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Psychological Interrogation & False Confessions: A Literature Review, 2001.
A review of literature on psychological interrogation methods, false confessions and their implications.
4,738 words (approx. 19.0 pages), 28 sources, APA, $ 121.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that while the use of psychological interrogation methods is currently permissible by the courts in Canada, Great Britain and the U.S.A., many researchers argue that psychological interrogation is, in essence, no different than blatant coercion. Confession Law has slowly evolved over time alongside the evolution of interrogation methods. The paper discusses how prior to the 18th Century, English Common Law accepted confessions without any restrictions, which allowed confessions extracted through torture to be accepted as viable representations of objective truth. Today, the bottom line on the admissibility of confessions is that they are "typically excluded if elicited by physical violence, by a threat of harm or punishment, by a promise of leniency or immunity from prosecution, or by failure to notify a suspect of his or her constitutional rights to counsel and silence" (Kassin & McNall, 1991). The paper shows that despite these seemingly stringent laws regarding the admissibility of confessions, psychological interrogation methods are adept at circumventing the law, and continue to employ methods that run the risk of eliciting false confessions. This paper reviews the literature on Psychological Interrogation methods, false confessions and the implications of both.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Psychological Interrogation Tactics
Inside the Interrogation Room
Custodial Legal Advice & The Right to Silence
Psychological Interrogation Functioning as Coercion
Police Interrogations and Confessions
Communicating Promises and Threats by Pragmatic Implication
False Confessions
Occurrence of False Confessions
Creation of False Confessions
An Empirical Study On Recall
Discourse Study
Interrogative Suggestibility & Delinquent Boys
Psychological Characteristics of False Confessors
Consequences of False Confessions
From the Paper
"Interrogation, as defined by the Merriam Webster Dictionary, is the act of "questioning; formally and systematically." Interrogations within criminal justice systems are used to gather information relevant to investigations, and more importantly, to elicit confessions from suspects. Methods of interrogation have changed drastically throughout history, but the ultimate goal of obtaining confessions has held constant. While the whips and chains of the past have now exited the western world's interrogation rooms, many scholars argue that today's suspects are still subjected to psychological tortures. Psychological Interrogation is the most recent approach used by law enforcement officials to extract information from suspects."
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False Confessions, 2006.
This paper reviews an experiment relating to false confessions as conducted and reported by Saul M. Kassin and Katherine L. Kiechel (1996) in the article "The Social Psychology of False Confessions: Compliance, Internalization, and Confabulation".
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines research about coerced-internalized false confessions, which occur when innocent suspects actually believe that he or she is guilty of the crime; many of which are the result of police interrogation in which deceptive and deceitful practices may be used and accepted by the judicial system. The author points out that the article "The Social Psychology of False Confessions" tested the hypothesis that the presentation of false evidence can lead individuals who are vulnerable to confess to an act, which they did not commit, and, more important, to internalize the confession and perhaps confabulate details in memory consistent with that new belief. The paper relates that the researchers used an experimental method, which the paper describes, and concludes that this experiment was well-executed and well-reported.
From the Paper
"There were two independent variables in this experiment. First, the subject's level of vulnerability was manipulated by varying the pace of the task. Therefore, the confederate read at either a fast or slow pace. Second, the experimenters varied the use of false incrimination evidence. The confederates either "witnessed" or acknowledged the mistake or some confederates did not "witness", or see the subject touch the ALT key. The dependent variable was the confessions. Three forms of social influence were evaluated: compliance, internalization, and confabulation. To assess compliance, the experimenter handwrote a confession and asked the subject to sign it. "
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The False Confession.
This paper discusses in detail the problem of a coerced false confession in the murder of Stephanie Crowe and the investigation that followed.
6,810 words (approx. 27.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 154.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that 8% of wrongful convictions are due to forced confessions prompted by the police. The author states that twelve-year-old Stephanie Crowe was found stabbed to death on her bedroom floor in 1998; however, the Crowe family's nightmare had only just started because her 14-year-old brother Michael was coerced by Escondido, California police detectives, who were so desperate for a confession to close this horrific crime that they overlooked crucial evidence, into confessing to the murder. The paper relates that the charges of murder were dropped before trial in February, 1999 after last-minute DNA testing found spots of Stephanie's blood on a sweatshirt worn by a transient man seen in the neighborhood the night of the killing.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Crime
The Investigation
The Transient
Mass of Evidence
Under Suspicion
The Interrogation of Michael Crowe and Joshua Treadway
What Was Wrong With The Interrogation?
