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Traffic Congestion in Oxford, 2007.
An analysis of the market failure associated with traffic congestion in Oxford, London and possible solutions to the problem.
3,952 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 107.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses traffic congestion in Oxford, London as a form of market failure. It describes conventional congestion policies and their success or failure at eliminating congestion. It also discusses the failure of traffic planning to counter congestion. The paper then focuses on market failure in terms of traffic congestion and how the situation can be improved. The paper finally discusses the application of congestion charging. The paper contains graphs and tables.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
What is meant by Market Failure?
Cost Benefit Analysis in a Perfect Market
Cost Benefit Analysis in an External Cost Situation
Application of Congestion Charging
Analysis of Traffic Congestion
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The London Congestion Charging is a policy that needs to be copied for the central areas of other cities including Oxford before the problem becomes even more difficult. The present charge rate for congestion parking is not the real market price but it has helped in reducing congestion in the area of operation. The present charge of L40 for 5 days for non residents and L4/week for residents of designated areas is a very moderate charge but it has resulted in reduction of traffic level by 10%. The principle aim of congestion charging was to reduce traffic levels in central London by between 10 and 15 per cent and congestion by between 20 and 30 per cent. These targets equate to billions of pounds worth of investments in capacity expansion and as we have seen the effect of road capacity expansion is short lived."
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The Problem of Traffic Congestion, 2001.
A look at issues to do with traffic congestion, including determining optimum toll charges and solutions to reducing congestion in urban areas.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 67.95
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Abstract
This essay examines the problem of traffic congestion and how governments are dealing with it. Furthermore it analyses the main differences between the public and private sector in imposing tariffs and tolls, as well as how the optimum price of tolls is determined. Finally it suggests solutions that could reduce congestion in urban areas
From the Paper
"Congestion is mainly a problem as a result of shortage of road space, and luck of such facilities to satisfy the needs of passengers and travelers. In other words congestion problem deals with capacity Vs demand.Solutions that have been used until now seem not to work. Although the development in public transportation means (busses, trains, trolleys etc.) has had a tremendous growth in big cities, the problem not just remains the same but also increases other external problems such as ??accidents, noise annoyance and environmental pollution, which all together contribute to an excessive social pressure??.Why people still drive in cities? And why can?t we build more roads to cope with the problem? What differentiate congestion under the public and private sector? What?s the government role in solving the problem of congestion?"
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The London Congestion Charge, 2004.
This paper discusses the benefits of the Congestion Charge in London to reduce traffic congestion and its acceptance by the population and the government.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a new scheme has been introduced in London to manage the traffic congestion under which motorists are obliged to pay ?5 everyday to enter central London. The author points out that the strength of this system lies in the fact that it helps reduce traffic, allowing journeys and delivery times to be more reliable, and simultaneously raises money in fees that can be reinvested in London?s transport system. The paper concludes that, today, 100,000 people pay every day; the enforcement is working, and dissatisfaction with public transit is decreasing with more people riding the buses than just those displaced by pricing scheme.
Table of Contents
Introduction to the Congestion Charge
Why Was the Congestion Charge Introduced?
Benefits of the Congestion Charge to the Public
How does the Congestion Charge Work?
Primary Activities
Who Has to Pay Congestion Charge?
Congestion Charge Encouraging New Modes of Transport
Support Activities
Success of the System
Strengths of the Scheme
Weaknesses of the Scheme
Opportunities in the Scheme
Threats Presented in the Scheme
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The scheme was introduced during the weeklong mid-term school holidays, during which the traffic was reduced by about 20 percent. The scheme started at 7am as a move to control the heavy traffic in London. However, the London Mayor Ken Livingstone, felt that the scheme is more of an political gamble then a program with a goal to reduce congestion in the British capital, where the average speed of the is sometimes less than 10 mph during the peak hours of the day."
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Controlling Urban Congestion, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis of data from London, Stockholm, and New York City in order to discuss variable pricing as a means for controlling urban congestion.
2,615 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that roadway congestion is a significant problem for nations with an active motorist population, especially in urban areas. The writer points out that traditional efforts to combat congestion have typically focused on increasing capacity through increases in roadway infrastructure. The writer then claims that research has shown, however, that these methods are ultimately ineffective for controlling congestion and its associated ills. Economists have long seen the value in associating usage costs with roadways in order to control congestion and encourage more efficient resource use. The writer relates that with technology finally catching up to this ideal, roadway-pricing schemes are becoming more popular in cities throughout the world. The writer concludes that a consideration of the pros and cons of pricing strategies implemented in London and Stockholm, and proposed in New York City, reveals that while there is still significant political and public resistance, the strategies are effective at achieving their stated goals.
