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Prostate Cancer Testing, 2005.
This paper is a research proposal to analyze the current compliance rates of African-American men for prostate cancer testing in Los Angeles County.
5,625 words (approx. 22.5 pages), 33 sources, APA, $ 136.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although African-American men are considerably more likely than white men to die of prostate cancer, they are reluctant to seek prostate cancer testing because they (1) perceive negative ethnic and cultural messages about masculinity, (2) have a high degree of discomfort with their emotions and (3) believe that submitting to health-sustaining annual prostate exams or performing testicular self-exams as unnecessary, humiliating and 'unmanly' activities. The author points out that, in spite of the prevalence of prostate cancer in African-American communities and the importance of the churches in helping to communicate important public healthcare messages, some ministers are reluctant to sponsor cancer screening programs in the church because of their perception that these issues are too sensitive in nature to be broached. The paper states that this study will use an action research methodology, a type of applied research in which the purpose is to facilitate social change or a political-social goal and will follow the six steps described by W. L. Neuman.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Specific Aims
Background and Significance
Research Design and Methods
Limitations and Delimitations
Data Collection Methodology
Population to be Studied
From the Paper
"Unfortunately, despite a growing recognition that health education programs need to become more "culturally sensitive" to be effective, many initiatives have failed to incorporate this important component into their delivery regimen. Bachino and her colleagues define "cultural sensitivity" as the "extent to which ethnic/cultural characteristics, experiences, norms, values ... are incorporated in the design of targeted health promotion materials." Beyond the need to develop effective patient education promotional materials that effectively communicate their message to the targeted population, health care professionals also have a fundamental ethical obligation to ensure that as many patients as possible are provided with information that will allow them to make informed decisions that are consistent with an individual's culture."
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Prostate Cancer, 2005.
This paper discusses prostate cancer and research to determine if it has a genetic cause.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that prostate cancer is the most frequent non-dermatological cancer in men in the United States and it is second to lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer deaths in men. The author points out that, as with other cancers such as breast and colon cancer, which have a familial clustering pattern; prostate cancer cases are believed to be due to a high risk of inherited genetic factors or perhaps even a susceptibility gene. The paper relates that increasing incidence of prostate cancer may be due to better detection, greater awareness on the part of the public of the condition and perhaps even a greater life expectancy with a decrease in the number of competing causes of death rather than a true increase in the prevalence of prostate cancer on the whole.
From the Paper
"It is interesting to note that maternal cancers also seem to have an affect on the risk of prostate cancers. It is felt that risk of prostate cancer is higher in men with a family history of breast cancer and/or ovarian cancer in a primary relative. This was only reported out in two studies, however, and other studies failed to find any association between family history of female breast cancer and greater risk of prostate cancer. This perhaps may be explained by the questionable increase in prostate cancer in men with BRCA 1 / 2 mutations in the setting of a family history of breast or ovarian cancer. "
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Prostate Cancer in African-American Men, 2008.
An intervention proposal to increase the probability of screening and early detection of prostate cancer in African-American males.
1,881 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 28 sources, APA, $ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed form of cancer in American males and how multiple epidemiological studies have confirmed that African-American males have a higher incidence of prostate cancer, and experience higher mortality than Caucasian males in the United States. It looks at how ignorance of cultural issues, language differences, and prejudice all serve as barriers to access to a uniform standard of health care for African-American males. It contends that to be effective, recruitment of African-American males into prostate cancer screening programs must move from health care provider sites, to community sites where African-American males normally congregate and looks at some of the success stories.
From the Paper
"Difficulty recruiting African-American men into prostate cancer screening clinical trials and mass screenings is a common thread in the literature review. National trials data with less than ten percent participation rates among African-American men demonstrates that the current approach to recruitment into screening is less than effective (Weinrich, Boyd, & Bradford, 1998). The research demonstrates the possibility of multiple causative factors. In general, the lack of knowledge about prostate cancer may be a barrier to making an informed decision about prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE) screening (Sellers & Ross, 2003). Informed decision-making implies that the decision to screen will involve both the health care professional and the patient (Sellers & Ross). "
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Prostate Cancer, 2002.
An examination of some of the issues involved in screening for prostate cancer.
1,228 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the trend today is to order cancer screening tests based on age or on risks factors. It examines how a recent report made by the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center says that these tests may not be the best for seniors or elderly persons since they suffer unnecessarily from discovering early cancer and undergoing surgery or another invasive treatments. It discusses some of these issues as related to prostate cancer, which is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer among American men.
From the Paper
"Further weight was added by the finding of still another research team, led by Dr. William Black. The team findings concluded that, while early cancer detection generally benefits the patient, it is altogether different when the patient is a senior. Screening patients who are 75 years old or older for breast, colon or cervical cancer may add only a few days to his or her life, according to the team leader, Dr. Black. Dr. Black?s group found out from statistics that these screenings are valuable only to those who are 70 years old or younger (Reuters Health 2000). He suggested that a limit be established as to when to stop getting a screening to complement the limit as when to begin getting one."