Aftermath of the Confessions
Preparing for Trial
Forensic Flip-flop
Preview of Evidence
The Richard Tuite theory
The Evidence in the Container
The Hearing
Prosecution's Confidence Enhanced
Defense's Rebuttal
The Crucial Hearing
Groundbreaking Evidence
A Conviction at Last
From the Paper
"The detectives interrogating Michael Crowe crossed a clearly and explicitly defined line when they told Michael only by admitting he killed his sister they could help him and by telling him his parents no longer wanted him. According to a Crime Library Article, the police "used lies, false promises, isolation from parents and attorneys, even threats of adult prison and predatory older inmates" as techniques to elicit a confession. The treatment of Michael by detectives was clearly not according to protocol. The interrogation of Michael Crowe was against protocol and clearly was an enormous mistake made by detectives."
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Psychology and the Psychological Study of Human Aggression, 2000.
A look at various psychological studies and opinion on human aggression.
1,695 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 9 sources, $ 54.95
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From the Paper
"Psychology is a science dealing with behavior and mental processes. It concerns the hows and whys of individual human behavior. Psychological research employs the scientific method, which utilizes the techniques and procedures of naturalistic observation and experimentation to deal with facts, data, and their interpretation according to certain principles. In a given study, the dependent variable under study is considered to be a function of the 'independent variables. Typically, one independent variable is manipulated - the experi-mental variable, while the other independent variables are controlled. Statistical methods are then employed to anal, the research data to ascertain if the findings support or refute the experimental hypothesis......."
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Community Psychology And Traditional Psychology, 2002.
Examines the differences between the two schools of psychology.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 9 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Examines the differences between the two schools of psychology. Community as grounded in roots of ecological psychology & the social sciences. Traditional as based upon principles of psychoanalysis, behaviorism & humanistic psychotherapies. Uses actor Robert Downey, Jr. and his chronic substance abuse problems to illustrate how both schools of psychology would analyze his difficulties.
From the Paper
"Community psychology is a specialization within a larger realm encompassing psychology and the social sciences that is grounded in the roots of ecological psychology (What is community psychology..., 2000). Traditional psychology, on the other hand, is based upon fundamental principles of psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic psychotherapies (Garfield & Bergin, 1986). The two approaches differ in terms of views, values, and focus. The purpose of this report is to examine the differences between these two schools of psychology with reference to a specific individual seeking help for a life problem. The individual selected is the well-known actor, Robert Downey, Jr., whose substance abuse problems have been tracked in the popular press over the course of the last several years."
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Baptist Confessions, 2005.
A comparison and contrast of the Anabaptist and American Baptist confessions.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 0 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts two Baptist confessions. The paper discusses the Anabaptist confessions and the American Baptist confessions. This comparison examines the doctrinal differences, the construction and ordinance of these confessions. It then goes on to discuss how the confessions impacted the religious movement.
From the Paper
"Comparing and Contrasting Two Baptist Confessions Introduction This paper shall compare and contrast two Baptist confessions. The two Baptist confessions selected for this purpose are the Anabaptist confessions and the American Baptist confessions. Confessions tended to be used to establish protocol, dispel grounds for dispute, and promote correct actions when assessing the faith. This comparison will examine the doctrinal differences, the construction and ordinance of these confessions, and how the confessions impacted the religious movement. The Anabaptist Confessions The Anabaptists dated from the Prereformist and the Reformist periods and strongly resembled the dissenting movement that preceded it; dissenters and Anabaptists alike identified the structure of faith as one that needed to be affirmed and continuously reaffirmed throughout the course of the practitioner's life."
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Psychological Tests, 2004.
An analysis of the validity and reliability of psychological testing.
1,871 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to determine if psychologists and the courts should begin to question whether psychological tests such as the Rorschach and MMPI can retain their validity and reliability, particularly when test results are subject to public scrutiny or review by unqualified professionals. The paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the different types and uses of psychological tests. The paper examines the literature available relevant to psychological tests to determine whether or not psychological testing is a valid and reliable practice for measuring one's fitness for duty, mental stability and general condition.
Outline
Introduction
Analysis of the Efficacy of Psychological Tests: Types of Tests
Can Psychological Tests Retain their Validity?
