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Privacy and Surveillance, 2008.
This paper looks at the issue of privacy and surveillance and discusses where and how we should draw the line between them.
2,505 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 76.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer argues that privacy is very important in a liberal, democratic state and that it should be extended to the fullest practicable extent. At the same time, the writer also maintains that privacy concerns have to be balanced against the understandable need to protect others in society - this is especially true in a day and age of global terrorism. As a result of all this, the writer proposes that one should draw the line on surveillance in the following way: In the public space one should permit video surveillance, visual surveillance, and intermittent "checks" on employees just as long as the surveillance adheres to the standard of reasonableness articulated by the United States Supreme Court in "O'Connor v. Ortega". Turning to the private sphere, the writer holds that the much tougher standard of probable cause should be employed when it comes to watching and/or searching a citizen's private dwelling. A significant component of this paper is also set aside to looking at different types of surveillance approaches or activities and when and where each one is defensible - and when and where each one is not. The writer concludes that society does itself a grave injury by not ensuring that the prying eyes of the government cannot intrude into the inner sanctum of our lives.
From the Paper
"For one thing, the more traditional Fourth Amendment warrant and probable-cause requirements - requirements that permitted law enforcement searches of the personal possessions of private citizens - should really only apply in instances where a private dwelling is being searched or a personal vehicle is being searched; in cases where it is a desk or file or locker at a place of business, "reasonableness" alone is sufficient because the smooth operation of the workplace demands that investigations be launched periodically when an employee's performance or conduct is damaging to the organization. Additionally, when people enter someone else's private dwelling, they usually do so because they have been invited into that dwelling; to simply invite oneself in is, of course, tantamount to criminal trespass. Conversely, when people enter a public space to work, they are not doing so of their own volition but because they have a contractual obligation to do so; in other words, if they decline to appear (enter into that public space) for work without a legitimate reason (such as illness) or without proper notification, they run the risk of being ejected from their position. Because other people have to be present, a safety issue inevitably comes into play in public spaces - one that demands reasonable precautions be undertaken by management to protect others from possible harm."
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Privacy and Surveillance, 2006.
An overview of the issues concerning privacy and surveillance in the modern technological era.
1,016 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
The concept of privacy has changed since it was first articulated in law, at least in the United States, by Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis. This paper examines how that concept has changed since the birth of the information age, which spawned the technology to collect, store and manipulate amounts of data. Through a literature review, it discusses surveillance threats to privacy and how new legislation is needed to protect us.
Outline
The Reality of Today's Privacy Environment
What Can Be Done About Protecting Privacy?
From the Paper
"Perhaps the most important aspect of the surveillance threats to privacy are that we, those whose privacy is being invaded, trigger the process. As Nesson points out, the information the Internet picks up about us is information we put out there ourselves, when we view research, order shoes, email friends, pay our bills and so on. If we offer the information voluntarily, then is it tantamount to giving up our privacy rather than someone else taking it? Lester suggests that we do this because of "the tyranny of convenience" and, in fact, it is all but impossible to sign up for Internet service without providing debit or credit card information (2001, 27-29)."
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Surveillance In The Workplace, 2004.
Considers the issue of employee privacy and reasons for and against surveillance.
3,390 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 119.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the issue of employee privacy, reasons for and against surveillance and legal and ethical consequences. It describes various means and technology employed in gathering and retaining information.
From the Paper
"Employers have long been concerned about how to improve productivity in the workplace. Unions were formed in part to ensure that workers received regular breaks and rest periods but many employers assume that their employees do not work at maximum productivity all of the time. With the increased dependence of the business world on the Internet employers are concerned that employees are surfing the Web on company time and certainly this assumption is correct in some cases. Just as companies worked out rules for ..."
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Privacy in the Workplace, 2008.
This paper looks at the issue of workplace privacy and discusses trends in workplace surveillance.
1,194 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the issue of workplace privacy and the concerns that accompany this issue. Several individuals were interviewed via email for the purpose of this paper and their opinions are noted. Additional research regarding workplace privacy and future trends in workplace surveillance are discussed in detail. The suggestion is made that existing legislation regarding employee privacy protections are insufficient and clearly weighted towards the employer.
