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The Process of Political Socialization, 2005.
A look at the process of political socialization and how it contributes to the process of system destabilization.
2,794 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
This paper looks, first, at how an understanding of political socialization is an inherently important aspect of comprehending political life and then attempts to illustrate how a deeper understanding of political socialization can enhance our understanding of the role of socialization in political change, as opposed to political stability. The paper then uses the example of Egypt before the revolution of 1952, and then following it, to demonstrate how this process works.
Introduction
The Process and Theory of Political Socialization
Preparation for the Revolution: Socialization Towards System
Destabilization
From the Paper
"Socialization is a complex phenomena, analyzing and theoritizing about the ways and means by which children become social beings and acquire the tools that help them function in society, on cultural, economic and political levels. As the term itself, "socialization" implies, this phenomena is really a cultural one but, nonetheless, has very important political implications. As a matter of fact, socialization impacts many aspects of human development and, as such, constitutes an important area of study within the humanities and social sciences. The study of this phenomenon may be defined as an attempt to dissect the core of socialization and explain how the process unfolds, the manner in which it differs from one culture to another or from one age to another, and identify its determining factors. To date and in spite of a great deal of research conducted into this area and numerous attempts to attain comprehensive understanding of socialization, Stanley Allen Renshon, a Political Sociology professor and scholar, argues that socialization and, more specifically, political socialization, demands further research. This research is important if political scientist, not to mention sociologists and psychologists, are ever going to understand "the process by which the child develops into the citizen." Even though the basic process of political socialization, or socialization, as such is understood as the teaching of behaviour and the acquisition of behaviour there are many questions regarding the extent to which these learned behaviours influence politics and political systems. Jack Dennis, a Professor of Political Science at the University of Wisconsin and, author of Socialization to Politics: A Reader, emphasizes the importance of this set of question. He argues that they are important as a means of framing an understanding of "the system relevance of political socialization." In this regard, Dennis writes that answering the "question about what effects political socialization has upon political life," is crucial for understanding politics. In other words, once the elements of political socialization and the process by which it occurs, in addition to the identification of the factors which influence it, are fully understood, political life will become all that more clearer to read. Besides the necessity of understanding political socialization as inherently important to comprehension of political life, deeper understanding of political socialization will settle a major debate concerning the role of socialization in political change, as opposed to political stability. Dennis states that the exact role of political socialization in the stabilization, or destabilization of a political system is a topic of debate: "The assumption that every system engages in some program of political socialization needs to be tested; and it needs examination within the context of alternative means for building - or perhaps undermining - the support of the system's membership." The above does not simply communicate the existence of a debate regarding the role of political socialization in political systems but, expands our understanding of political socialization in a very important way. In the first place, it communicates that different systems have their unique political socialization goals and processes, directed towards the teaching of specific political beliefs and behaviors. In the second place, it informs readers that while political socialization usually functions towards the stabilization of the present political system, if new elements, communicating contrary messages enter into the process, political socialization may act towards the destabilization of a system and the creation of an alternative one. This is an interesting hypothesis which requires testing. As a way of testing that hypothesis, this research will argue that while political socialization does communicate established and accepted political behaviours and beliefs, from one generation to the next, certain economic, social and political conditions might lead to the rise of alternate beliefs and behaviours, determining political socialization towards revolutionary goals which, once successful and expressed in the collapse of a system and its replacement with another, will, once more, function towards stabilization of the system through the communication of the newly defined political behaviors and attitudes. In other words, political socialization is a cycle, beginning with stabilization, leading to destabilization, and ending with stabilization once again. By focusing on the political socialization processes operating in Egypt before the revolution of 1952, just prior to the revolution and then following it, the manner in which political socialization communicates behaviour intended to stabilize, destabilize then re-stabilize the political system shall be explained."
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Political Socialization, 2002.
This paper discusses political socialization, the process of developing political opinions, biases and even political apathy.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses political socialization, the process of developing political opinions, biases and even political apathy. It discusses the influences of family, schooling, peers, mass media, political parties and religion on one's beliefs. Four methods of indoctrination into the political society are also discussed-- latent, manifest, affective, and instrumental socialization.