Summary
From the Paper
"Intelligence tests attempt to measure intelligence on a certain scale or the manner in which an individual is able to assimilate one's understanding of the world around them and applies the information they acquire (Richmond, 2005). Intelligence tests can be hard to validate because in order for them to truly be accurate they must be unbiased and culture free and the majority of intelligence tests that exist fail to do this to some extent (Richmond, 2005). Neuropsychological tests are typically used to measure any deficiencies that exist from a cognitive perspective, meaning related to the way people think, speak and reason (Richmond, 2005). These are considered far more accurate than traditional psychological tests, and may be used to assess whether or not an individual is suffering from brain damage due to an illness or injury."
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False Imprisonment, 2002.
Examines the psychological state of people falsely convicted for a crime they did not commit, after their release.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the mental state of prisoners released after exoneration for a wrongful conviction and so having suffered false imprisonment.
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Psychological Testing in the Workplace, 2002.
A discussion of the application and effectiveness of psychological testing in the workplace.
2,067 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how workplace psychology is a relatively new dimension within the industry of psychology, and within this new field is a list of important motivational reasons for the administration of psychological testing to both existing employees and potential employees. It shows how the motivation for the application of psychological testing within the workplace can range anywhere from the desire to apply psychological science to work style varieties and, therefore, job descriptions, to assessing the psychological health of workers in potentially stressful roles. It also looks at how other reasons why psychological testing may occur within the workplace may include use as a tool for the recruitment of new employees or as a tool to assess productivity or workplace problems some associated with social issues and some associated with nonsocial problems.
From the Paper
"It must be made clear to the employee that the responses and results of the testing are not conditional to their continued employment and that changes made to benefit them and the workplace are the intended results of any assessment. An employee must understand that it is his or her work that will determine continued employment and not his or her answers on any survey. Whether problems are associated with a social situation or a logistic situation may be assessed through the tools of workplace psychology. It is important with this type of psych testing to make clear to all employees through a wide distribution of the assessments that everyone will have an interest in the results. Employees must not feel singled out as if the results of the test that only they take will determine his or her continued employment."
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Criminal Confessions, 1997.
Legal issues, views of courts, coercion, psychology, deceit, credibility, interrogation process and formal records.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"CRIMINAL CONFESSIONS OBTAINED BY POLICE
Introduction
This research examines issues related to criminal confessions obtained by police officers. Perceptions of the reliability and validity of such confessions where questionable tactics may have been used to induce a confession are the primary focus of this examination.
Criminal Confessions and the Law
A confession is among the most probative and damaging evidence that can be admitted in court against a defendant (DiPietro, 1993, p. 27). To be admissible in court, due process requires that a confession be (1) voluntary and (2) the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice by its confessing person. Police interrogation tactics that suggest the presence.."
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Psychological Effects of Drugs and Alcohol, 2004.
Discusses the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol on the human brain.
2,872 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 30 sources, APA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses in detail the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol on the human brain and how those effects play a role in the overall psychological constitution of the user/addict. The topics included in this paper include a brief yet detailed overview of substance dependence in conjunction with the evidence for psychological dependence as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-IV and other pertinent scientific sources. In addition, a number of recommendations for future research on the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol are discussed at the conclusion of this paper.
Substance Dependence
Substance-Induced Disorders
Alcohol
Cocaine and Amphetamines
Caffeine
Cannabis
Hallucinogens
Inhalants
Nicotine
Opioids
Phencyclidine
Sedatives
Recommendations
From the Paper
"The study of the psychological effects of drugs and alcohol on the human brain, as compared to other medical conditions, is relatively new in the field of medical research. Only within the last fifty years or so has the medical community focused on how drugs and alcohol affect the human brain and the conditions that arise from prolonged abuse of the various associated substances. As Dent J. Yerbury points out, "literally hundreds of substances cross the brain barrier to influence human behavior and psychology" (June,1986), especially those connected to substance abuse. Reflecting those substances that are most widely abused and that cause the most significant problems to the abuser, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM--IV) has divided the universe of substances into eleven specific drug classes--alcohol, cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, cannabis (marijuana), hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opioids, phencyclidine, and sedatives. Most recently, one other category has been included for less commonly abused substances, being over-the-counter medications."
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Psychological Thought, 2006.