Outline:
Abstract
Interview One-HR Administrator
Interview Two-IT Administrator
Additional Research Related to Workplace Privacy
From the Paper
"Additionally, as technology continues to advance and new and novel ways of monitoring employees are conceived, the threat to workplace privacy seems certain to crossover directly to employees' personal privacy domains. One example of such new technologies being gradually adapted to employee surveillance and monitoring is the use and application of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. RFID technology is a radio enabled computer chip that is now in widespread use in the retail and foodservice industries among many others, which allows for more accurate and better types of data regarding products to be tracked and recorded by allowing easy reading and scanning of these products without ever being handled. While the use of RFID technology in the workplace might seem far-fetched and it certainly is not in widespread use by any stretch of the imagination, the fact that some foreign governments such as Mexico's judicial branch have implanted an RFID chip in some workers in order to control access to sensitive areas of its facilities should be alarming."
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Privacy and Security after September 11, 2002.
Discusses the meaning of the "right to be left alone" having significant meaning for the average person, given legal and political developments since September 11.
8,238 words (approx. 33.0 pages), 186 sources, APA, $ 176.95
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Abstract
Our society needs and survives by information. The governments can rule and protect the flow of personal data when private sector is involved, but they cannot renounce to the decisive source of power of our society. The paper shows that the reduction of our right to be left alone was already an ongoing process. It discusses the forecast for a post-September 11 world, what the actual interaction between power, society and technology is, how privacy is threatened and what remains of our right to be left alone.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Concept of Privacy
Governmental Surveillance
Authoritarianism and Technology
The Great Fear - Security Measures after September 11
The United States
Europe
Worldwide Scenario
Black Surveillance - Intelligence Actions and Projects
Surveillance Connection - Private & Public and The Global Database
The Daily Intrusion into the Average Man's Privacy
Protecting Privacy - Human Rights Advocates' Activity and Privacy-Enhancing Strategies
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Different resources can be used to find if our computers are running spyware software: spyware lookup databases, such as Spychecker , allow to check whether the free software we are about to download comes with spyware software; Ad Aware from Lavasoft is a free utility that scans the memory, registry and hard drive for spyware; OptOut of SpinRite is a free software that cleans the system registry of spyware.
Furthermore we can route our communications through anonymizers which are technology permitting to hide our identity on line. Among the different resources available Anonymizer is an anonymous browsing service and its technology blocks cookies, Java and JavaScript, encrypts cookies, email, and Web addresses in the user?s browser history and conceals the user?s identity while the user chats and browses the Internet. Other anonymizing tools are SuperProxy platform System from Lumeria and ZeroKnowledge Freedom WebSecure."
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Privacy in the Workplace, 2008.
Looks at the way technology in the workplace is invading employee privacy and affecting employers.
4,145 words (approx. 16.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that technology is often thought to increase employees' productivity, simplify work and make workplaces better; however, technology in the workplace also robs employees of privacy and employers of profits when it is misused by employees. The paper points out that experts believe that a certain amount of investigation about and surveillance of employees is necessary to manage a successful business operation. The paper then explores how much investigation and surveillance is too much and how can employees protect their privacy in the workplace. In addition, the paper offers a compromise position, which balances employer needs against employee rights, to the benefit of both groups.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
What is Personal Information and Privacy?
Employee Point of View
Advantages for Employees
Disadvantages for Employees
Negative Impacts on Workers
Employer Point of View
Why is Surveillance and Monitoring Necessary?
Surveillance can Increase Productivity
Too Much Surveillance can Hinder Productivity
What Types of Technologies are Available to the Employer?
How Can Employees Protect Their Privacy?
Common Ground
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Many employees are uneasy about this monitoring. They may wish to keep their financial situation private, or may not want the employer "to know their savings patterns" or that they are going through a divorce. Many employees are especially sensitive about their health information; a concern recognized by P.I.P.E.D.A., which outlines the types of health information it covers. Sexual orientation is another area some employees consider sensitive and wish not to disclose to the employer."
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Privacy in the Information Age, 2004.
Discusses the concept of privacy in today's technological world.
