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Private Health in India, 2006.
A look at the issues concerning the private health care sector in India.
1,635 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
Despite being a significant player in the delivery of health services, the private sector has been largely overlooked by Indian policy-makers while formulating policies for achieving the goal of "health for all". This paper attempts to analyze the current characteristics and structure of the private sector in health services, its strengths and weaknesses and proposes options for a coherent framework of policy and action to meet the national health objectives.
From the Paper
"The State's role has been actively debated, particularly in the context of globalisation and economic liberalization in India. One school of thought argues that excessive State intervention has stifled private initiative, creating a burgeoning bureaucracy and fiscal imbalances. With inefficiency and corruption eroding public confidence, leading commentators have suggested limiting the State's role to essential functions like Defence, Law and Order and External Relations. "
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The Health Services Industry in India, 2006.
This paper analyzes the business prospective of the health services industry in India.
6,490 words (approx. 26.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 149.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) defines four modes for trading in the health care industry: (1) Cross-Border Trade in which trading takes place from one country to another, (2) Consumption Abroad in which the medical services are used abroad by the consumers, also called 'medical tourism', (3) Commercial Presence in which a service supplier crosses the borders to establish and provide heath services, such as hospitals, clinics and nursing homes, in other countries and (4) Movement of Natural Persons in which health personnel such as doctors, technicians and administers cross country borders. The author points out that, in the past, the bulk of healthcare infrastructure in India has been provided by the public sector, but the large-scale entrance of Third Party Administrators (TPAs), corporate hospitals and information technology are creating an organized delivery system of healthcare facilities. The paper stresses that India is ready for large-scale global trade in medical services to augment the domestic tele-medicine network in all areas and to integrate the domestic facilities with the global tele-medicine network. Many graphs and tables.
Table of Contents
Overview of Global Healthcare Trade
Cross-border Trade (Mode 1)
Consumption Abroad (Mode 2
Commercial Presence (Mode 3)
Movement of Natural Persons (Mode 4)
Implications of Trade in Healthcare
The Current Indian Health Scenario
Future Trends, Scope of Foreign Collaboration and Policy Environment
Mode 4 Trade in Medical Care
Institutionalizing Effective Alternatives to Fee-for-Service Primary Care
Reinstating or Creating Cross-Subsidy
Increasing Private Purchasing of Health Services by Government Facilities
Evolution of a Mixed Healthcare Model in India
From the Paper
"In India, approximately 60% of the total health expenditure comes from self-paid category as against Government's contribution of 25-30%, while contributions from insurance companies are negligible. However, opening up of the insurance sector to private players will make healthcare affordable to a large number of people. Currently, in India only 0.2% of the total population is covered under Mediclaim, whereas in developed nations like USA, about 75% of the total population is covered under such insurance schemes. One reason could be the lack of awareness and marketing. Moreover, agencies like GIC take 6 months to process claims and to reimburse customers after they have paid out of their own pockets."
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India's Central Government Health Plan, 2006.
This paper reports original research regarding the financing of India's central government health scheme.
8,750 words (approx. 35.0 pages), 27 sources, APA, $ 183.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Indian Central Government Health Scheme was launched in 1954 with a dual purpose of providing a comprehensive medical care facility to the Central Government employees and pensioners including their families and to do away with the cumbersome system of medical reimbursement; however, the purposes for which the scheme was launched appear to have been lost given the introduction of private medical care. The author investigated 364 cases, as a random sample from the Postal & RMS (Railway Mail Service), located in the NCR of Delhi and the city of Bangalore, by analyzing the financial implications of treatment at various types of hospitals: Government (GOV), Private Recognized (RP) and Private Unrecognized (UP) hospitals under the CGHS scheme. The paper reports that the percentage satisfaction level for IP treatment in private hospitals is greater than the government hospitals and investigates extensively possible private insurance schemes involving the government. Many tables and charts.
Table of Contents
Research Objectives
A Brief Overview of Functioning of CGHS
Recognition of Private Hospitals by CGHS
Facilities Provided to Serving Employees and their families
Facilities Provided to Central Government Pensioners
Other Facilities in Non-emergency Cases
Emergency Care
Rates of Subscription and Recoveries
Findings
Quantitative Data
Treatment in Different Categories of Hospitals
The Claim Spread
Out-of-Pocket Expenses based on Hospital Types.