From the Paper
"Political socialization begins early on in life and is an ongoing process affecting individuals throughout. It is how people eventually identify personal beliefs and expectations in American politics. These political views can include our level of patriotism, faith in the democratic system, standards by which we hold governing bodies, and opinions regarding public policies. From the playground to the classroom, the office to the dinner table, much of our lives affect our political opinions. The most easily identified agents of this are family, schooling, peers, mass media, political parties and religious influences. Further more, these means indoctrinate us in the political society through four basic methods: latent, manifest, affective, and instrumental socialization."
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Political Socialization, 2004.
This paper discusses political socialization, the political beliefs or values of the people in a society, which has its roots in the views of ancient philosophers such as Plato.
2,035 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that political socialization is the process through which individuals acquire the information, beliefs, attitudes, and values that help them to understand the workings of a political system, and as part of the process, adopt some of the beliefs, attitudes and values. The author points out that the importance of the process lies in the fact that the beliefs and the values of the people are the basis for a society?s political culture, and such culture defines the parameters of political life and governmental action. The paper states that some people argue that people having similar social background, income or education levels, a common religion, race or gender share largely similar political views; hence, political socialization is more of an innate rather than a learned process.
Table of Contents
Background
What is Political Socialization?
Importance
Factors Influencing Political Socialization
Family
Schools
Peer Groups
Mass Media
Arguments that Political Socialization is an Innate Process
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Apart from family and schools, peer groups play an important role in imparting political values of young people. Influence of peer groups in the process of political socialization is more pronounced when an issue directly affects the youth. A pertinent example of this is the issue of the Vietnam War during the 1960s. At the time, young people were the most active participants in the movement against the war since they were directly affected by it?being made to fight in the war that was taking a large toll of lives. It is generally agreed, however, that youthful peer groups have greater influence on the lifestyle and dress as compared to politics."
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Political Structures and Processes in Japan and South Korea, 2002.
Critically discusses the political structures and processes of Japan and South Korea.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 6 sources, $ 115.95
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Abstract
This paper will begin with a highlight of the political structures and processes in South Korea and Japan and follow up with comparisons and contrasts between the two systems. In the final analysis, it will be clear that the Japanese, for better or worse, have greatly affected the development of the South Korean political economy.
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Political Process Theories, 2004.
An examination of four different theories that describe the political process.
5,871 words (approx. 23.5 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 140.95
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Abstract
This paper defines, analyzes, and discusses several theories that are applicable to the political process. It reviews literature that describes the Group Theory, Elite Theory, Public Choice Theory, and Game Theory.
From the Paper
"In the summer of 2001, a study was published (in The Western Journal of Black Studies) analyzing the Atlanta airport affirmative action controversy, which took place between the years 1973 ? 1980. The author of the article, Manley Elliott Banks II, used the ?dominant-subordinate group theory? to explain the structuring influences of race on the political behavior of the black and white leaders in Atlanta. ?Whites are the dominant group and blacks are the subordinate group,? Banks wrote. And white leaders, in the model, seek to ?maintain their dominance, while black leaders try to alter the subordination.? "
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Women in the Political Process, 2006.
This paper examines the treatment of women politicians and women voters in the mass media.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses that there can be little question that women have made enormous strides in recent decades in the area of political representation. However, one may feel about the more strident members of the feminist movement who, along with broader social trends, have successfully pushed for the increased prominence of women within the political process. With this in mind, the paper examines the treatment of women by the mass media, as the former seeks to carve out a niche in a realm previously dominated by men.
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Socialization Processes, 2004.
An examination of the socialization processes of family, education, and consumerism and their different impacts in America and Japan.
1,345 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
Many agents of socialization are factors in socialization process. The family, education, and consumerism are considered to be some of the most important contributors. This paper compares the uniqueness of these agents between two different countries, Japan and the United States. Findings indicate that vastly different perceptions of the value of individualism and collectivism have a significant impact on the socialization practices for children in Japan and the United States. American practices focus on development of individualism, and those of Japan emphasize the development of group consciousness and strong interpersonal bonds.
