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Probation: An Alternative to Incarceration, 2006.
A discussion on whether probation is the most practical method of treating large numbers of offenders.
865 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how probation is seen to be a viable alternative to a jail sentence and far less destructive than time spent in an over-crowded, corrupted and dangerous environment which most of the prisons have become, giving the offender a greater chance at rehabilitation. This paper reviews the specific case of a Mr Joseph Jones, who has been convicted of burglary in the community in which he lives.
Contents:
Introduction
The Case of Mr. Joseph Jones
Why Probation For Mr. Jones?
The Victims in Mr. Jones' Case
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the case of Mr. Joseph Jones, it appears that his offenses were not carried out as a result of any true criminal intent as would be the case for a career criminal. Since Mr. Jones was gainfully employed at his job at Tempura Industries for eight years (his employer informed the court that Mr. Jones was an exemplary worker and was disappointed to lose him) and during his tenure was not involved in any criminal activity, he definitely appears to be a valid candidate for probation. Also, since he is married (five years) with one child, Mr. Jones is obviously a responsible parent, due to providing for his family while employed at Tempura Industries.
In addition, since Mr. Jones has shown much remorse for his offenses and has offered to compensate his victims, the court should take all of these facts under advisement and recommend
that Mr. Jones be placed on probation for a period of not less than two years and not more than three years.
The Victims in Mr. Jones' Case:
After a rather lengthy interview with all of Mr. Jones' victims, it appears that they would be very willing to accept monetary compensation for their losses. For example, Mr. _______. mentioned that he would be satisfied if Mr. Jones compensated him for the loss of his television (est. value $500); likewise, Mrs. _______. also agreed to monetary compensation for the loss of her 5-carat diamond ring (est. value $2000). Thus, Mr. Jones, during and upon the completion of his probation, will compensate these two victims and the others by working at odd jobs. Mr. Jones has also expressed that he will diligently search for full-time employment during his probation period. Finally, all of Mr. Jones' victims have been told the circumstances of this case and thus understand why he committed the burglaries in the first place. "
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Alternatives To Incarceration, 1989.
Discusses traces development & uses of probation, parole, work furlough and educational rehabilitation.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 9 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"The first prison to use simple confinement as a punishment for crime was developed by the Quakers in Pennsylvania nearly 200 years ago (Rogawich, 1987, pp. 16-19). This system, designed to be a substitute to execution, has expanded so that now it is used throughout most of the world. Prisons, thought to he rehabilitative institutions, however, have become overcrowded beyond the bursting point. With major increases of arrests for drug and gang related crimes expected to continue into the 1990's and beyond, the future of America's prison systems looks dim. Conservatives suggest building more and larger prisons. For instance, President Bush "called on Congress to authorize an additional $1 billion for federal prison construction" (Glazer, 1989, p. 430). However, opposition points out that this is only a temporary solution, and that alternatives such as probation, (...)"
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Alternative Sentencing, 1993.
Failures of traditional incarceration & justice model & benefits of alternatives (probation-supervision, split sentencing, monitoring).
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 9 sources, $ 55.95
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From the Paper
"Alternative sentencing is a type of sentencing designed to alleviate the problem of prison overcrowding and to provide a different way of monitoring convicted felons during a period of punishment. It is also a method that engenders considerable opposition at a time of rising crime rates, however, since many critics see this type of sentencing as too lenient and too fraught with danger to the community. The tensions involved are not new, but as noted, they become more vital during a period of rising fear of crime on the part of the public. An examination of the issue will show the practical and the policy elements of the subject as well as the degree to which alternative sentencing policies have been implemented to date.
Punishment itself is a problem and has been since the beginning of human society. Some people today see punishment as.."
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Probation and Parole, 2004.
Examines alternatives to the traditional punitive systems of probation and parole in the United States' justice system.
1,356 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies and elaborates on the various alternatives to traditional methods of probation and parole. In many cases, probation and parole in the United States simply do not work, or do not apply to all offenders and, instead, they add to the problem of recidivism in the nation's prisons. The criminal justice system needs to find alternatives to traditional methods of parole and probation to combat the overcrowding of the system, as well as the problems with maintaining control of parolees and probationers.
From the Paper
"First, the nation must create better, more meaningful educational opportunities for young minorities, to keep them in school rather than on the streets, and more drug and addiction counseling so that those criminals who are addicts can lead more meaningful lives away from crime and addiction. It is clear the criminal justice system needs to evolve into something that is more viable and more serviceable to the people in the system, and the first way is to keep people out of the system in the first place."
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Probation and Parole, 2004.
This paper discusses that both parole and probation encompass the re-integration of convicted criminals within their communities in a supervised, controlled, and humane manner.
