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Protecting Animals: System of Duties Built on Jewish Law, 2005.
An in-depth paper which calls on the Jewish religion to stop focusing on animal rights and to start focusing on human duties and obligations towards animals.
8,160 words (approx. 32.6 pages), 30 sources, MLA, $ 174.95
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Abstract
This paper explores an alternative to fighting for animal rights, and instead advocates for a system of human duties and obligations based on Jewish Law. The paper analyzes the way Jewish law views cruelty to animals, the environment, and the obligation to take care of one's health. Jewish Law lays out a system of positive obligations that Man has towards animals, the environment, and his own health.
I. Introduction
II. Jewish Law and the Environment
A. The World and All in It Belongs To G-d and Man Is Responsible For Preserving It All
B. Animals Are Important to G-d
C. Bal Tashchit - The Prohibition on Wanton Destruction
D. Environmental Effects of Producing So Much Meat
III. Animals in Jewish Law
A. Animals as Property
B. Tza'ar Ba'aley Chayim and Positive Acts of Kindness
IV. Jewish Law and Health
A. The Importance of Maintaining Health in Jewish Law
B. Health and Vegetarianism
V. The Misunderstanding of the Importance Of Meat In Judaism
VI. Rabbis and Vegetarianism
VII. A Modern System of Duties and Obligations
A. Eating Meat and Dairy Products
B. Hunting, Trapping, and Furs
C. Animals in Entertainment
D. Animal Experimentation
E. Wildlife Conservation
VIII. Conclusion
From the Paper
"We often talk about protecting animals and giving them their rights. Animal rights' activists argue about which rights are due to animals and which rights to animals are due to human beings. I argue that this dialogue is unhelpful to animals, just as it is unhelpful to human beings. Rather than argue about rights, I contend that we should construct a system of duties and obligations under which human beings will have varied responsibilities towards animals. Such a system already exists under Jewish law, a system devoid of human rights and animal rights, but rich with human responsibility and obligations towards mankind, animals, and the environment."
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Animal Rights/Animal Liberation, 1999.
Defends the ethical basis for the animal rights movement in their fight against the use of animals in research, based on ecocentric philosophy.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 16 sources, $ 95.95
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Abstract
Serious questions have been raised about the ethical justification of the use of animals in research designed to benefit human beings. Moral condemnation for the use of animals to benefit humans, however, is not the principal point of such questions. The issue of the use of animals in research is an integral part of the framework of animal rights/animal liberation within the larger structure of environmental ethics. This research defends the ethical framework of animal rights/ animal liberation. The primary focus in this defense is on the use of animals in research designed to benefit human beings
From the Paper
"ANIMAL RIGHTS/ANIMAL LIBERATION: AN ETHICAL DEFENSE
Introduction
Serious questions have been raised about the ethical justification of the use of animals in research designed to benefit human beings. Moral condemnation for the use of animals to benefit humans, however, is not the principal point of such questions. The issue of the use of animals in research is an integral part of the framework of animal rights/animal liberation within the larger structure of environmental ethics. This research defends the ethical framework of animal rights/ animal liberation. The primary focus in this defense is on the use of animals in research designed to benefit human beings.
The Ethical Basis of Animal Rights/Animal Liberation ..."
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Cruelty to Animals, 2006.
An assessment of organizational and governmental efforts to protect animals.
1,825 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the organizations, governmental agencies and courtrooms acting to protect animals from cruelty. The paper begins with a review of the laws against cruelty to animals. Next, the paper explores the mission and success of some of the most well-known non-profit organizations working to protect animals. Included are the Humane Society and American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, as well as People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). The paper also briefly discusses smaller, grassroots organizations, like Animal Cruelty Actionline. The paper then turns to the laws against animal cruelty and their application in several rather disturbing courtroom cases.
From the Paper
"There are currently hundreds of organizations around to prevent and stop cruelty to animals. The most widely recognized organizations are the American Humane Society and the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. The ASPCA since its inception has become a role model for other similar organizations to follow. The organization has a legislative action center in which volunteers are asked to write their legislatures in order to rally for stricter penalties against animal cruelty. Volunteers are kept abreast on current issues related to animal cruelty. The society also keeps a listing of animal humane law enforcement officials and animal control agencies throughout the United States."
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The Use of Animals in George Orwell's "Animal Farm", 2001.