Outline:
Introduction
The Myriad Negative Effects of Persistent Congestion
Why Congestion Continues Despite Increased Expenditures on Highway Infrastructure
Variable Congestion Pricing as a Viable Solution
Schemes to Alleviate the Problem of Urban Congestion
London: a System at Work
Stockholm: a Seven-Month Experiment Ready for Implementation
New York City: Public and Political Resistance
Schemes for Controlling Roadway Congestion
Analysis of the Costs and Benefits
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Congestion, both in urban centers and on connecting highways, has become a major problem for the transportation networks of cities throughout the world. In the world's major metropolises, the issue has become particularly acute, with congestion having profound negative effects on air quality, travel time, the cost of goods and services, and the general livability of cities. Congestion problems are literally becoming a liability for these cities. As the pressure of congestion increases, the capacity of a given city to function effectively is greatly diminished, resulting in hidden and overt costs for individuals, businesses, and public resources. The net effect, then, of congestion has been consistently deleterious."
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TCP Congestion Controls, 2006.
This paper focuses on the TCP congestion control techniques used over connectionless IP networks.
2,075 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author examines TCP (connection-oriented unicast protocol) congestion control techniques that can be used over connectionless IP networks. The paper starts with the author describing in detail why, the TCP is necessary. He states that it is because it maintains a congestion window that restraints the number of outstanding unacknowledged data packets on a network. The author points out that transmitting data devours slots in the window of the sender and the sender can send packets only as long as free slots are available. The author proceeds to discuss the different methods that can be used, their advantages and disadvantages in connectionless IP networks. The author concludes that there is still no real solution to the problem of getting the acknowledgment packets back to the sender without delay. This is why, he states, that prioritization in connectionless environments remains an open research problem in computer science.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Thesis Statement
The Problem
The Issues with IP
Congestion Basics
TCP Congestion Control Protocols
The Multi-Rate Protocols
End-to-end Window Protocols
Partial Solutions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The RAP protocol machinery is mainly implemented at the source. A RAP source sends data packets with numbers and a RAP sink acknowledges each packet providing end-to-end feedback. Each acknowledgment packet contains the sequence number of the corresponding delivered data packet. Using the feed back the RAP source can detect losses and sample the round-trip-time (RTT). To design a rate adaptation mechanism, three issues must be addressed. These are the decision function, the increase/ decrease algorithm, and the decision frequency (Lynch and Rose, 1993)."
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Traffic Jams, 2005.
This paper discusses the cause and effect of traffic jams.
1,820 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that traffic congestion, which is caused by bad governmental planning and unplanned traffic incidents, is a serious problem in major cities and causes many inconveniences to drivers. The author points out that, by rarely obeying laws such as crossing over solid white lines, using turn signals and stopping at stop signs, drivers do not trust each other; therefore, they take more time to be sure things are happening as expected, according to the law and safely. The paper relates that soliciting public opinion and ideas could help the government come up with new ways to improve traffic problems.
From the Paper
"Inadequate signs and laws include traffic signal problems, unsatisfactory speed limits, and lack of stricter land-use laws. Traffic signals are supposed to be timed so that traffic moves in the most efficient manner. Many traffic signals need to be retimed because drivers sometimes "hit" every light. New innovations also have arisen regarding traffic signals, but for some reason are only used at very few intersections. Pressure sensors are sometimes used underneath the road when intersecting with busier roads to detect when a car pulls up to the traffic signal. The signal will only turn green for that less busy road when it detects a car so that drivers on the busier road do not have to wait for cycles of the traffic signal when there is no cross traffic."
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The Houston Light Rail, 2006.
A look at the light rail system implemented by the city of Houston, Texas in an effort to alleviate some of the traffic congestion.
1,096 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper overviews light rail technology and, specifically, Houston's light rail system. It also investigates whether or not the light rail has been a partial solution to Houston's crowded streets. Also, the costs of the system are discussed as well as future expansion plans.
Table of Contents
Light Rail Technology Overview
The Houston Light Rail System
Has the Houston Light Rail Been a Partial Solution
to Traffic Congestion in Houston
Costs of Building and Operating the Houston Light Rail
System and Future Expansion Plans
Opportunity Costs
MetroRail Accidents
From the Paper
"Light rail systems typically are operated by electricity that is delivered through overhead lines. Occasionally, they use a third rail for its electrical power, whether they are standard or special third rail systems that only transmit power when the train is on that segment of the track. A few use diesel powered trains; however, this is often used as an interim measure until funding is available for the installation of electric power."
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Air Traffic Control 'Free Flight' System, 2004.
Compares the current air traffic control system with the newer air traffic control 'free flight' system.
1,217 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a brief overview of the ?free flight? system of air traffic control and compares it with the present air traffic control system. The paper also describes the limitations of the current air traffic system and then goes on to explain how the 'free flight' system promises efficiency and profitability for the airline industry.