834 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
In today's information age, a combination of satellite and computer technology creates a large number of privacy problems, rather than providing the security they are promoted for. The paper shows that the biggest privacy problems are experienced in terms of public privacy and privacy in terms of the Internet. In the information age ,the right "to be alone" has to be respected in terms of computer technology, as well. The paper discusses, specifically, two problems arising from the information age: Internet privacy and electronic surveillance.
From the Paper
"Further surveillance occurs in the workplace, where e-mail could be intercepted, and Internet use could be monitored. As far as this is in the interest of the workplace paradigm, the employers are within their rights. Surveillance in the workplace could also be conducted by means of electronic cameras and telephone apparatus. Often this is done without employee awareness, and this is unacceptable. Employees should in all cases be made aware of any surveillance conducted in the workplace, and of all justifications for such surveillance."
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Privacy Rights, 2005.
A research paper on different aspects of current privacy rights and the acceptance of their violation by the U.S. government, such as the Patriot Act and surveillance issues.
824 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains privacy rights as they relate to anti-utopian literature, such as "Brave New World" or "1984". It also describes current violations of these rights as they relate to technological advances and military operations.
From the Paper
"Privacy can be considered one of the most valued rights of a civilized society. The framers of the constitution had this in mind when they developed search and seizure laws to protect the citizens' privacy from British soldiers. The American Civil Liberties Union predicts, "The United States is at risk of turning into a full-fledged surveillance society" (ACLU). The invasion of privacy has long been evident in anti-utopian literature, and now it is becoming more common, openly available, and more accepted by our government."
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The Patriot Act and Privacy, 2008.
This paper discusses the Patriot Act in relation to issues of privacy.
750 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the USA Patriot Act was introduced in response to the acts of terrorism on September 11, 2001. The writer points out that the Act included many amendments to many important statutes. The writer maintains that because the Act was passed with speed and few questions, the Act is void of significant legislative background that allows for interpretation of statutes. This paper discusses the Act and looks at a few of the claims that the Act does not allow for a system of "check and balances" that protects civil rights when such Acts are put into place.
Outline:
Abstract
A Brief History
Privacy and Surveillance Laws Affected
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Title III involved the tapping of data communication and voice communication. Required was probable cause which is a very high standard to meet. The Electronic Communications Privacy Act or ECPA deals with the accessibility of stored electronic communications such as email. ECPA deals specifically with real time dial of phone numbers with the specific intent of transmitting information. This information is not required to have probable cause. As a result no discretion by the courts exists and the court has to allow the surveillance by a certifying government agency. The information that is trying to be captured, as certified by a government attorney, need only be important for a criminal investigation that is ongoing. As a result, very little protection exists for individuals typically found in wiretapping statutes. Another Act is the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. This Act allows for electronic surveillance to be used against anyone suspected that a target, hard or soft, is of foreign intelligence or power is their goal for harm."
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Post 9-11 Security and Privacy in IT, 2005.
Examines whether privacy and security in information technology have any future after September 11, 2001. Presents an EU and non-EU perspective.
21,000 words (approx. 84.0 pages), 300 sources, MLA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper examines not only the data protection instruments but also encompasses various breaches, recognitions and provisions for the interests of national security that over-weighs/surpass dangers to individual privacy in information technology. Chapter 2 deals with the erosion of privacy rights due to Sept 11, and amounts to probably the most significant issue in recent history, as information privacy rights have been recognized for controlling the dissemination and use of data. Chapter 3 has a comprehensive analysis that everyone has the right to be protected under the law and no one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home, or correspondence. Chapter 4 studies means of private communications without the consent of the sender or receiver and deals with breaches of privacy. Chapter 5 reviews data protection instruments in EU and non-EU horizons. Chapter 6 elucidates shocking revelations against terror and a flurry of virus activity resulting in personal data of Arab males being made available to the police to protect data against the war on terrorism. Chapter 7 states the balance between privacy and security risks and suggests that privacy-invasive measures adopted have not been as effective in enhancing security as originally intended. Hence they should not be construed as rivals but rather two sides of the same coin. In Chapter 8, systematic surveillance of the citizen in both the physical and virtual worlds after September 11, 2001 is discussed in detail. In Chapter 9, the war on terrorism by the United States and its allies as well as the discussion and measures about the ways in which the world has changed is dealt with. Chapter 10 details the cooperation and mutual assistance in EU-US law enforcement, namely human trafficking, immigration, and refugees, visas, biometrics and passports, etc.