810 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that promoting parole and probation over incarceration is cost-effective and reduces taxpayer responsibility for funding prisons. The author points out that criminals who are offered parole or probation are placed into the care of outside agencies, which are often volunteer-based or privatized. The paper concludes that integration into the community places the focus of criminal justice issues back to the root causes of poverty, poor schooling, and other issues that jails simply do not address.
From the Paper
"Moreover, parole and probation are humanitarian approaches to criminal justice, which often serves only to dehumanize offenders. Parole and probation both address crime as a community-based social issue and encourages the partnership of law enforcement agencies, faith-based organizations, and social service providers. Because human beings are capable of change, parole and probation encourage a realistic, humane outlook on the part of law enforcement, the criminal justice system, and the population at large. The American Probation and Parole Organization?s official position on probation is that human beings are capable of change; moreover, probation as a sentence offers due process of law for the offenders at the same time as it protects society and victims from harm."
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Maternal Incarceration, 2002.
This paper is a formal research proposal to study the affects of maternal incarceration on children and youth.
7,045 words (approx. 28.2 pages), 31 sources, MLA, $ 158.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the purpose of this proposed formal research study is to examine further the influence of maternal incarceration on the social, emotional and educational well-being of children. The author uses an ecological perspective to better understand the problems experienced by families and individuals by considering the larger environment and systems that impact them and are a part of their everyday experiences. The author believes that when a child?s mother is incarcerated, separation between parent and child can be expected to be nothing less than distressing and painful, regardless of the disruption that may have been present in their lives prior to incarceration. The research method is a survey using a questionnaire; the population is incarcerated mothers, their children, the caretakers of children, and others involved in working with the family of children whose mothers have been incarcerated.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Relevant Background Information
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Research Questions
Significance of the Study
Theoretical Framework
Literature Review
Demographics of Incarcerated Mothers and their Children
Impact of Mother?s Incarceration on Children
An Ecological Perspective of Incarcerated Mothers and their Children
Summary of the Literature Review
Methods and Procedures
Research Design
Research Hypotheses
Research Methods
Sample
Sampling Procedure
Instrumentation
External Validity
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Data Coding
Statistical Analyses
From the Paper
"Special issues may also arise when children are placed with grandparents. As explained by Johnson and Smith (2000), efforts to raise children after one has already raised their own to adulthood may be particularly difficult for grandparents. Stresses increase as grandparents find themselves challenged by a number of losses, including loss of one?s freedom, time, and adult friendships as well as the loss of expectations concerning the typical role assumed by most grandparents.Grandparents are faced with the experience of dealing with their own feelings about an altered lifestyle and sense of personal sacrifice as well as a child or children who may have very special needs because of their parent?s incarceration. Respite care is not always available and the relationship with the incarcerated mother may become increasingly strained. These problems may be further complicated by fatigue, which has been identified by grandparents raising grandchildren as a major problem and physical and mental health may also be affected as well. According to Burton (1992), grandparents faced with raising their grandchildren have reported an increase in anxiety and depression; in their use of tobacco and alcohol; and in health problems, including arthritis, diabetes, slight strokes, and mild heart attacks."
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Juvenile Probation and Rehabilitation, 2006.
This paper focuses on two specific juvenile rehabilitation and probation programs and the manner in which they treat and deal with minors convicted of crimes.
1,332 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper delves into the similarities and differences in terms of services and treatments offered at the Lehigh County Juvenile Probation Department and the Cook County Juvenile Probation Department. This paper examines the manner in which both programs hold the convicted minors responsible for their actions. This paper discusses each program's style and method for developing and instilling positive life skills in which the minor in question is then able to become a productive member of society. This paper details the mission statement of each program and the manner in which these goals are obtained. The writer contends and explains why the current treatments and programs offered at both facilities need to be altered and improved upon to keep up with the constantly changing face of juvenile crimes in America.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Lehigh County Juvenile Probation Department
The Cook County Juvenile Probation Department
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"This juvenile probation department of Cook County, made up of the city of Chicago and its outlying metropolitan areas, is very similar to that of Lehigh County in many ways, especially in relation to aiming for a "balanced and restorative justice" and to hold offenders accountable for their illegal conduct which, it is hoped, will help them "to develop positive life skills to enable them to become productive members of the community." But unlike Lehigh County, Cook County, on its website, provides a mission statement consisting of the aim to recognize the welfare of all children and their families based on public safety; it also is committed to "providing the guidance, structure and services needed by every child under its supervision." Thus, both of these juvenile probation departments have very similar goals, namely, to protect society from repeat offenders while providing equal and fair justice to the offenders, due to their age and, at times, negative social positions."
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Is Criminal Incarceration Effective, 2006.
A study on whether incarceration is effective especially in the cases of recidivism.
