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PSA Flight 182, 2007.
This paper examines the air disaster involing Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 182.
2,966 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 87.95
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Abstract
In this article concerning the mid-air collision of Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) flight 182, the writer traces the events leading up to the event. The writer then describes the accident and explores the possible causes. The writer narrates some of the eye-witness accounts and reviews its aftermath including the effect of the crash on the regulations on air-traffic control around busy airports. The writer concludes that the flight 182 disaster over San Diego remains one of the biggest and most horrific air disasters in the U.S. aviation history, which could have been prevented if better flight rules had been followed. Further, the writer notes that the only silver lining of the appalling tragedy is that the accident prompted the implementation of stricter safety regulations around busy airports in the U.S.
Outline:
The Chronology of Events Leading to the Accident
Communication with San Diego Approach Controller & Lindbergh Tower
Confusion in the Cockpit
The Accident
Eyewitness Accounts
Cause of the Crash
How The Accident Affected Regulations on Air-traffic Control
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Robert Osby, then a battalion chief with the San Diego Fire Department, and later the fire chief, who supervised the rescue efforts at the disaster site recalls that the firefighters due to their prompt and professional efforts were able to contain the fire from spreading beyond a remarkably small area--only two sides of one short block of Dwight Street. He also thanks God that the plane had crashed into a working-class neighborhood on a Monday morning when most of the residents of the destroyed homes were at work; otherwise the death toll on the ground would have been much higher (Ibid.) Another reason why the fireball from the fallen aircraft was contained in a smaller area was because the plane did not fall in a parallel-to-the-ground glide path but crashed nose first."
"Hans Wendt, a staff photographer with the San Diego County's public relations office, who was covering an outdoor press event in North Park at the time of the accident, took two dramatic post collision still color photographs of the falling Boeing-727 trailing blue-and-white smoke streaking from its right wing while plunging towards the ground."
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Flight Crew Management, 2004.
An examination of a new form of management known as crew resource management as applied to flight crew management in a time of stress.
4,158 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 24 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
Flight crew resource management is the science of training flight crews to interact and communicate in a highly authoritarian environment while, at the same time, making use of the intelligence and professional resources of all the members of a flight crew. In the cockpit, the captain is in unquestionable control of the airplane because he is ultimately responsible for all aspects of the flight, including hardware, equipment, and personnel on board. However, each member of the crew can make important contributions, especially during in-flight crises, but their input can be thwarted because of the highly authoritarian command culture. This paper examines the issues of flight crew resource management and seeks to expand the definition of crew resource management to include personal communication style in order to further facilitate professional, accurate, and open communication between the flight staff and commander.
From the Paper
"According to Wilson (2001) aviation accidents and mishaps are attributed to human error in 60% to 80% of cases. A large number of these mishaps can be directly traced to the failures in coordination among cockpit crews during the time of the crises. The situations are not caused by poor pilot or crew skills. Just the opposite is true. When highly professional staff and crew encounter a crisis situation, often their training can hinder the communication and double checking of decision making that could often avoid the indecent, or accident. In the majority of controlled flight accidents and incidents poor pilot performance through improper and faulty crew resource management (CRM) have been cited as contributing factors in numerous accidents and incidents reported by major airlines during the period covering 1983 to 1985 (U.S. General Accounting Office, 1997). The U.S. General Accounting Office (1997) found that CRM deficiencies, such as the lack of coordination among cockpit crews, captain's decisions to keep tasks to himself rather than assign tasks or check decisions with other members, and / or a lack of effective crew supervision were a contributing cause in approximately half of accidents that occurred between 1983 and 1985 that involved one or more fatalities. Other reviews have found similar factors at work within cited accident reports (Chidester, Helmreich, Gregorich, & Geis, 1991; Gregorich, Helmreich, & Wilhelm, 1990)."
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Hess's Flight to England in 1941, 2002.
An examination of the controversy surrounding the flight of Nazi Germany's Deputy Fuhrer Rudolf Hess to Scotland on May 10, 1941.
3,481 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history and the events surrounding Rudolf Hess's daring flight to Scotland in May 1941 and how it turned out to have been a fool's errand, which was probably made possible by a combination of Nazi ignorance and British guile. It provides a brief biography of Hess' life and military career and the purpose of his flight, to help negotiate peace terms between England and Germany under which Germany could pursue unhindered its war aims in Eastern Europe and Russia. It evaluates the surrounding controversy that came to light after the war that the British explanation of Hess's journey was false and how Hess was actually hoodwinked by the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS) into making the flight.