This paper examines the major schools of psychology which are comprised of psychoanalysis and force psychology.
2,090 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper explores in-depth the three schools of psychology which consist of psychoanalysis, the second force of psychology and third force psychology. This paper discusses each school of thought in detail and expresses the different viewpoints each has on man's intrinsic nature regarding human nature, motivation and behavior.
Topics covered in this paper include:
Introduction
Freud - The First Force - Psychoanalysis
Watson and Skinner - The Second Force of Psychology
Abraham Maslow and Third Force Psychology
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Until Freud began his study of hysteria in women in the late 19th Century, the mentally ill were thought to be possessed by evil spirits or demons. The main method of treatment was confinement and often-brutal beatings and starvation. Occasionally, a less severe patient would be treated by the application of leeches to restore the balance of the 'humours', blood, bile etc. or at best given a dose of opium to calm them. As mentally ill patients were considered to be spiritually ill or possessed, their 'babblings or outbursts were ignored as they were considered unholy words."
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Intelligence and Psychological Testing, 2002.
This paper discusses the theories and process of intelligence and psychological testing.
4,140 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that in psychological research, a theory is the most significant factor: It determines the manner in which the research will be performed, the purpose of conducting the investigation and defines the subject that is being researched. The author defines the psychometric approach as psychology that deals with the design, administration and interpretation of quantitative tests for the measurement of psychological variables such as intelligence, aptitude and personality traits. This paper presents the history and application of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, which is one of the most enduring and most used system of typological classifications.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Definition: Intelligence Testing
Uses of Intelligence Testing
Theories of Process
Information Processing
Interpreting, Grouping and Clinical Assessment
Grouping and Validity
Psychological Type and the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
From the Paper
"Informational theorists believe that human cognition is best understood as the management of information through a system with limited space or resources.Two theorists that promote informational processing models are Sternberg and Gardner. Sternberg's triarchic theory consists of three parts: cognitive components of intelligence, experience and intelligence, and context of intelligence. They are divided in three major sub-theories: Componential is encoding, combining and comparing stimuli and evaluating one own performance. Contextual is the adaptation to one?s environment. The two-facet sub-theory is the ability to process novelty and the ability to atomize cognitive processes. One of Sternberg's most important contributions to intelligence theory has been the redefinition of intelligence to incorporate practical knowledge. As Sternberg insists, "'real life is where intelligence operates' and not in the classroom . . . . The true measure of success is not how well one does in school, but how well one does in life.""
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Psychological Egoism, 2002.
An analysis of Joel Feinberg's theory of psychological egoism, focusing on two arguments of this theory.
1,344 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper describes psychological egoism. The paper critically evaluates two of the arguments in favor of psychological egoism according to Joel Feinberg's theory. The writer provides his own opinion on one of those arguments, and concludes the essay by considering what someone defending psychological egoism might say in response to Feinberg?s criticism of the writer's argument.
From the Paper
"Psychological Egoism (according to Joel Feinberg) is ?the name given to the doctrine that the only thing anyone is capable of desiring or pursuing ultimately (as an end in itself) is his own self-interest.? (Feinberg p. 497) My understanding of this theory after reading the article is that every action or deed that is done by humans is for the solitary purpose of making you feel good about yourself, to positively stimulate your ego, or to reduce the injury or suffering that you may endure as the result of an action."
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False Memory Effects, 2003.
An investigation and explanation of false memory and why people use it.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explores what false memory is and how and why we use it. It also explores the difference between semantic and phonological processing. The effects of false memory and the varying factors influencing it including thought processing and time before encoding are investigated and discussed thoroughly. The papers also compares this experiement to other similar studies. The results are consistent across all participants and support the theory of false memory effects efficiently.
From the Paper
"One hypothesis that can be looked at is: HA: False memory effects are influenced by the depth of processing at encoding. HO: False memory effects are not influenced by the depth of processing at encoding. This can be studied by looking at the empirical results and searching for a large difference between the amount of unstudied critical words and the amount of unstudied unrelated words that are ?remembered? across the field of participants. Another hypothesis that can be tested is: HA: False memory effects occur for phonological as well as semantic associates of encoding lists. HO: False memory effects occur for only phonological associates of encoding lists. From the results, it cannot be proven that these types of false memory effects absolutely exist, but can be strongly argued that they do. The larger amount of participants used the better the result that we can achieve."
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