5,319 words (approx. 21.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 131.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the rising prison incarceration numbers and the effect of longer or shorter sentences for offenders. The paper focuses on recidivism and its possible causes and examines this in terms of public safety and the cost-effectiveness of incarceration. The paper also points out that, in addition to the recidivism rate of convicted offenders, the amount of crime in a community is influenced by several factors. The paper includes various studies which show both the negative and positive aspects of lengths of incarceration. Also discussed is the sentencing in European countries compared to the United States. The system in California is given special mention. The subject of African American mass incarceration is also examined.
From the Paper
"The rising prison incarceration numbers in the United States and the effectiveness of prison incarceration has been an issue of considerable discussion within the media and within state and federal governments.
"According to the United States Justice Department's Bureau of Justice Assistance, many jurisdictions throughout the country are implementing successful, cost-effective alternatives to traditional incarceration, while at the same time are improving efforts to reintegrate nonviolent offenders into the community (Alternatives). These corrections options programs promote sanctions other than incarceration, in which violators receive treatment combined with appropriate social services and vocational education in an effort to help them re-enter the community as productive and law-abiding citizens (Alternatives)."
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Incarceration and African-American Men, 2002.
Examines the interaction of high incarceration rates with the health and life expectancy of African-American men and the role of early intervention.
4,562 words (approx. 18.2 pages), 23 sources, APA, $ 118.95
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Abstract
African-American male adolescents and adults are embedded in a context that is less supportive of their health and well being than of any other group in this country. They have lower life expectancies, high-risk exposure and higher levels of incarceration than any other group.
The paper shows that African-Americans are disproportionately residents of large cities which seem to have higher homicide rates and higher rates of alcohol and drug abuse. When they do drink, they tend to have worse consequences from their drinking, including incarceration and addiction. The paper shows that with incarceration, comes additional problems of exacerbated health issues and exposure to new, life-threatening infections. Services have been cut for education and prevention in prisons and jails. Finally, recidivism rates are longer for African-American males as are jail sentences. The paper argues that improving the health status of African-American males requires a multi-faceted approach, including support of a two-adult family structure, continuing emphasis on the negative impacts of racism, reduction of drug and alcohol abuse, intervention in prison health systems and improved recidivism programs. The paper provides an overview literature on the subject.
From the Paper
"Results indicated that mortality rates were excessive for both men and women in all of the poverty areas, especially among African-Americans. For example, boys in Harlem who reached the age of 15 had only a 37 percent chance of surviving to the age of 65. The only African-American area study that had mortality rates comparable to those of standardized national rates for white American was the Queens-Bronx area in which the mortality rate for men was 1.18 (Geronimus et al., 1996)."
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Intermittent Incarceration, 1999.
Origins, goals and effectiveness of alternatives to full-time incarceration. Discusses public support, costs, types (weekend or night jail-time, halfway houses), eligibility and the impact on recidivism.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 26 sources, $ 87.95
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Abstract
This research paper examines the origins and reasons for the use of intermittent incarceration of convicted criminals on probation in the United States and elsewhere, how and when it is used, the results gained from experience with it, other pros and cons and prospects for its future use.
From the Paper
"INTERMITTENT INCARCERATION
This research paper examines the origins and reasons for the use of intermittent incarceration of convicted criminals on probation in the United States and elsewhere, how and when it is used, the results gained from experience with it, other pros and cons and prospects for its future use.
Origins and Rationale for the Use of Intermittent Incarceration
Morris & Tonry (1990) define intermittent incarceration as "a method of allowing the offender to serve an incarcerative sentence without having to disrupt his employment and family ties as does a longer single period of jail or prison" (p. 218). They say it is employed "for incapacitative purposes and training for conformity" (p. 178).
Intermittent incarceration in the form of halfway houses..."
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Parole and Probation, 2004.
A paper looking into the issues of parole and probation.
1,566 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how probation and parole are two ways of dealing with an offender without keeping him or her in prison. When an offender is let out on parole, then he or she is being released from prison before his or her full sentence has been carried out. Probation is a program that was offered as an alternative to imprisoning an offender. It examines the probation and parole programs and offers a personal opinion of their efficiency and relevancy in the criminal justice system.
From the Paper
"Robert James Bidinotto (1994) considers parole and probation to be extensions of the prison program in an excuse-making effort to free up overcrowded prisons. Bidinotto (1994) also believes that parole and probation do not work as alternatives to prison sentences and that there were many unnecessary, repeat crimes by offenders that would have not occurred had the offender been locked away. The prison guards and other prison employees favor probation and parole because it helps to relieve them from the responsibilities of having to watch more prisoners and also reduces the likelihood of injuries to jail and prison employees. Prison employees and court judges would rather see innocent civilians hurt rather than increase the risk of prison riots and injuries within the jails."