Outline
Hess's Background
Preparations and Inspiration for the Flight
Was Hess's Flight Authorized by Hitler?
Subsequent Disclosures
British Motives
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Hess was a skilled aviator. In 1934, he won a hazardous air race around the Zugspitze, Germany's highest peak. He flew unaided to the right destination in Scotland a ME-100, a fighter plane which was provided to him by its designer, Professor Willi Messerschmidt, in late 1940. According to most accounts, Hess took as many as 20 practice flights to familiarize himself with the plane. According to Kilzer, Hitler's personal pilot, Hans Bauer, accompanied Hess on some of the flights (p. 266). On at least two occasions, January 11, 1941 and March 18, 1941, Hess flew toward the North Sea only to turn back because of failure of an aileron or the weather (pp. 207-210). Before the last two flights, he gave his adjutant, Karl-Heinz Pintsch a secret letter for Hitler."
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Evolution Of Bird Flight, 1988.
Examines fossil evidence, leg modification into wings, conflicting theories, dynamics of flight, non-flying birds and reasons for flight.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 16 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
" The evolution of bird flight is one of the most dramatic events in the evolution of animals since the evolution of land life from aquatic forms. One of the challenges of theorists is to explain how this evolution may have occurred and how flight benefits birds. While advantages to flight can be sought, there is also need to explain why birds such as the emu of Australia, kiwi of New Zealand and African ostrich are flightless. Any attempt to find evolutionary advantage in flight must also take account of these birds that do not fly.
The general consensus is that cold-blooded reptiles are the most immediate ancestors of warm-blooded birds. However, the fossil record has not yielded evidence indicating how the front legs of reptiles became transformed into the wing of the bird. Archaeopteryx, the first known fossil bird, had a long bony tail(...)"
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PSA Screening in Canada, 2007.
A discussion of the issues related to prostate-specific antigen (PSA)screening in Canada.
1,460 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the controversial issue of screening for prostate cancer using the PSA test. It explains that PSA is used for its predictive value of prostate cancer in men and a value higher than 4.0 is positive and indicates the possibility of cancer; it is negative if less than 4.0. The paper discusses the serious issues related to the lack of physician adherence to guidelines in Canada and the out-of-pocket payment required of men in Ontario who wish to have the PSA test. The paper also points out that the central issue related to PSA screening is informed decision making as it concerns the patient and the clinician.
From the Paper
"Prostate cancer is prevalent in Canada which, in 2006, had about 10,700 new cases and 4,200 deaths from the disease (Beaulac, Fry & Onysko, 2006). The incidence rates for prostate cancer are low in Ontario, Quebec, and three of the western provinces. Incidence rates in Ontario are far below the national average. The low rates in Ontario appear to result from the use of PSA screening and other forms of early detection. A reduced incidence rate since 1993 across Canada seems to indicate that detection is now being undertaken in a consistent manner all over the country (Gaudette & Altmayer, 1998)."
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The Flight Training Industry, 2004.
This paper discusses that the flight training industry is at the crossroads, and its future will depend on how well it can respond to the changing requirements of the airline industry.
3,025 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in response to airline industry requirements, flight training programs should use the modular approach to training, rather than the integrated approach. The modular approach results in longer flying hours, more knowledge of the management issues related to commercial aviation, and experience in multi-engine aircraft flying and multi-crew simulation exercises. The author points out that the main objective of the flight training industry, very hard hit following 9/11, was to prevent shutdown of the many training schools, which form the backbone of the human resources requirement of the aviation industry. The paper relates that one of the major challenges, from a business viewpoint, is the loss of glitz and glamour that commercial airline pilots once enjoyed because of increased security concerns, greater risks in flying, high cost of training, and the uncertain career prospects due to the frequent shakeouts in the airline industry.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Impact of the September 11 Attacks
Response of Operators
Business and Economic Issues in Flight Training Industry
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These measures can go a long way in helping detection of people planning terror attacks, although the success percentage is often debatable. For instance- the Phoenix Air Flight School in Cartersville, GA, introduced a slew of new measures for enhancing security. The School keeps systematic record of all applicants and students keep copies of pilot licenses, medical certificates and driving licenses. Instructors are required to keep vigilance over students who exhibit suspicious behavior, say those who want to be trained and qualified immediately after they join the school. However, some school administrations point out that terrorists can still takeaway aircrafts, as once a person completes a certification program he or she is authorized to fly a plane."