Chapter 11 addresses security concerns raised in the aftermath of the September 11 attack and interrelated issues involving the movement of people, security at the border and in the skies and various security models/gadgets as well. Chapter 12 gives details of how and why a fund was created for the compensation of victims of Sept 11. Chapter 13, last but not least, wraps up various issues discussed earlier and answers unanswered questions from the introduction.
Table of Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Individual Privacy and Personal Information
3. Legal Recognition of Privacy
4. Infringements of Individual Privacy
5. Data Protection Instruments in EU and non-EU Horizons
6. Data Protection and War against Terror
7. Privacy-Security Analysis
8. Improvement in Technologies in US and in EU
9. Provisions of National Security, EU-Non EU Measures
10. Cooperation and Mutual Assistance in EU-US Law Enforcement
11. Crime and Security in the Aftermath of Sep, 11
12. September 11 Victim Compensation Fund (VCF)
13. Conclusion and Suggestions
14. Bibliography
From the Paper
"Privacy rights have always been something of a stepchild in the family of constitutional rights. Although interpreted by the courts to be one of our fundamental rights, it is not mentioned by name anywhere in the Constitution or its amendments because it is a passive right. Felt only when absent, it tends to get less attention. This is why it became the first constitutional right in the post-September 11 execution line. Whatever the case, we should all be concerned that what has happened to privacy can also happen to other rights. There is always tension in the system, but it was designed that way, and generally we do a good job of balancing the desires of the state with the liberties of the people."
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Privacy in South Korea, 2005.
This paper is a proposal for a quantitative research analysis of privacy issues in South Korea today.
16,840 words (approx. 67.4 pages), 128 sources, APA, $ 249.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that personal concepts of individual privacy are fundamentally different in the East from in the West, but there are certain commonalities about the human condition, which require a reasonable expectation for privacy in order for people to thrive and prosper. The author points out that, in their efforts to rebuild their economy, the South Korean government and South Korean people are drawing strength from many of the same factors. which motivated their impressive economic accomplishments over the last several decades. The paper describes a survey based on Pederson (1979) and Marshall (1974) scales as the instrument's framework and statistical analysis of the resulting data. Tables. Questionnaire.
Table of Contents
Introduction to the Study
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study and Research Questions
Theoretical Basis of the Study
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms
Limitations and Assumptions
Review of the Literature
Introduction
General Concepts of Privacy
The Legal Tradition
Cultural Theorists
Privacy and Korean Culture
Background of Culture and Sense of Community
Attitudes towards Privacy
Current Privacy Theory and Technology
Attitudes towards Privacy
South Korean Government, Technology and Privacy
Privacy Indicators
Privacy in the Family
Privacy in the Workplace
Chapter Summary
Methodology
Introduction
Research Steps
Nature of the Study
Case Study Methodology and Research Approach
Ethical Procedures
From the Paper
"Two general but major theoretical orientations provide the basic foundation for the present investigation. These guide the cultural and philosophical theories that are described in detail in the following chapter. The first relates to cultural theory in general; the second pertains to personal privacy. With regard to culture, it can be said in the most general terms that culture is the most basic determinant of the wants and behaviors of individuals. Culture is an important idea because it deals with the way people live and approach problem solving in a social and organizational context. Those growing up in a given society quickly learn a basic set of values, perceptions, preferences, and behaviors unique to that culture. These concepts are learned through a process of socialization which involves the family, social group, school, and other institutions. Nevertheless, it is important to understand that different cultural theories continually surface as researchers learn increasingly more about culture and society. New perspectives give rise to new theoretical bases for assessing culture. Many early anthropologists conceived of culture as a collection of traits. Characteristics and behaviors were spread from one society to another. However, critics of this approach pointed out that the theory failed to explain why certain traits spread and others do not."