This paper looks at George Orwell's novel, "Animal Farm."
1,105 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper is an in-depth examination of George Orwell's use of animal characters in his novel, "Animal Farm." The use of animals as metaphor is also detailed. The author looks at the political environment at the time the book was written and at the message the author was trying to convey to his readers.
From the Paper
"Animals are not simply seen as innocent. Common stereotypes about animals tie into their roles in the story nicely. For example, in many countries pigs are often seen as lazy and greedy animals that like to hog resources. Fittingly, in the novel we are told that first the milk and apples, prized delicacies among the animals, were taken by the pigs, with the false explanation that ?milk and apples (this has been proved by Science, comrades) contain substances absolutely necessary to the well-being of a pig? (27). Later, the pigs award themselves the privilege of waking up an hour after all the other animals and sleeping in ?very comfortable beds?, and they again spread propaganda and create false reasons for their actions (50)."
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People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, 2008.
An examination of an organization that sets out to protect animal rights but with extreme actions.
1,146 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the work and ideas of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and gives an account of an exercise carried out to promote its cause and explain its positions.
Outline:
Introduction
Methodology
Language Analysis
From the Paper
"The saying goes that actions speak louder than words, and for some groups attempting to persuade the public of the virtue of their point of view, this can be an unfortunate truth. People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) offer a persuasive argument on their website and in various literature, but the virtues of their point of view are often lost on the public because of actions the group has taken that cause people to view them as a fringe group with extreme ideas. The ideas may not really be that extreme, but their actions sometimes are and so undercut the power of their speech. PETA is dedicated first to the same sorts of issues as the SPCA (or the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals). The latter group seeks legislation to prevent cruelty to animals and promotes public awareness of cases of cruelty. The group also promotes caring for animals as a virtue to be pursued. PETA does much the same but also takes more extreme positions against those who in any way disagree with them or who may use animals in any way that causes the disapproval of the organization. This sometimes leads to extreme action, such as throwing blood on people wearing fur. Such actions have given the group a reputation that undercuts the persuasive power of their speech."
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Psychological and Behavioral Processes in Humans and Animals, 2002.
This paper compares and contrasts psychological and behavioral processes of human and animals; knowledge of animals gains a deeper comprehension of the similar processes in humans.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that both humans and animals have strong psychological needs that modify attitudes and behaviors. The author states that cognitive processes, including thinking, feeling, memorizing and perceiving, strongly influence the entire welfare of animals and humans. The paper concludes that there are acute differences between the humans and animals in their psychological processes that mutate their behavior.
From the Paper
"Research demonstrates that learning about psychological and behavioral processes of both animals and humans can greatly assist psychologists, physiologists, biologists and most of all general public in ameliorating human/animal interaction and in the successful management of all animals. Over the years, physiological processes have been studied thoroughly and paid much attention to, however, psychological needs and behavioral processes associated to them have neither been examined nor researched, thereby neglecting the most cardinal facet of both animal and human behavior for exploration of the same proves that animals like humans have strong psychological needs that modify and determine their behavior."
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Animals as a Human Food Source, 2005.
This paper discusses and argues against the consumption of animals as a human food source.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 5 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This essay examines many of the issues associated with the consumption of animals for food. It is argued that this practice is flawed from two perspectives: ethically and as an issue of human health. As the writer shows in this article, from the perspective of ethics the only supportable position is to refuse to consume animals for food while, from a health perspective, the clear dangers from animals fats and, in particular, the transmission of toxic pollutants from animals to humans suggests that the consumption of animals for food carries with it considerable health risks for the human species.
From the Paper
"In September 2001 the well-known animal rights organization People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) sponsored a billboard in Vancouver, British Columbia that triggered widespread controversy within the environmental and animal rights movement. The billboard read, simply: "Eat the Whales". Not surprisingly, this advertisement provoked a heated response from many environmentalists and, in particular, from the influential anti-whaling movement. However, PETA was unrepentant and argued that their advertisement made an important point: why do so many people, including environmentalists and anti-whaling activists, make distinctions between species and consider eating domestic pigs, cows or chickens permissible but whales, dolphins or seals abhorrent?"
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The Ethical Treatment of Animals, 2001.
A paper which discusses the issue of factory farming.