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Prostate Cancer in African-American Males, 2008.
This paper explores the high incidence and mortality of prostate cancer in African-American men.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 24 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals the disproportionate mortality rates for prostate cancer in African-American men in North Carolina. The paper explains that these statistics are related to socioeconomic, cultural and educational factors that present barriers to screening. The paper discusses how health care providers must collaborate with local African-American leaders to communicate the message that screening is relatively simple and increases the chance of survival of prostate cancer.
From the Paper
"Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed form of cancer in American males. The lifetime probability of developing prostate cancer for men is one in six (American Cancer Society, 2007). The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that in 2007, twenty-nine percent of all cancer diagnosed in men will be prostate cancer (ACS). The risk increases with age, with more than sixty-five percent of all cases occurring in men over age sixty-five (ACS). Multiple epidemiological studies have confirmed that African-American males have a higher incidence of prostate cancer, and experience higher mortality than Caucasian males in the United States (Weinrich S., 2006). In fact, African-American men have the highest incidence of any ethnic group (French, 2005)."
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Biochemistry and Prostate Cancer, 2004.
This paper looks at prostate cancer and related biochemical research.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses prostate cancer. The writer also examines some of the biochemical research that is being carried out to try and determine the causes of this type of cancer. The paper looks at the oxidative stress on cells and the effects of androgen. The writer discusses NSAID-associated gene protein and some of the multi-drug resistance associated proteins.
From the Paper
"Prostate cancer is a disease of aging brought about by changes in cellular biochemistry which result in an imbalance in the pro oxidant-antioxidant balance and in the cellular response to androgen which this brings about. Many advanced cases of prostate cancer become resistant to chemotherapy making the prognosis for those men dismal. It has been shown ... "
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Prostate Cancer, 2005.
A discussion on the diagnosis of prostate cancer and how it affects the family.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how prostate cancer not only produces a significant impact on men who are diagnosed but also on their partners and the marital relationship. The paper further discusses how the diagnosis also is a source of impact. The writer argues that while the couple should be considered as the unit of care, in reality this rarely is the case, and the wife's needs, especially in relation to information, tend to be ignored. This paper examines the Calgary Family Assessment Model and various assessment tools to demonstrate how nursing management involving the couple and extended family can be highly effective.
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Prostate Cancer, 2005.
An overview of the diagnosis and treatment of this form of cancer.
2,600 words (approx. 10.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
Prostatic cancer is the most prevalent cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer death. Despite intensified efforts to improve the diagnosis and treatment of PC, the death rate has remained unchanged for decades. This paper shows that while it is hoped that new screening approaches, including PSA testing, and increased use of radical prostatectomy will drop the death rate, the impact of these approaches on survival will not be known for another 10-15 years.
From the Paper
"Because of the long period over which prostate cancer appears to develop, the chemoprevention or chemosuppression of prostate cancer growth appears to be a real possibility. Finasteride, an agent which inhibits the conversion of testosterone to its prostatic active metabolite dihydrotestosterone, is now in active clinical trials (17). Finasteride, in theory, will interfere with the promotional effects of hormones on prostate cells. Other agents, such as the retinoids, are under development as differentiation and anti-progresslon agents for bladder and prostate cancer."
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Prostate Cancer, 2002.
Discusses possible causes and development of the disease.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 12 sources, $ 63.95
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Abstract
Discusses possible causes and development of the disease. Smptoms. Diagnosis. Tests. Progression of the disease. Controversy surrounding PSA test. Available treatment options including surgery, radiation therapy, diet and non-toxic therapies. Cost-effectiveness of various treatments. New treatments and medicines. Future outlook including molecular targeting and biologically driven treatment of prostate cancer. Outline.
From the Paper
"Outline
Prostate cancer affects millions of men every year and is the second largest cause of cancer deaths in men in the United States.
Many men are unaware they have prostate cancer
Tests for prostate cancer are not always definitive..
Many new options are opening up for treatment of prostate cancer.
The more common treatments of orchiectomy, radiation, androgen suppression and estrogen therapy are being displaced or supplemented by new drugs, gene therapy, immunotherapies, and combination therapies.
The newer therapies are more cytostatic than cytotoxic -
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Prostate Cancer, 2003.
Discusses detection and diagnosis of the disease.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 15 sources, $ 47.95
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Abstract
Discusses the unknown cause of this common cancer and the imaging techniques used to detect prostate cancer, including computer tomography (CT) scans. Examines how CT scans work and how the scan is done on a patient.
From the Paper
"The prostate gland lies in the pelvis just beneath the bladder and surrounds the middle section of the urethra (Berkow, Beers and Fletcher, 1997). The combined secretions of the prostate and the seminal gland which lies above it provide the fluid which ..."
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Prostate and Ultrasound, 1994.