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Probation, 2003.
A review of probation administration in the United States.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a review of probation administration in the United States, looking at probation as a form of criminal sentencing and its history. The paper looks at criticisms and positive attributes of the probation system of punishment.
From the Paper
"Probation is the most common form of criminal sentencing in the United States. It is generally defined as a court-ordered disposition alternative through which a convicted offender is placed under the supervision and control of a probation officer ..."
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Supervision in Probation and Parole, 2006.
This paper discusses the case of a drug user with relation to supervision in probation and parole.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer examines the case of Thomas User, a drug user who has twice violated the terms of his probation by relapsing into drug use. The paper argues against incarceration but suggests that, because Mr. User cannot be trusted to monitor himself, he should be placed in a half-way house environment where he can receive supervision from others. Beyond that, the writer discusses that this environment will control who Mr. User sees, will make sure that he attends his counseling for his substance abuse problem, and will allow him to receive around-the-clock support from skilled professionals.
From the Paper
"Supervision in Probation and Parole: the case of Thomas User. Regrettably, narcotics use and narcotics distribution has become a very pervasive problem in our contemporary society. The following paper will examine the case of a man who became entwined in the narcotics web and who compounded his difficulties by breaching the terms of his probation. The following paper will argue that the best way of dealing with the matter is to tighten up the conditions of Thomas User's probation via adding more conditions to his probation. Among these, it may be advisable for the Probation Officer to place Thomas in a half-way home where he can be carefully monitored and where his whereabouts will be constantly known to professional staff trained to help men like him overcome their problems with substance abuse. With this in mind, it is to a discussion of Thomas that this paper now turns."
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Incarceration and the Drug Offender, 2006.
A study regarding the issue of developing a viable alternative to incarceration, with a goal of reducing the number of drug offenders put in prison.
7,991 words (approx. 32.0 pages), 39 sources, MLA, $ 172.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at what can be done, by way of viable options, to reduce the high rate of incarceration for drug offenses. The paper discusses several suggestions and uses a matrix analysis to determine that treatment programs (particularly those that are in-patient and allow parents in danger of losing their children to bring those children with them) are the most cost-effective and helpful way to lower the incarceration rate.
Table of Contents:
Executive Summary
Problem/Objective
Background of the Problem
Proposed Alternatives
Decision Criteria
Research
Matrix Analysis
Choosing the Optimal Course of Action/The Recommendation
Implementation Plan
Program Evaluation
From the Paper
"During this era, reformers also succeeded in restricting the government's legal authority to hospitalize mental patients involuntarily. Only persons determined to be mentally ill and dangerous could be confined to a psychiatric hospital without their consent. Requiring involuntary commitment of the mentally ill to be based solely on dangerousness was at the heart of the movement to deinstitutionalize mental patients and to encourage treatment in their community. Proponents of these civil commitment reforms emphasized the civil liberties of the mentally ill, especially their right to freedom and choice."
"In the neoconservative era of the 1980's, critics rejected the "rehabilitative model" in favor of the "just desserts" model of punishment. According to this view, the severity of punishment should depend on the seriousness of the offense and the criminal's prior record. As such, the primary goal of the criminal justice system is not to prevent future crimes through rehabilitation, but to dispense appropriate punishment to those who have earned it. The "just desserts" ideology presumes people are responsible moral agents who can choose between right and wrong. "
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Juvenile Incarceration, 2002.
This paper examines the issue of incarceration of juvenile offenders, looking specifically at articles by Ardovini-Brooker and Walker and Loughran and Godfrey.
2,168 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper studies juvenile incarceration, reporting on an innovative feature of applied practice that may have universal implication for the project of juvenile incarceration. The writer compares and contrasts two articles, one of which is a strong argument for performance-based standards, a system for the collection of data that records the progress of juvenile offenders, to come to a conclusion as to the effectiveness of (PbS).
From the Paper
"The main thesis of Ardovini-Brooker and Walker's article is that the proliferation of juvenile boot camps since the inception of the first such program in Georgia in 1983 has been driven by objectives that have been far from uniform because of a lack of theoretical and conceptual consensus about them. They suggest that such a consensus is desirable, not only because the number of so-called shock-incarceration facilities is expected to continue to grow in the coming years but also because the multiplicity of motives in the background of their implementation has made definitive evaluation of their effectiveness difficult to accomplish. Citing dramatic differences of opinion regarding the efficacy of shock incarceration in fostering rehabilitation and discouraging recidivism, as well as the debate over what should be the effect of such incarceration, they describe various perspectives from which boot camps have been endorsed and established and point out difficulties of reconciling goals, priorities, and the means of their measurement."
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