950 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
The ethical treatment of animals in today's society has come to a crucial standoff between those who oppose any use of animals for testing along with the mistreatment of factory farm animals, and those who believe that the use of animals for such activities are important to protect and feed humans. The paper reflects where the line should be drawn - should animals have the same rights as humans, or are they of a lesser life-form and be used as a resource? This paper discusses the far extremes of this matter, being the absolute disregard for animals having any rights, versus the belief that animals are capable of feeling emotions and pain.
From the Paper
"A small rat sits alone in a cage. On an hourly basis a chemical is pumped through the air supply. This is a project that will eventually kill the rat, but it might just save millions of humans. "Every day, consumers in more than 140 countries purchase P&G (Proctor & Gamble) products - from deodorants and shampoos to laundry detergents and household cleaners. They take for granted that these products will be safe when used as instructed. " Five chickens are crammed in a cage so tight they cannot turn around thus, their energy is stored in the body to create more flesh. Their beaks have been removed by heated blade so that they do not peck each other to death. Their feathers have been rubbed off and their skins chaffed. These chickens are deprived of light so that they will eat larger amounts of food. They will provide more poultry meat than any free range chickens. This isn't Old MacDonald's Farm."
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How do Animals Think?, 2001.
This paper deals with the much argued question of how animals think, if at all.
2,375 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the way animals think. It also deals with the issue of using animals for university experiments. It examines whether or not animals possess the prerequisite physical ability to sustain thought, from both a scientific and ethical point of view. It details several studies that have been done on the matter and states their conclusions. It concludes that if we consider that animals do have similar physiological organs of thought, and do regularly display behavior similar to human behavior, then there should be no discriminating against them and their ability to think.
From the Paper
37"The question is often repeated, ?Do animals think, in the same way that we do?? It is a question which for most part comes loaded with significance and prejudice. If it is true that animals think, like humans do, and feel pain and happiness, and desire, then the logical conclusion is that they must be treated with a certain respect. Much of Western culture depends on the use of animals in a fashion not compatible with the ethical demands of sentence. Unfortunately for the science of animal psychology, most researchers on the subjects have a vested interest in coming to the conclusion that their subjects (which have likely not been treated in a human[e] fashion over the course of the experiments) are not thinking beings. ? ?We were taught as undergraduates not to think of animals as other than stimulus-response bundles,? asserts Melanie Stiassney, an ichthyologist at the American Museum of Natural History. ?The dogma is you can't credit them with feelings.? ? (Mukerjee) One must ask, though, how such a pre-decided pool of scientists can treat the question of animal thought fairly? To be fair, one must divorce the answer from its ethical implications, and simply ask: ?Why not?? If animals possess physiology parallel to that which gives rise to human thought, if they display behavior consistent with such awareness, then (if one disregards the demands of hubris and the fear of guilt) the scientist must admit at least the definite possibility of animal thought."
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The Electric and Magnetic Sense of Animals, 2002.
This paper explores the different magnetic and electric properties that some animals posses.
1,810 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 11 sources, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explores animals' abilities to sense electricity and magnetism and their ability to use these qualities as part of their sensory machinery. The author examines the type of electrical energy that certain animals release and provides examples.
From the paper:
"Imagine what it would be like if you were able to sense electric and magnetic fields. You would be able predict when a bad lightning storm was coming and orient yourself in the right direction if you were lost in the woods. Although such abilities only exist in fantasy for humans, many animals? posses these abilities in real life. In this paper we will explore the fascinating ability of certain animals to use electricity and magnetism as part of their sensory machinery."
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Artistotle?s "History of Animals", 2004.
A look at Aristotle?s contribution to zoology through a review of his "History of Animals".
785 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, aside from philosophy and the more psychological arts, Aristotle?s greatest contribution to modern science is probably his writings on zoology. It looks at how, in the nine books of his "History of Animals", Aristotle observes animals in their habitats and uses dissection to discover the mysteries inside the animal body. Many of his conclusions regarding the nature, habits, and evolution of animals were, indeed, conducive to the conclusions that led to the science we know today.
From the Paper
"In his scientific research, Aristotle established scientific methodology today. He for example used dialectical (based on logical deduction) and empirical (practical) arguments to present his research findings. He furthermore used detailed observation and dissection in order to present clear and scientific arguments in his work. He was in fact the first scientist to make extensive use of dissection for his studies. This practice enabled Aristotle to describe phenomena such as the embryological development of a chick, to distinguish dolphins from fish and to describe the chambered stomachs of ruminants. He was also able to examine the social organization of bees, and he noticed that some sharks give birth to live young."