Out-of-Pocket Expenses based on Disease Types
In-Patient and Outpatient Treatment: Delhi V/S Bangalore
Comparative Cost of Treatment
Budgetary Allocation, Expenditure and Cost of Treatment-Scheme-Level
Outpatient Cost of Card (Pensioners Included)
Inpatient Cost of Pensioner Card
Average Total Cost of Card for Pensioners
Average Total Cost of Card: Serving Employees
Welfare of Employees and Subsidy-Scheme Level
Implications for the Central Government Health Scheme
Employee Benefit-Case of DOP
Qualitative
ICICI Lombard
Mediclaim or Hospitalization Benefit Insurance Policy
Abbreviations
From the Paper
"Budgetary allocation to CGHS scheme is made every year under various heads based on projected requirements of the CGHS dispensaries. There is no analysis of performance of the dispensary or review of utilization of funds while making fresh allotment of funds. Their utilization neither is monitored nor is any expenditure-benefit analysis carried out. Although the scheme was introduced with welfare angle, it is no denying the fact that the money allocated to the dispensaries should be properly utilized and the benefits should overweigh the expenditure. In the present practice, there is no monitoring mechanism to ensure efficient utilization of funds by the dispensaries, one of the reasons for the same being non-maintenance of financial/cost records properly."
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Public-Private Partnerships, 2008.
This paper provides a cross-country analysis of the private sector's development in developing countries.
4,961 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 125.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the development of the private sector in various countries and its impact on poverty, with special reference to the formal private sector. The paper discusses the role of individual, small and medium enterprises working in the large informal sector as engines of development. The paper focuses on the need for a pro-poor dimension in public-private partnerships (PPPs) with lessons from certain case studies. The paper then explores the limitations of the existing PPPs for service delivery in urban areas. Finally, the paper looks at the challenges lying ahead for PPPs in the water and sanitation sector in India in terms of involving the various stakeholders at the planning stage. The paper appends explanations of indexes used.
Outline:
Part-I: Formal Private Sector & Development: An International Perspective
Part-II: The Need for a Pro-Poor Dimension to PPPs: Some Examples
Part-III: Challenges for PPPs in India's Urban Infrastructure Development
Developing Inclusive Public-Private Partnerships in the Delivery of Water and Sanitation Services
The Potential Roles of Independent and Small-Scale Service Providers in Redefined PPPs
Hindrances
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As per the FDI Confidence Index Survey conducted by A.T. Kearney in the year 2004, corporate investors now see macroeconomic and political risks as less threatening and perceive greater profit opportunities and reduced risk in the world's leading emerging markets. A fundamental shift in the outlook and perception is underway. At the turn of the century, the world is caught in powerful crosscurrents and many of the predominant trends manifest themselves in seemingly contradictory ways. For example, never before in human history has so much wealth been created so fast. Never before in human history have so many had it so good in terms of housing, food, comfort or use of new technologies. Today even in low-income countries large number of people have access to television, running water, electricity, healthy nourishment, vaccines and are better off than the middle-class of a century ago. Wealth is increasing -but so is inequality. Economic growth is rapid but poverty is persistent and misery endemic."
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Public vs. Private Education, 2006.
A proposal for a research study regarding the benefits of private versus public education.
13,000 words (approx. 52.0 pages), 14 sources, MLA, $ 247.95
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Abstract
This paper serves as a proposal for the study of research findings on questions relating to the overall quality of public schools and private schools in America. The author has devised a research study,which is to include the collection of data from a broad spectrum of relevant sources, such as current students of public and private schools, parents and guardians of students in public and private schools, teachers and administrators from public and private schools, graduates and alumni from public and private schools, and finally the general public. The questions the research study is to focus on are: (1) Which type of school is perceived as providing the highest quality education to students? (2) Which type of school is perceived as being the best value? (3) How should public and private schools co-exist and function within our society? and (4) Which subsets of the population (current students, former students, parents of students, school staff, and others) hold which opinions? This paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter summarizes the purpose of the research study and defines public and private education. The second chapter is a literature review, detailing previous research and then suggesting that this body of work is insufficient to fully address the question of public vs. private education. The third chapter presents the methodology of the author's study, including how the population sample is to be chosen, what questions are to be asked of that sample population, and how the results of this survey are to be calculated.