From the Paper
"With more than 50,000 flights taking to the skies everyday the present US air traffic control system places increasing strain on the control room staff who have the responsibility of tracking, guiding and directing the pilots. Under the current system, the air traffic controllers resolve conflicts in airspace using radar signals and regulating traffic by means of adjusting the altitude and speed limit of the different flights. As James Coyne, president of the National Air Transportation Association, says, ?All of the information that flows to and from a pilot today in virtually all aircraft is done on a strictly single-voice channel, back and forth, with human beings actually saying all the words live. As anyone can imagine, that is an extremely inefficient way to convey data." [Jacques Leslie] Pilots are dependent upon the instructions from the control room to avoid conflicts and disaster in airspace. Once the aircraft is cleared by the departure controller and left the TRACON (terminal radar control) airspace, it is monitored enroute by the personnel in the ARTCC (Air Route Traffic Control Center) who continue to provide the pilots with the traffic, altitude and speed instructions. [Craig C. Freudenrich Ph.D] For most airways however, the stipulated altitude, route and speed restrictions do not contribute to optimal efficiency."
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Air Traffic Control Communication.
This paper discusses air traffic control communication, the interactions between the pilots, and the traffic controlling authorities.
3,780 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the entire system of air traffic management is dependent upon the accountability of pilots on board and the air traffic controllers, who are dependent upon the data displayed and acquired from their computer screens, dials, and gauges simultaneously being ratified by their insights of past experience and pre-determined operational guidelines. The author points out that, although English is acknowledged as the international language in aviation history, many pilots present problems of dialects, accents, and interpretations, which have resulted in crashes. The paper relates that efficient communication will go a long way in guaranteeing secured air travel; advanced technology is now being launched, and rules are being slackened to render the pilots and air controllers greater freedom. Includes a PowerPoint presentation.
From the Paper
"The confusion resulting in misinterpretations of the terminologies lead to visualization of different objects other than those it indicates to. The lack of proficiency in the English language is noticed both among the Air Traffic Controller and the pilots the United States. However, it is not confined only to the foreign pilots. It is also essential in case of the US pilots flying across the other nations and facing the controlling crews of other nationalities, to effectively comprehend the short, disconnected and unintelligible English communications similar to the expectations of the proficiency in English by the foreign pilots. (Guest Editorial: Barriers to Effective Communication: Implications for the Cockpit) Moreover, the fact of deficiency of the foreign pilots in the English Language and their confinement to some of the standard aviation phraseologies must be acknowledged."
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Congestive Heart Failure, 2006.
A research proposal dealing with issues of effective discharge planning for patients that have suffered congestive heart failure.
3,777 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a research proposal for showing how an effective hospital-based discharge planning program can reduce the rates of hospital readmission in elderly patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). The paper shows the need for more effective discharge planning programs that will optimally reduce the rate of hospital readmission for elderly patients (clients aged 65 and older) with CHF. The proposal follows a format in which the narrative is put forth, including the problem statement regarding CHF and readmission, research questions that are relevant to these issues, and the background and significance of the issues. The report also includes a limited literature review on the topic, culled from extensive literature available on both effective discharge planning and CHF incidences. The rationale of the study is also addressed, before the report proposal concludes by stating the research methodology that will be chosen for the conducting of actual research, along the lines of having the ultimate goal of improving community health outcomes.
Table of Content
Problem Statement
Research Questions
Background
Literature Review
Rationale
Proposed Methods
From the Paper
"At the same time, from this cost-effectiveness standpoint, hospitals must also realize that cutting corners in regards to effective discharge planning, particularly for CHF patients, can mean short-term gains bringing vastly increased future costs. "Hospital admissions among patients with CHF are a major contributor to health care costs...The program's aims were to make up deficits in health care delivery, improve quality of life, and reduce costs for the health insurance companies (e.g., by reducing the hospitalization rate [Stewart, Marley, and Horowitz, 1999; Whellan et al., 2001; Cline et al., 1998])" (Kottmair et al., 2005). Therefore, from either perspective externally, the importance of effective discharge planning for elderly patients with CHF is underscored in the current healthcare environment, to ensure the continued provision of quality care across the lifespan."
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Traffic and Road Safety, 2006.
This well-researched paper examines the alarming rise in traffic related accidents, injuries and fatalities in the U.S., as well as the resources available to improve the current conditions.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 83.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper analyzes the issue of traffic and road safety as a public health issue. This paper contains relevant statistics and data regarding traffic and road related injuries and fatalities. This paper examines the various options and strategies available to combat these traffic related accidents which kill 1.2 million people each year and injure between 20-50 million more. The writer contends that traffic safety is a fundamental public health issue and substantial resources are allocated to identify safety problem areas and ensure safety measures are implemented. This paper delves into the joint report on road safety issued by the World Health Organization and the World Bank which presented key facts and figures on which they framed their overall approach to this particular public health issue. This paper details various approaches to reducing the number of fatalities and injuries including a workable systems approach as well as action plans that involve the government, the public health sector, vehicle manufacturers, communities, civil society groups and private citizens.