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USAir Flight 5050, 2004.
An analysis of the crash of USAir Flight 5050.
939 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper details the aborted takeoff of USAir Flight 5050 and the subsequent crash. The paper describes what happened during the attempted takeoff and explains that, due to the wet condition of the runway, the aircraft could not stop in time. The paper presents the investigative findings of the crash, which included examination of flight data and communications, such as the flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder.
From the Paper
"USAir Flight 5050 was scheduled to depart from New York's LaGuardia Airport and scheduled to arrive at Charlotte, North Carolina on September 20, 1989. Fifty-seven passengers and four flight attendants were aboard. On board the flight deck of the Boeing 737 were Captain Micheal Martin and First Officer Constantine Kleissas. The crew had a long layover in New York and was forced to wait for approximately one and a half hours due to the cold and wet weather. Finally at about 11:30 pm, the aircraft was cleared for takeoff with Kleissas at the controls."
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Japan Airlines - The Crash of Flight 123, 2004.
This paper serves as a report detailing the air disaster involving Japan Airlines Flight number 123.
1,356 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses the air disaster involving Japan Airlines Flight 123, which crashed in 1985. The writer examines details of the Boeing flight, including intended flight path and plane information. Further, the writer provides a detailed analysis of the causes of the crash. In this paper, the findings of various federal organizations are also included.
From the Paper
"The last minutes of Japan Airlines Flight 123 from Tokyo have been the subject of intense debate since the Boeing crashed on August 1985. It remains to date the worst single plane air crash in history. Twelve minutes into a domestic run from Haneda Airport Tokyo to Osaka Flight 123 experienced every pilot and passenger's nightmare: a total loss of hydraulic pressure, as well as tail control, surfaces which rendered the piloting controls useless. The plane was out of control ... "
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Flight Attendants, 2002.
Examines the job content of flight attendants - their role and duties.
1,859 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This research paper provides an account of working as a flight attendant. The paper includes a look at the nature of work, training requirements, qualifications, procedures, employment rate and earning rate as well as merits and demerits of the service occupation of flight attendants. The writer adds a number of current statistics, including salaries, size of workforce, breakdown of the workforce among others.
From the Paper
"Almost all airlines provide their passengers with flight attendants in order to assist their customers travel comfortably. Since, the law demands airlines to hire flight attendants the individuals joining this occupation shoulder various responsibilities including making sure that passengers on board comply with the safety regulations and keeping a strict check pertaining to the availability of first aid kit and other safety equipment (Service Occupations: Flight Attendants). Moreover, flight attendants inform the flying public regarding the use of such emergency equipment, welcome their passengers on board, check their flying tickets as well as provide instructions to them regarding the placement of ?carry-on items? ."
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Cali, Columbia Accident: American Airlines Flight 965, 2006.
An analysis of the American Airlines Flight 965 crash in Cali, Columbia.
7,500 words (approx. 30.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 164.95
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Abstract
This paper reconstructs the crash of American Airlines Flight 965, which departed Miami International Airport, Miami, Florida, in route to Alfonso Bonilla Aragon International Airport in Cali, Colombia on the night of December 20, 1995. It examines in detail the human and environmental factors that caused the events. The paper lists suggestions made by the National Transportation Safety Board to improve flight safety and prevent such accidents in the future. In conclusion, however, the paper point out that the overwhelming majority of these changes have not been implemented because of the politics involving admitting fault and determining which party (or parties) was ultimately responsible. Instead of focusing on changes that have the potential to positively impact the greater good, the legal departments of the different companies involved must actively work to shield themselves from potential lawsuits from victims' families.
Table of Contents:
Introduction - Factual Account of Events
Environmental Factors
Human Factors
Hardware
Software
Strange and Unusual Occurrences
NTSB Recommendations and Recent Changes
Appendix (includes diagrams and photographs)
From the Paper
"The environment on American Airlines flight 965 to Cali, Columbia was in a state of constant change. Many factors affected the flight situation and helped provide a setting without situational awareness. Several environments constituted the flight. At times, it was one of confusion, one of pressure because of a time constraint, one with lack of equipment in Cali, unawareness of terrain, inadequate preparation, communication breakdowns, and lack of pilot experience."
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The Future Of Civilian Space Flight, 2002.
Examines the future of civilian space flight in the wake of the Challenger Disaster.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the future of civilian space flight in the wake of the Challenger disaster on January 28, 1986 and NASA's opposition to civilian flight.
