, whether they will lead to a supranational body or not. The Treaty of Rome in 1957 did not include any articles that made specific reference to the creation of an environmental policy, which originally was thought to be potentially detrimental to the economic development."
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How Domestic Factors Influence EU Environmental Policy-Making, 2003.
This paper explores the ways in which various domestic factors in the EU member states can influence the Union's policy-making.
3,429 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 18 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
The paper uses research to analyze the different ways in which environmental policy-making in the EU has been influenced by domestic factors in the member states. The writer finds that public awareness in the 1970s and the success of the Greens in some countries affected the EU. The paper cites case studies of Germany, Denmark, the UK and Spain.
From the Paper
"The European Union as known today originated from the need of West European countries for a regional arrangement to facilitate their economic development. The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM) created by the founding Treaties of the European Communities were created as functional agencies only in charge of the coordination of national, economic strategies in designated sectors, whether they will lead to a supranational body or not. The Treaty of Rome in 1957 did not include any articles that made specific reference to the creation of an environmental policy, which originally was thought to be potentially detrimental to the economic development."
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E.U. Policy-Making, 2002.
An examination of the implementation difficulties which the European Commission has identified as undermining the policy-making abilities of the EU institutions.
3,207 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 22 sources, MLA, $ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the European Commission has become aware of an ?implementation deficit? within the EU policy process. It looks at how its primary role regarding EU policy implementation is that of supervisor and overseer and how although it is responsible for direct implementation to a limited extent, the majority of implementation is delegated to agencies within the member states. It attempts to show how it is this subsidiarity of policy implementation which has emerged as the principal cause of the implementation deficit, although various other factors add to this problem. In order to understand the extent to which these implementation difficulties undermine EU policy-making, each of the primary factors which contribute to this deficit are examined and examples of actual EU policies that have suffered as a result are provided.
From the Paper
"A further means by which EU policy-making may be undermined is the presence of too many intervening links in the implementation process. The higher the number of links, the greater is the risk of failure. For instance, the EU?s anti sexual discrimination policies would go through so many links before reaching their intended target (e.g. an office) that the policy may have been ?eroded? to such an extent that, when implemented, it can be totally distorted from the original Commission policy."
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"The Policy-Making Process" by Charles E Lindblom, 2000.
A review of the work on policy-making as integral part of continuum of political activity.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Charles E. Lindblom's The Policy Making Process (Prentice-Hall, 1980) is a seminal work in the policy planning canon, one in which a deceptively spare volume (126 pages) speaks to a wide range of heuristic issues that are germane to the field.
From the Paper
"A Review of Charles E. Lindblom's
The Policy-Making Process
1. Introduction
Charles E. Lindblom's The Policy Making Process (Prentice-Hall, 1980) is a seminal work in the policy planning canon, one in which a deceptively spare volume (126 pages) speaks to a wide range of heuristic issues that are germane to the field.
That the writing is also spare speaks to the practical wisdom accumulated by this Yale University Sterling Professor Emeritus of Economics and Political Science who in 1997 was awarded the "Dwight Waldo Award for outstanding contributions to the literature and leadership of public administration through an extended career" (APAR Awards, 1998, II).
Lindblom's book is "Issue oriented" in that it attempts to provide a..."
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Public Schools vs. Private Schools, 2005.
A look at the accusation that public schools do not produce graduates capable of living and working successfully in their own culture.
3,100 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, $ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to demonstrate that private schools succeed at preparing graduates to succeed after graduation, whereas public schools do not. The paper puts forth the hypothesis that private schools teach their students to succeed, not because of a great deal of money poured into education, but because the schools are free to teach the curricula they choose and because they prepare students to return to their own cultures and succeed. The paper further hypothesizes that public schools, on the other hand, are not free to teach curricula not aimed at improving standardized test scores, and the successful public school student is not prepared to return to his or her culture in a trade, but to transition out of it into an anachronistic academic culture.
Introduction
Hypothesis
Review of the Literature
Education and Culture
Teaching Dispositions
Outmoded Educational Model
Would Vo-tech be a Better Public School Goal?