Table of Contents:
Background
Proposed Methods
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The Vision Zero Programme in Sweden and the sustainable safety programme implemented in the Netherlands were examples of what could be designed and implemented to encourage more walking and cycling reduce dependence on motorized transportation, thus also reduce pollution and environmental wastes. The public health sector could collect and analyze data on injuries in order to demonstrate their impact; research on risk factors; implement, monitor and evaluate interventions; deliver appropriate primary intervention, care and rehabilitation; and advocate for greater attention to the issue. A particular society or country could design its own systems approach to emphasize the actual conditions of its environment and the use of roads and vehicles, beyond re-educating or motivating motorists and pedestrians."
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Urban Traffic, 2006.
An in-depth discussion on the problems of modern urban traffic.
4,649 words (approx. 18.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, $ 120.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history of traffic and the effect of population growth, technology and trade on the state of traffic in the city. Providing statistics it expands, through examples, on the results of heavy traffic and the reasons for the increase. In conclusion, the author offers examples, strategy and reasoning of how cities have managed to overcome major urban traffic problems.
From the Paper
"Indeed, there are classic examples worldwide of cities where population growth and its resulting issues have created traffic problems. Of course, New York City is the epitome of legendary traffic problems that have stemmed from population growth. Specifically, as the city's economy has boomed, traffic congestion has worsened, and the result is increased costs and lowered productivity for companies large and small. In fact, last year, a nonprofit consulting firm, Community Consulting Services, Inc. estimated that traffic congestion would cost New York City businesses $8.3 billion, which is an increase of 25% from 1997 (Lentz 1)."
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Traffic Support Systems, 2006.
A discussion about using fuzzy logic for traffic support systems.
807 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the need for improved traffic safety systems. The paper explains what fuzzy logic is, using the example of how it works to regulate temperatures on an air conditioner. It explains that fuzzy logic is used to measure imprecise and dynamic factors and allows for a reasonable judgement. In conclusion, writer states that fuzzy logic has improved the overall quality of life in other areas and posits that using fuzzy logic to assess traffic systems will result in traffic agencies making better overall decisions regarding traffic safety.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Motivation
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Fuzzy Logic allows us to measure imprecise and dynamic factors and allow for a reasonable judgement. For example, an air conditioner employing Fuzzy Logic can automatically regulate the temperature. If it's too hot, it will lower the temperature. It it's too cold, then it will increase the temperature. However, it's difficult to define what is "too hot" and what is "too cold". Also, there's the factor of humidity (dampness and dryness). Fuzzy Logic can control the system by accepting these dynamic variables and generating an optimal temperature output, providing better comfort for the user. Fuzzy Logic is now widely used in consumer electronics, agriculture, and manufacturing systems."
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Traffic Fatalities in Florida, 2005.
A discussion on traffic fatalities in the Miami-Dade County.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses ways of reducing traffic fatalities in the Miami-Dade County region. It cites that Miami-Dade has a higher than national average fatality rate on Florida highways, it highlights that most traffic fatalities involve pedestrians. The author also examines the impact of urban sprawl on traffic.
From the Paper
"In the past years traffic on the highways in South Florida is said to have increased by percent and traffic is expected to continue growing in the future as more and more people move to this area. Traffic volume..."
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Congestive Heart Failure.
This paper discusses congestive heart failure, a condition that primarily affects the elderly, but can affect younger people.
2,380 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in congestive heart failure, the blood flow, which normally comes from the heart, is slowed down; therefore, the blood, which is coming through the veins and returning to the heart, often backs up, causing swelling in various tissues and in the lungs; this is a serious problem. The author points out that there are genetic and congenital risk factors for congestive heart failure, and not all of them can be controlled. Other factors, such as quitting smoking, getting blood pressure and diabetes under control, losing weight, and watching one's diet, can be controlled, however. The paper relates that nursing care can help patients deal with their condition, especially in the areas of their greatest concern, which include activity, lack of knowledge about the condition, and pain management.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Disease Condition
Treatment
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are many different instruments and other medical tactics used to diagnose congestive heart failure. Obtaining a complete and thorough clinical history for the patient is the first step towards this diagnosis. Once this has been completed, the patient is usually placed in a classification based on how severe their suspected congestive heart failure is and what they can and cannot do on a normal basis. A complete physical is also performed. Being able to diagnose congestive heart failure in someone who is elderly is sometimes difficult because anorexia, anxiety, and other seemingly odd problems that are considered to be atypical of congestive heart failure are the things that are seen most often in this age group."
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