A description of the male pelvic cavity organ, including development and problems and use of ultrasound in examination and diagnosis.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"The Prostate and Ultrasound
The prostate is a heterogenous organ located within the pelvic cavity anterior to the rectum. It consists of both glandular and fibrous components, all of which are enclosed by a common capsule. In recent decades, the development of transrectal ultrasonography has provided an effective tool for prostate examination. The technique delineates normal intraprostatic anatomy and is also useful for the detection of both benign and neoplastic prostate disease.
The embryologic development of the prostate is highly dependent on androgenic hormones. The organ begins to form at about the eleventh week of gestation (7:33-34). Stimulated by testosterone, multiple solid outgrowths emerge from the urethral epithelium about the entrance of the mesonephric ducts. These..."
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Medical Topics, 2005.
An overview of different medical topics including prostate cancer, diabetes mellitus, asthma, muscle contraction physiology and blood clotting.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at five different medical topics: prostate cancer, diabetes mellitus, asthma, muscle contraction physiology and biochemistry, and blood clotting physiology and biochemistry. The paper discusses the characteristics and functions associated with each of these topics.
From the Paper
"Muscle contraction is accomplished by the contact between nerves and muscles at neuromuscular junctions, which act much like the synapses between neurons. The nerve impulse arrives at the end bulb of the neuron and chemical transmitters are released which diffuse across the neuromuscular cleft. The transmitter molecules react with receptor sites on the muscle membrane and increases the membrane permeability to sodium ions. Sodium then diffuses into the muscle cell and the membrane potential becomes less negative."
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Colorectal Cancer and MBD4, 2004.
A review of recent colorectal cancer statistics in the U.S. and the U.K. including recent facts about a key player in colorectal cancer called MBD4.
1,071 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how colorectal cancer is the third most frequent cause of cancer death behind lung and prostate cancer in men and the third behind lung and breast in women in the U.S and the U.K.. It reviews the current statistics of colorectal cancer and the basics for its development as well as the current status of a very significant factor of carcinogenesis a protein called MBD4. Tables and diagrams aer included.
From the Paper
"Cancer is a malignant growth which results from uncontrolled cell proliferation and loss of cell differentiation and programmed apoptosis. The word ?cancer? describes a group of diseases that can affect any part of the human body. Cancer is a problem of great importance, affecting millions of people around the world and owes its success partly to the ability to spread-metastasize to other areas of the body through the lymphatic system and blood stream. According to McDonald (1997), cancer begins when a single cell undergoes mutation. This mutation promotes cell growth and permits this cell to bypass normal controls of proliferation. Additional mutations will occur, producing tumours."
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Nutrition and Cancer, 1999.
Examines the connection between diet and cancer, types of cancer, effective cancer-fighting foods and nutrients and research.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 4 sources, $ 79.95
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Abstract
"Inhibition of human breast cancer cell proliferation and delay of mammary tumorigenesis by flavonoids and citrus juices" by So, Guthrie, Chambers, Moussa, and Carroll (1996) reports that in women from developed countries, breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer; incidence is increasing worldwide at an average rate of approximately two percent annually.
From the Paper
"NUTRITION & CANCER
Introduction
"Inhibition of human breast cancer cell proliferation and delay of mammary tumorigenesis by flavonoids and citrus juices" by So, Guthrie, Chambers, Moussa, and Carroll (1996) reports that in women from developed countries, breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer; incidence is increasing worldwide at an average rate of approximately two percent annually. Chemotherapeutic techniques fail to reduce death rates from cancers of the breast, lung, brain, colon, prostate, ovary, and pancreas. Studies on diet and cancer offer information regarding naturally occurring anticancer agents. Research concludes that plant-based diets with whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables reduce risk of cancer. Carotenes and antioxidant vitamins may act as anticancer ..."
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Skin Cancer And How it is Caused, 2006.
This paper talks about skin cancer, what exactly skin cancer is, how one gets the disease and how to prevent it.
795 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author essentially talks about what skin cancer is, and how people can be exposed to getting it. He talks about the instances of skin cancer such as people who have a lighter skin tend to have an increased probability of being affected by the rays compared to dark skinned individuals. The paper discusses symptoms attached with skin cancer, like bumps around the head, neck or the shoulder area which might be the sign of a growing skin based tumor. In conclusion the author highlights that instances of skin cancer are growing daily and that more care when in the sun needs to be taken, to prevent the ultraviolet rays of the sun which are the main cause of skin cancer.
From the Paper
"Within the field of medicine, there are a whole range of cancers and one of them is skin cancer. Skin cancer has been getting a lot of media attention in the past couple of years primarily due to the reason that it has been faced by many people, especially in the Western world. In fact, skin cancer, in a relatively short period of time has come to become an increasingly common condition. The most common reason due to the increase in the number of cases of skin cancer has been the increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation, against which there seems to be no strong way of prevention. Many people use a number of sun screens (a type of cream) to decrease the effects of this type of radiation from coming into their bodies but at times, this mechanism of protection simply might not be enough."
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