Developing the Person Instead of the Mind
Opposition to Change in Public Schools
Alternatives to Public and Private School
Methodology
From the Paper
"There are two, or possibly even three, co-existent educational systems in the United States. The largest of these is the public education system, followed by the private schools and increasingly popular home-schooling. The third system will be mentioned only tangentially, as the real problems with U.S. education are considered to reside in the public schools. In recent decades, there have been various schemes put forth regarding vouchers for families who want to send their children to private schools but cannot afford the fees; none of these has borne fruit. In any case, it is doubtful that the private schools could absorb the numbers of students who would want to attend if vouchers were a reality. The problem with the public schools has been identified by most of the public and by many researchers as one of curriculum."
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European Policy Making, 2002.
The paper answers the questions: Are the Council of Ministers and the Commission partners or rivals in European policy-making?
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes and interprets the politics of EU and determines whether the Council of Ministers and the Commission partners are rivals or partners.
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Defense and Health Care Policy-Making, 2002.
Looks at the policy making process regarding issues of national defense and health care.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This essay analyzes the issues of health care and foreign/defense policymaking. The author provides a clear statement of the issues, identifies the jurisdictional level, and discusses the key players and their roles. Specific actions, personal involvement, and barriers to be overcome are also addressed.
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"Smoking and Politics: Policy Making and the Federal Bureaucracy", 2002.
This paper presents a critical analysis of the above study about smoking and politics by A. Lee Fritschler and James M. Hoefler.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the book, which looks at the U.S. government?s involvement in the tobacco industry. It discusses shifts in policy making with regard to tobacco and the influence and power of the tobacco industry to fight anti-smoking policies. The effect of federalism on product regulation is discussed, as is the release of the report by the Surgeon General, Luther Terry, in 1964; claiming smoking as a health risk. The Federal Trade Commission?s role in regulating cigarettes is looked at and the interference of politics in neutral, scientific, and impartial regulation is raised. The paper concludes with recommendations for the future, such as the rationalization of public policy and the monitoring of policy changes.
From the Paper
"The tobacco issue has been a difficult one in the American political system from the beginning of tobacco as a cash crop. The issue has become even more complex in recent years, with one arm of the government offering subsidies and other support to tobacco growers while another is challenging the health risks involved and still another is seeking legal redress. The government has for some time in effect been on both sides of the issue at the same time. Many of the reasons for this can be found in the book Smoking and Politics: Policy Making and the Federal Bureaucracy by A. Lee Fritschler and James M. Hoefler, most recently in its 5th Edition as the authors update their analysis every few years."
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U.S. Domestic Policy Making, 2002.
An examination of various factors which influence internal American policies.
835 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the factors which effect U.S. domestic policy making. This decision making process is coordinated with the Domestic Policy Council (DPC). The writer examines the important role of this council. The paper also briefly discusses a few contemporary issues being dealt with by the council - bankruptcy, environmental law, nuclear energy, internet domain names and fisheries.
From the Paper
"Coordinated by the Domestic Policy Council (DPC), the domestic policy-making process in the White House offers policy advice to the President. This Council in addition works to make certain that the proposal of domestic policy are synchronized as well as constant throughout federal agencies. Furthermore, the execution of these domestic policies is also supervised, where the President's priorities to other branches of government is signified by the DPC (Domestic Policy Council)."
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The Role of Leaders in Foreign Policy Decision Making, 2004.
A discussion of the importance of leadership characteristics in the political arena.
912 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the role of a leader in foreign policy decision making is often complicated by the need to balance both the leader's political base at home with the nation?s best strategic interests and the best interests of allies in the geopolitical power structure abroad. This paper provides examples to demonstrate the fine line a leader must walk while making foreign policy decisions and how foreign policy decisions may backfire on the leader and, indeed, on the nation, later on.
From the Paper
"The first U.S. president to initiate an intervention into Iranian affairs was Dwight Eisenhower, in 1953, Ike?s first year in office. His Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and his national security advisors counseled Eisenhower that a covert foreign policy aimed at Iran was in America?s best national interests. The CIA, according to well-known, oft-published documents, indeed planned and pulled off a bold coup in Iran (EIU.com, 2003), the first successful overthrow of a foreign government by the U.S. The operation was code-named TP-AJAX (Iranchamber.com, 2003), and it was implemented in order to depose Iran?s nationalist leader, Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddeq, who had nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company ? much to the chagrin of the U.S. and British governments, both of which were intent on keeping a hand on the rich oil supply gushing from Iranian wells. And as a replacement for Mosaddeq, the CIA?s mission was to install ?The Shah of Iran? (Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi)."
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