Outline:
Chapter One
Introduction
Background of Study
Statement of the Problem
Purpose
Significance of the Study
Research Questions
Assumptions and Delimitations
Definitions
Summary
Chapter Two: Literature Review
Chapter Three
Methodology
Research Design
Site Setting
Population
Sample
Measurement Methods
Procedure
Ethical Considerations
Summary
List of Appendices
From the Paper
"As this first chapter has demonstrated, there is a great deal of research that must be conducted in the area of school and education. The current educational system is divided into two major subsections: private schools and public schools. Public schools are funded by taxes and regulated by the government, while private schools are independently run and funded, with different laws and regulations for each of them in every school district and state. However, it is obvious that both of these types of schools are still experiencing difficulties and have not become ideal institutions as of yet. There are many social factors which are affecting and being affected by the state of the schools, and it is important for the future of youth and society as a whole that the educational system be properly evaluated so that improvements can be made. Public schools and private schools both demonstrate some positive traits as well as some negative. In order to get a complete image of the current state of public and private schools, the opinions, experiences, and suggestions of all related populations must be taken into consideration; current students of public and private schools, former students of public and private schools, parents of students of public and private schools, staff of public and private schools, and people who do not attend, work at, or have children in school all must have input into a complete survey of the school situation."
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Private Military Companies, 2006.
A review of private military companies in relation to defense reform and global determinants.
6,309 words (approx. 25.2 pages), 17 sources, MLA, $ 147.95
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Abstract
The objective of this paper is to conduct a research study of private military companies since the events of September 11, 2001.The paper further discusses the effects of 9/11 upon defense reform in the context of global factors or influence.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Present Day Private Military Company Activity
Problems with Private Military Company.
The UK's View of Hiring Private Military Companies
View From the Crown of Private Military Companies
PMCs - The Role of Private Military Companies
Determinants of PMC Growth
Market Force A Determinant
Geneva Guidelines on Defense Budgeting
UK Guidelines for Defense Reforms
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Historically, private contractors and others provided transportation and engineering needs as early as the American Revolution. In 1798 Congress passed legislation that served as guidelines for procurements of the military and the contracts were won through a bidding process with restrictions. New technologies created a demand for the private military companies as time went on. Kidwell states that: "Two overarching themes currently characterize the military management field - the process of rationalization and cyclical patterns of readiness. Rationalization refers to centralized planning (generally at a high DOD level) and systematic application of business management techniques." (nd) Cyclical patterns of readiness, according to Kidwell, refers to "the tendency- first noted by Emory Upton in the 19th century - of the US to demobilize and deemphasize military expenditures and modernization until the next conflict begins and the demand for military power is immediate. Upton referred to this phenomenon as 'chronic unpreparedness although the process more closely resembles a continuing cycle." (nd) The PMCs offer a "full range of provider, consultant, and support functions in OIF and OEF." (Kidwell, nd) DynCorp is a service company operating in 15 different industries. "
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Public and Private Conversations, 2002.
Shows how gender and power play an important role in determining the experiences of interpersonal communication, comparing public and private conversations.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, $ 80.95
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Abstract
Gender differences in interpersonal communication has been studied in the contexts of power and social roles. This essay considers the kinds of speech that take place in interpersonal communication where public and private conversations are compared. Two different research studies are examined for understanding how public and private speech can be studied in research settings and for establishing a difference in the experiences of public and private conversations. Gender and power play a substantial role in determining the experiences of interpersonal communication, where women are subordinated in both public and private contexts of speaking. The difference is in the awareness of the role being played in conversations, where women are less aware of their role in public speech and more aware of their role in private speech.
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The Private Security Industry, 2005.
This paper discusses the private security industry post 9/11.
880 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the need for private security in critical infrastructure areas, such as nuclear power plants, water supplies, military bases and other areas essential to the nation's health and security, has increased. The author points out that private security has decrease for businesses because of the private guard's lack of authority, decrease concern post 9/11 and the economy slump after the attacks reduced the number of businesses. The paper concludes that the private security industry can never fully replace traditional policing because private security guards do not have the policing powers of traditional police persons and are not effective in many situations.