From the Paper
"The family is the most important influence in the socialization of children and for teaching them gender roles and other behavioral norms. Japanese concepts of family diverge greatly from those in the United States (Dolan and Worden, 1994). The Japanese divorce rate, although increasing slowly was only 1.3 per 1,000 marriages in 1987, is low by American standards. Strong gender roles remain the cornerstone of Japanese family responsibilities. Family life in Japan emphasizes parent-child ties over husband-wife relations. In America, the bulk of childrearing and domestic labor is also borne by women (Smock and Noonan, 2003). However, over the past few decades, American men have increased their domestic labor, both absolutely and relatively, are increasingly involved in childcare, and increasingly likely to espouse egalitarian gender roles."
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The Process of Socialization, 2005.
A look at two very different forms of socialization from the author's personal perspective.
1,406 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the author's experience and perspective regarding the process of socialization. The author of the paper talks about how home-schooling affected her individual process of socialization and how it differed from the traditional process of socialization where young children are socialized through the public educational system and interaction with peers. The author explains how her socialization took place primarily through a familial environment and that, while she was not isolated from interaction with peers, it was less than typical because of her home-schooling and that she regards the socialization effects of home-schooling as beneficial.
From the Paper
"Sociologists define socialization as ?the process by which, through contact with other human beings, one becomes a self-aware, knowledgeable human being, skilled in the ways of a given culture and environment.? (Giddens, Duneier, & Appelbaum) There are many ways in which socialization occurs. Interaction with parents, family, neighbors and community members, teachers and fellow students, and religious leaders all contribute to socialization. Other contributors may include cultural influences such as TV and other media, the influence of a child?s native language, religious mores, and various racial, ethnic, or gender messages that arrive from various sources. While psychologists often focus on the influence of early life experiences (such as the relationship between the mother and the infant during breast-feeding and weaning) in socialization, many sociologists tend to focus on broader family and cultural issues."
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It's All Who You Know: Social Networks and Politics, 2003.
Examines how social networks influence the political decision-making process, from the classroom to the boardroom.
1,519 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the role that social networks, ranging from liberal campus groups to elite private boarding schools, serve as a means of organization for different policy interests to come together. The paper is neutral on the advantages and disadvantages of this system- noting that whole the upper class often uses such networks to maintain corporate control, social networks have also been effectively employed by disadvantaged groups to further their policy goals at the local and national levels.
From the Paper
"The role of social networks is clearly illustrated by the participation of liberal college students in the "Freedom Summer" project. Participation in civil rights movements in the South was best explained by measuring the level of "structural pull" that encouraged involvement in liberal movements. Although attitudinal factors were of importance, it is not possible to be recruited toward a movement without some sort of contact with a recruitment agent (Ekland-Olson 1989). These social contacts with recruitment agents provided the first building block toward participation in a social movement, particularly in low-risk movements where social ties tend to have an increased effect on participation (McAdam 1999)."
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Social Structure Theories vs. Social Process Theories, 2002.
Examining the difference in these two sociological theories with reference to juvenile delinquency.
1,045 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
Social Structure Theories and Social Processes Theories are often used interchangeably. This essay highlights the fundamental differences outlining social structure and social process theories. In order to compare these theories, the paper draws attention to the various theories of juvenile delinquency and the difference of perspective involved and the obtrusive causes outlined by the distinct theories for engagement in criminal acts at a young age. Two different theories are presented attempting to explain juvenile delinquency, presenting various facets of adolescent criminal behavior and the possible causes of such behavior.
From the Paper
"One of the major challenges faced by the law-making authorities of the United States today is the reduction of juvenile delinquency and to increase the effectiveness of lawful regulations in the country. The alarming augmentation in crime rate at adolescent echelon is the most worrisome problem facing America therefore researchers and experts of the related field have developed various theories regarding juvenile delinquency outlining motivations and reasons behind the existence and the frequency of crime at juvenile stage. In order to well-comprehend the perspective of various philosophies related to juvenile delinquency, it is highly essential to know what juvenile delinquency is about."
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Political Analysis and Political Philosophy, 2002.
A look at whether the problems of political analysis and political philosophy are distinct.