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Public Video Surveillance, 2002.
An examination of the issue of public video surveillance and whether it is right or wrong for a free democratic society.
2,196 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how public video surveillance is becoming one of the hottest issues regarding privacy rights today. Already common in some countries, public video surveillance is now being used in the United States in places such as street corners, where video cameras are installed to see what people on the street are doing, and at big public events such as the Super Bowl. It shows that, while this new video surveillance is being done under the guise of protecting the security of the general public, it has also brought with it a host of new and serious issues regarding the right to privacy. It debates such issues as how much privacy are we entitled to in a free democratic society, where should the eyes of the federal government not be prying, and whether there are any realistic limits to the invasion of privacy in the name of public safety anymore.
From the Paper
"Surveillance technology has taken many drastic leaps and bounds in many years, as companies scramble to produce it to meet the growing demand for it by government agencies and other consumers who wish to monitor their fellow man. I.B.M., in fact, has recently announced that it would offer a new system of consulting and system-design services for digital network-based video surveillance systems (?Big Blue? 2003). I.B.M. wants retail stores, corporations, and government agencies to abandon older analogue systems and to move the management of surveillance operations to corporate surveillance management departments that will specialize in the operations of such technology. Unlike older systems, digital images can be indexed and searched easily and can easily capture the face of nearly everyone who walks through the doors of a store on any given day."
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Privacy Protection Policies in Health Care, 2008.
A case study analysis of the United States Privacy Act and its subsequent revisions and the Healthcare Information Privacy Protection Act (HIPPA).
1,724 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a case study relating to privacy issues in the medical and healthcare field. It aims to design an executive level privacy protection policy and considers both the legal regulations applicable to a company's privacy issues and the company's particular privacy needs. The paper specifically examines the application of the United States Privacy Act and its subsequent revisions and the Healthcare Information Privacy Protection Act (HIPPA).
From the Paper
"Clearly, the Privacy Act, originally intended to apply only to government agencies, now applies to such non-governmental entities as the healthcare system and commercial businesses. What can be concluded from this expansion of the Act's jurisdiction is that, because of the Act, individuals now have an expectation of personal privacy. In order to ensure this expectation is met, all customer-related organizations must take steps, per the Privacy Act, to protect an individual's personal privacy. (Douglas-Steward: 2001)."
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Employee Privacy, 2005.
A paper on how the lack of privacy in the workplace encourages contempt.
1,348 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a discussing and acknowledging some of the legitimate reasons that businesses have for monitoring the workplace and then takes a look at why too much monitoring, or monitoring in workplaces that have not traditionally been monitored, may have more deleterious effects instead of beneficial ones.
Thesis/Introduction: Lack of Privacy in the Workplace Encourages
Contempt.
Legitimate Limits
Economic Reasons for Supervision
Reasons of Inter-employee, and Employee-customer Safety
Reasons of Performance
Definition of Excessive Supervision/Invasion of Privacy.
Examples of Excessive Supervision/Invasions of Privacy.
Legal Consequences/Ramifications.
Effects of Legal yet Employee-Perceived Insufficient Privacy.
Effects on Performance
Effects on Morale
Possible Psychological/Health Effects
Ultimate Employee Contempt Results From:
Illegal/Unethical Supervision and Invasion of Privacy.
Legal yet Excessive Supervision/Surveillance or What Employees View
as Excessive Invasion of Privacy
Conclusion: Employees View Invasion of Privacy with Contempt that Transfers to Contempt for Employers and Supervisors
From the Paper
"In today?s modern age, employers across the board have begun to resort to increasingly invasive methods to monitor the performance and behavior of their employees. Previously a realm of banks and retail establishments, employee monitoring has become the norm in most large and many small businesses -- aimed at everything from promoting employee professionalism, preventing theft and asset loss, reducing legal liability, improving productivity and customer service. However, like many things, utilizing the various (and increasing) methods of employee surveillance can also have significant and damaging effects upon the morale, and even performance of employees. Even worse, allowing legitimate surveillance to lapse into unfounded infringement upon employee privacy, legal or not, can cause nothing short of contempt within the workforce."
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