From the Paper
"The one area where security has grown after the terrorist attacks is in the number of airport screeners. However, since these screeners are no longer privatized but are government employees, they may have actually negatively impacted the growth of private security when the jobs were taken over by the government. Parfomak notes, "The TSA has subsequently reduced the screening work force to 44,000 workers, although this number of screeners is still 57% higher than in 2001.""
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Ethical Marketing and U.K. Private Acute Care Providers, 2004.
This paper is a dissertation proposal to examine what ethical standards are necessary in acute care settings within the private health care industry in the U.K.
2,280 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in the U.K., private health care providers are consistently seeking to expand their business and influence in the face of a declining National Healthcare System; and thus, in order for private health care providers to successfully market their services to the public, they must first prove that what they have to offer is worthwhile and ethical. The author states that the primary goal of this dissertation is to develop a theory-building process that will result in a strategic marketing plan for acute health care in the UK that will (1) build on best practices based on current medical ethics standards, (2) support the private health care industry?s goals, and (3) provide guidance for private healthcare industry participants in the strategic marketing development process. The paper relates that the data will be collected via questionnaire utilizing Likert-type scales distributed to health care providers, marketing agents, and consumers.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Research Rational
Goals/Objectives of Study
Literature Review
Methodology
Approach/Research Design
Methods for Data Collection
Methods for Data Analysis
Discussion
Purpose/Relevance of Study
From the Paper
"The private healthcare sector within the UK accounts for 25.3% of the UK healthcare market as of 2000. The private industry is divided among the following sectors: primary care services, acute care, psychiatric care, long term care and private medical insurance. Within the private healthcare sector, acute care accounts for a very small portion of services offered, and therefore will likely require the most aggressive marketing stratagems. Long term care accounts for the largest sector. The National Health Care Service in the UK has been suffering from a variety of problems affecting the infrastructure, including staff shortages. This leaves opportunity for growth in the private industry. This paper will focus on the acute care sector, which is currently expanding gradually in part as a result of the development of specialist facilities."
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Public vs. Private Schools, 2002.
A discussion of the pros and cons of public and private education.
2,380 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the general belief that parents of children want more choice about where their children go to school and how they are taught, including the right to use public funds to pay for private school tuition. It looks at how across the country, parents can choose from public schools, charter schools funded in a variety of ways, secular private schools, schools associated with a specific religion, or home schooling.
Outline
Introduction
Why Have Choices?
Types of Public and Private Schools
Who Chooses Private Schools?
Similarities and Differences
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In affluent areas, both public and non-public schools had the opposite problem. They reported that parents intruded more than was helpful in areas of teaching approach and curriculum. They considered the parents? views often to be uninformed and dogmatic, and both groups reported highly demanding schools. The parents were well educated themselves and believed they knew what made for excellence in education (Rothstein, 2000). Complaints in public schools included the amount of preservatives in the school lunches, the amount of homework assigned, whether teachers were progressing at an adequate pace through the curricula, to the sequence of instruction in mathematics."
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Virtual Private Networks, 2002.
An examination of VPN's - private networks configured within the public networking environment of the internet.
2,280 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 70.95
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Abstract
The internet has allowed much in the way of increased freedom for information collection and exchange. As a public medium of communication, transactions conducted over the internet are often subject to the scrutiny of unauthorized individuals. The paper explains that the ease with which the internet is utilized has forced the issue of secure communication and secure transaction down to the smaller size enterprise. Unfortunately, to obtain the same level of security brings with it a high cost of investment and continued ownership. The Virtual Private Network (VPN) has changed all of this. VPNs are able to connect remote users and remote LANs into functional networks. This paper describes the VPN in terms of what it is, how it functions, the protocols utilized and its future direction.
Table of Contents
Introduction
What is a Virtual Private Network
How it Works
What Type of Protocols are Used
PPTP
L2F
L2TP
IPSec
Socks
The Future for Virtual Private Networks
Conclusion
Endnotes
From the Paper
"More specifically, two architectures exist for setting up a tunnel. They are client-initiated and client-transparent. The client-initiated tunnel requires tunneling software reside both at the client end as well as on the associated gateways, although the software could reside as well at the ISP POP that serves as the central site. Client software initiates the tunnel and the gateway-resident software terminates the tunnel. In this scenario, the ISP would not have to support the tunneling and the client and tunnel server establish the tunnel using authentication that is based upon a user ID and password. Similarly, the tunnel server and client can also negotiate an encryption sequence. Regardless, once the tunnel is set up, the communication proceeds as if the ISP were absent."