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Fiduciary Duties and the House of Lords, 2005.
A look at the recent House of Lords decisions surrounding the concept of fiduciary duties and constructive trusts.
2,568 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
The common law assembly including tort, contract and unjust enrichment provide several remedies for a breach of an obligation or duty. This paper examines how the laws relating to fiduciary duties demand specific attention and discusses why they should be placed under a separate sub-category of the law. It attempts to show how the Courts desperately need to consider whether the concept should be a strictly unified one thereby making the categories highly limited, or if fiduciary duties are capable of arising in so many circumstances that a limited concept would not be utilitarian, if indeed socially acceptable.
Outline
Introduction
Equity's Approach to the Concept of a Fiduciary Relationship
Fiduciary Duties, the House of Lords and the Maxims of Equitable Doctrines
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In 1992 the Law Commission conducted a report to examine whether English Law adequately protects the individuals to whom a fiduciary duty is owed and if privately enforceable fiduciary duties as opposed to mere regulations are stipulated sufficiently clear to practitioners as well as natural legal persons. Its findings were not surprising. It highlighted the vagueness of what constitutes a fiduciary relationship, and despite the categorisation of particular instances where a bona fide obligation arises, 'there has been no clear, universal test accepted in cases for classifying these particular relationships as fiduciary'. The common acceptance and nature of the five categories of fiduciary relationships, however, are not entirely defined nor closed; but is instead described as a 'flexible category' which extends the scope of obligations arising from fiduciary relationships."
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Experiments on Lab Animals, 2004.
Argues that experiments conducted on laboratory animals are not always reliable.
840 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
Lab animals are almost always used to test new products and show the reliability of products. This paper argues that the testing on animals does not always produce accurate results as the animals will sometimes develop bizarre behaviors due to the lab conditions.
From the Paper
"In the late 1950?s, Mark Rosenzweig found that the living environment affects the development of the animal?s brain (Yeoman, 2003) He found that animals in larger cages with various stimulants like mazes, ladders and sponges tend to have a higher level of acetyl cholinesterase. With the increase in this enzyme, the weights of their cerebral cortex higher (Yeoman, 2003)."
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Art and the Depiction of Animals in the Mexico Region, 2006.
A review of Mexican, Spanish and Aztec art and the common depiction of animals.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the art of the Mexican, Spanish and Aztec people often depicted animals. It further discusses how the cultures of these people were significantly different from modern society, and it was the Florentine Codex that was considered the authority that clarified this contention. The use of animals therefore within the art that existed during the time was a reflection of the cultures that lived in what was considered New Spain. The paper explains that the Florentine Codex is meticulous at providing examples of how animals existed in every day life for the natives of the region.
From the Paper
The art of the Mexican, Spanish and Aztec people often depicted animals. The cultures of these people were significantly different from modern society, and it was the Florentine Codex that was considered the authority that clarified this contention. The use of animals, therefore, within the art that existed during the time was a reflection of the cultures that lived in what was considered "New Spain". The Florentine Codex is meticulous at providing examples of how animals existed in every day life for the natives of the region. It is also concise in its descriptions of the inclusion of animals in the art of the period. Through the Florentine Codex it is possible to realize that the people of "New Spain" created images of animals as a reflection of their cultural beliefs.
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Experimentation on Animals, 2002.
A paper arguing against the use of medical experiments on animals.
1,970 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that despite the many tests being done on animals in the name of medicine, not many are applicable to human beings. The paper covers reasons why experiments should not be carried out on animals - mostly due to the cruelty and inhumanity of the issue. It offers alternative solutions to medical studies such as computer simulation instead of animal vivisection.
From the Paper
"There are various experiments that have indicated that animal testing and experimentation do not give the same results as those that may be seen on humans. As humans became more finely tuned and evolved, they lost their resistance and become more susceptible to impurities and infections than animals. To wit: in the1940s, human clinical investigation strongly indicated that asbestos caused cancer, animal studies repeatedly failed to demonstrate this; studies of human patients had already shown by 1963 a strong correlation between cigarette smoking and lung cancer, however almost all experimental efforts to produce lung cancer in animals had failed (Cohen, Kaufman, Ruttenberg, Fano, 1998). "
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