6,093 words (approx. 24.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 143.95
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Abstract
Political analysis and political philosophy are two human activities engaged in by men striving to know the world. The problems of political analysis and political philosophy rest on the problems concerning man?s knowledge of the world. The paper shows that such knowledge is the result of attempts to describe, analyze, explain and interpret the actions and beliefs of men as they live in the real, material world. This essay presents an argument against that school which would draw a sharp distinction between two sorts of knowledge, each type being the result of a separate and distinct activity. According to this school, political analysis is concerned solely with the identification and description of political phenomena. The paper explains that the problems of political analysis are, thus, said to be ?scientific? problems, directed towards the discovery of empirically testable scientific ?laws?. This essay shows that, despite its empirical orientation, political analysis is underpinned by a wider set of theoretical perspectives, such that analysis itself reflects elements of the observer?s political philosophy. The paper concludes that political analysis and political philosophy are intimately connected; many of the ?problems? are common to both. Each activity - analysis and philosophy - heightens the level of human knowledge.
From the Paper
"What is presented to the political analyst is a mass of apparently chaotic social phenomena; what Heinrich Rickert calls ?formless matter?. The task of the political analyst is to structure and give order to that part of reality he has chosen to explain. Already we have recognized two crucial problems for political analysis. The first arises from the necessity of selecting specific areas of reality for study. I shall discuss later the way in which a certain limited range of ?problems? present themselves for the political analyst?s particular concern. The problem-field is limited in such a way that the possibilities for different accounts of politics is itself restricted. The task of political analysis is also complicated by the fact that knowledge of the world is not immediately attainable; understanding is mediated through mental constructions and elaborations (language, concepts and constructed arguments) of real, observable situations and events. Thus, Aron says of the methodology of science ?all science is an elaboration or construction of formless matter? (2)."
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Social Processes, 2001.
This paper discusses violent social behavior, and how it is acquired.
2,115 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 10 sources, $ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the theory of violence and criminal behavior through the explanation of the theories of containment, learning and social strain. The author uses a case study of a juvenile delinquent based on the various social theories relating to the violent behavior.
From the Paper
"Sociologists try to understand the human behavior within the society. In the past it was assumed that human behavior was a part of the genetic inheritance but as time passed research showed that the human behavior is more affected by the social and physical environment rather than by genetic structure. To explain the different behaviors exhibited by humans, especially those of violence sociologists presented sociological theories on which basis they could predict, evaluate and analyze human behavior. Consider then the Social Learning Theory: This theory pertains to the hypothesis that a human beings act according to the values taught by the society and environment around them. As a child they learn through the punishment and reward as parents teach them right from wrong. The peer groups and the school settings etc then reinforce the lesson. Social definitions begin to act as cues signaling the socially acceptable behavior and so behavior is organized around seeking pleasure and avoiding pain."
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The Social Work Process, 2006.
Assesses the issue of control and protection within social work.
1,385 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses why control and protection within the wider framework of social work is necessary. The author looks at how the fine balance is struck between the necessary elements of control and protection and the individual rights of the service user. The paper relates that this is a difficult balancing act to achieve as both aspects are very important and sometimes need to be used in conjunction for effective social care to be provided.
From the Paper
"Now tagging may appear an unnecessarily harsh method to employ in a social work setting, however, in recent years it has been increasingly adopted. For example, those suffering with Alzheimer's disease are often tagged so that they can enjoy freedom of movement around the grounds of the institution in which they reside. Tony's position is put forward from the point of view of his parents and as such, we do not know what his own personal opinions are on the tagging issue."
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Social Self and Socialization, 2005.
This paper discusses our social selves and our socialization into the world we live in.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the combination of our social selves and our socialization into the society of our birth and development. The paper looks at the ideas of how we develop a social self, how society plays a huge role in this process and how these two become interlinked in our personality. The paper concludes that our social selves become a central aspect of how we are.
From the Paper
"Human beings are born with an ability or nature to become social beings and if the child is raised typically they will develop their social self, or become a part of society in one facet or another. This social self is developed as the child begins to feel emotions and correspond these same emotions to the selves they recognize as their parents or guardians. From these insights, it is important to then consider the impact that this has upon the type of person which we become."
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