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Sole Proprietorship and Private Limited Companies, 2005.
This paper analyzes a case study of a sole proprietor being offered the chance of becoming a part of Plumbco, Ltd., a private limited company in the U.K..
990 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a sole proprietorship is the simplest type of business organization in which the proprietor is the single owner of all of the assets of the business and is solely liable for all the debts and obligations of the business. The author points out that a sole proprietor chooses his working hours, is his own boss and does not have to answer to anyone but himself; but he must shoulder the entire workload by himself. The paper relates that a private limited company is a type of incorporated firm, which offers limited liability to its shareholders
but which places certain restrictions on them; joining a private limited company will help ease his workload, make more money through the overall profit and shares of the company and he would not be held
responsible for any debts but John would lose his personal touch of interacting with his customers, the accounts and tax regulations of the company becomes more complicated than a sole proprietor, which means John may have difficulty understanding the financial aspect of the business.
Table of Contents
Sole Proprietorship
Sole Proprietorship Advantages
Sole Proprietorship Disadvantages
"Plumbco, Ltd."
Private Limited Company
Advantages and Disadvantages
Conclusion
From the Paper
"John Smith is a middle-aged man who has been running his own plumbing business successfully for the last 15 years and has built a good reputation within his community. His plumbing business has improved with each year and is doing very well. John's plumbing skills and the work he has done over the years in his neighborhood has earned him a very good reputation and helped him to build a solid client base. John is
very happy with his business and plans to hand over the business to Adam, his son, as he wants him to take over this sole proprietorship business when he decides to retire."
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Public And Private Management, 2004.
Compares the task of managing private firms to that of managing public firms.
2,938 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 103.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the question of whether public management is more difficult than private management. The paper compares internal and external environments, discusses the purposes of public and private organizations and looks at the issue of accountability. The paper concludes that there is not a large difference between public and private management.
From the Paper
"A long-standing popular belief holds that there are fundamental differences between public agencies and private agencies or firms. This belief has the further implication that management in public agencies is in some essential ways different from management in private firms. Specifically, the implication is generally that public management is a more difficult task operating under a broader range of internal and external constraints than is private management. Is this time-honored belief accurate or are..."
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Private Security Firms, 2007.
This paper explores the role of private security firms in improving national security.
999 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at Charles Connolly's "The Role of Private Security in Combating Terrorism," where he reveals that local law enforcement agencies are not necessarily up to the task of protecting the average citizen. The paper discusses his solution of employing the services of private security contractors to supplement the effectiveness of current government-based security forces. The paper notes the criticisms against this proposal, examines Connoly's arguments and concludes that partnerships with private firms may well be the best path to improve national security.
From the Paper
"In the United States, there has been a heightened sense of awareness of the potential for terrorism-induced danger since September 11, 2001. The attacks leveled against the United States on that day brought into focus some inadequacies in the state of security response and intelligence in the United States. It has prompted a number of initiatives of questionable Constitutional merit such as warrant-less wiretaps on American citizens and prisoners held in violation of the Geneva Convention. The desire to be safe has, in many cases, overridden common sense and has actually eroded the strength of the freedoms that were being protected."
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Private Military Corporations, 2007.
A general overview of private military corporations and presentation of a research proposal into the topic.
2,619 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 14 sources, APA, $ 78.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the history and use of private military corporations (PMCs), which are private organizations that provide services that have traditionally been relegated to state defense and security forces. The paper gives a general overview of private military corporations and then discusses a potential research study which will include a qualitative review of relevant literature.
Table of Contents:
General Overview
Identification of Relevant Literature
Key Research Questions
Methodology
Timeline
From the Paper
"Another key piece of literature that will be explored is former Secretary of Defense William Cohen's remarks on his Defense Reform Initiative. Just as businesses in a variety of industries have needed to change in order to remain competitive, in 1997, it was determined that the Department of Defense also must look at changes to be more competitive. There was a realization that the once state of the art American DoD systems were now antiquated when comparing them to the business practices of the corporate world. And, for those systems that were developed specifically for the defense industry, it became clear that many never were up to the best business practices standard of private industry."
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