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Flight 173, 2005.
An analysis of the facts concerning the crash of United Airlines flight 173 in 1978.
945 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This report is a short investigative paper into what happened to United Airlines Flight 173 that crashed on December 28, 1978, into a heavily wooded but populated suburban area of Portland as it attempted to approach the Portland International Airport. It looks at how crash reconstruction experts, on-flight recorders and eye witness accounts were used to help provide insights into why the tragic event occurred.
From the Paper
"In the flight crew's defense, they were said to have been completely preoccupied with a landing gear malfunction and therefore overlooked the fact that they were in serious trouble due to the fuel shortage. The obvious question that comes to mind about this tragedy could be that weren't there other options such as a gear up landing? There have been successful gear up landings in the past and with foam technology today, the runway could literally have been made to resemble ice. Of course fuel combustion is a major concern for gear up landings. "A commuter jet, carrying 52 passengers was forced to circle Wichita's Mid-Continent airport for 1-? hours Saturday morning."
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United Airlines Flight 232, 2004.
An analysis of the crash of United Airlines Flight 232.
1,003 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the topic of airline crew resource management. Specifically, it examines the crash of United Airlines flight 232. The paper presents the opinion that the crew on flight 232 did everything possible they could to save the aircraft and lives at that point in time and under the circumstances, and that cockpit resource management (CRM) played a large part in their survival and success in saving lives.
From the Paper
"Communication was the key that held the crew together, coordinated with the ground, and assured that at least some of the passengers would survive this accident. Communication was terse, but to the point, and because the crewmembers worked together as a team, and discussed their options and results, they played on each other's strengths and weaknesses, and they stayed in constant communication with ATC. Haynes noted in has after the accident comments that communication was one of the most important factors in the cockpit, and the results, where only 112 passengers and crew were lost, while 185 survived the devastating crash indicate the success of their communication efforts."
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Air Traffic Control 'Free Flight' System, 2004.
Compares the current air traffic control system with the newer air traffic control 'free flight' system.
1,217 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief overview of the ?free flight? system of air traffic control and compares it with the present air traffic control system. The paper also describes the limitations of the current air traffic system and then goes on to explain how the 'free flight' system promises efficiency and profitability for the airline industry.
From the Paper
"With more than 50,000 flights taking to the skies everyday the present US air traffic control system places increasing strain on the control room staff who have the responsibility of tracking, guiding and directing the pilots. Under the current system, the air traffic controllers resolve conflicts in airspace using radar signals and regulating traffic by means of adjusting the altitude and speed limit of the different flights. As James Coyne, president of the National Air Transportation Association, says, ?All of the information that flows to and from a pilot today in virtually all aircraft is done on a strictly single-voice channel, back and forth, with human beings actually saying all the words live. As anyone can imagine, that is an extremely inefficient way to convey data." [Jacques Leslie] Pilots are dependent upon the instructions from the control room to avoid conflicts and disaster in airspace. Once the aircraft is cleared by the departure controller and left the TRACON (terminal radar control) airspace, it is monitored enroute by the personnel in the ARTCC (Air Route Traffic Control Center) who continue to provide the pilots with the traffic, altitude and speed instructions. [Craig C. Freudenrich Ph.D] For most airways however, the stipulated altitude, route and speed restrictions do not contribute to optimal efficiency."
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Korean Airlines Flight 801, 2004.
Examines how the 1997 air crash of Flight 801 could have claimed fewer lives.
2,365 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
On August 6, 1997, Korean Air flight 801 (KAL 801) crashed at Nimitz Hill, Guam. Of the 254 persons on board, 228 were killed and 23 passengers and 3 flight attendants survived the accident with serious injuries. This paper argues that more lives could have been saved if more emphasis were made on planning, equipping, execution, and training of all components that encompassed the Emergency Response Team, Guam International Airport, Agana, Guam.
From the Paper
"The Guam Civil Defense director also testified that, before the accident, Guam Civil Defense authorities had a memorandum of understanding (MOA) with the U.S. Air Force for emergency response but had not established an MOA with the U.S. Navy or U.S. Coast Guard. The Guam Civil Defense director stated that, after the accident, Guam authorities formed an emergency response committee, which included the Navy, the Coast Guard, and the Air Force, and that an MOA involving all emergency response agencies on the island had been drafted. The director stated that the MOA called for emergency response drills involving all of the agencies."
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