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Prison Violence, 2007.
This paper looks at the extent and diversity of violence within the U.S. prison system.
2,675 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 80.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the different types of violence that occur within prisons. The writer then looks at reasons why such violence occurs and also discusses what could be done to improve the situation. In addition, by looking at violence between prisoners, that includes aggression involving prison staff, the paper consider how this violence affects both parties. The writer points out that there is a need for the government to understand that there are ways to be economical, without putting the lives of prison staff and inmates at risk. The writer concludes that at the end of the day, there really is no alternative and funds must be ensured in order maintain effective safe and secure correctional facilities for prison officers, staff, and inmates.
Outline:
Introduction
The Extent and Diversity of Violence within the US Prison System
Inmate Violence and Conditions
Staff Brutality towards Inmates
Trying to Ebb the Flow
The Effects of Violence on Inmates and Prison Staff
Conclusion
From the Paper
Conditions, according to Kate Randell, are horrendous, and include, "overflowing toilets and pipes; toxic and unsanitary environments; prisoners forced to sleep on filthy floors without mattresses; cells infested with vermin and lacking ventilation" (Kate Randell, Online Article, 1998). Many prisons also have inadequate policies and procedures, concerning the use of force, and prison staff is often deficient in adequate training. Gangs control the majority of inmates within prisons throughout the United States, and violent behavior, including that of bullying, beatings, stabbings, sexual assault, rape, and murder, are all daily events. Each gang has its own dress code, rules, and initiation ceremonies, and is responsible for much of the violence that occurs within correctional institutions.
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Gang Violence in Prison, 2006.
This paper examines the issue of gang violence in prison as well as the various strategies and solutions to managing this growing trend.
1,725 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 55.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper details relevant statistics and data regarding the growing problem of violence and gang related incidents in prisons, both in America and around the world. This paper cites federal reports which state that there was a 400% increase in prison gang disturbances during the 1990s. This paper examines the unique management issues facing prison guards and administrators in trying to control the violence. The writer explores several published articles with information and solutions to the gang violence problem in prisons. This paper delves into the reason gangs exist in prison, which include current gang members who enter prisons who are quick to locate affiliate members from their own gang. Young people who enter prison for the first time learn quickly that the fastest way to get protection from the older, tougher inmates is to join a gang. The writer discusses the importance of systematically monitoring gangs in prison for purposes of seizing drugs and other illegal contraband. This paper also examines the lack of rules or restrictions in dealing with gangs in prison.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
The Statistics
Monitoring
Restrictions
Characteristics Common to all the Gangs Around the World Include
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Gang activity through prison is most often tracked by a data base computer system. This insures that an inmate who is known to belong to a particular gang is in the computer data base and can be tracked if he re-offends and goes to another prison or comes back to the same one.
"Also, three systems use regularly scheduled reports, incident reports and intake interviews to track gangs, and in Connecticut, Nebraska and Tennessee, gang coordinators are present in the facilities. Utah uses a graduated point system to document gang activity before the information is officially validated and logged, and Delaware refers all cases of gang-related activity to its internal affairs section."
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State Prisons Vs. Private Prisons, 2005.
This paper compares and contrasts the state prison and the private prison systems.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper is a brief comparison/contrast of state versus private prisons. As should become apparent, there are many problems afflicting the state prison system in the United States of America. That being said, the writer notes there are no guarantees that a private system will be the panacea some have felt it could and can be. In any event, the writer concludes that a conflation of the two might the best answer for America's woes.
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Inmate Violence During Incarceration, 2007.
An examination of violent behavior in prisons and an assessment of predicting risk of violence by inmates while incarcerated.
9,638 words (approx. 38.6 pages), 38 sources, MLA, $ 197.95
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Abstract
This paper examines prison violence and describes existing methods for assessing risk for violent behavior. It analyzes factors contributing to or reducing institutional violence. It also looks at factors contributing to violent behavior in general and discusses major theories of aggression and violent behavior. The paper then analyzes current methods for predicting short and long term risk of violence in various settings, in order to develop a conceptual framework for predicting inmate violence while incarcerated.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Strategies for Assessing Future Risk of Violence
Actuarial Risk Assessment
Clinical Risk Assessment
Psychopathy and Violence
Method
Violence among Inmates
Assaults In Correctional Facilities
Mental Health Screening In Correctional Facilities
Violence Prevention Programs
From the Paper
"A computer-based test interpretation (CBTI) system is a system that screens inmates for mental health issues in correctional facilities. This system was reviewed and tested to see if it is valid and useful. To begin this review, 100 adult male felons were administered a brief mental status interview and a series of psychological tests, including the MMPI, the revised Beta IQ Examination, and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Psychiatric diagnoses and CBTI ratings of victimization, violence, suicide, and substance abuse potentials were compared with clinicians' evaluations. Second, CBTI diagnosed 109 inmates and were compared with Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) diagnoses. Finally, CBTI risk ratings were compared with institutional infraction records of 1, 718 inmates. An agreement between CBTI and clinicians' risk ratings decided that this was in fact a fair diagnosis, and the diagnoses ranged from 60% to 93%. (Psychological Assessment, 1992, p. 138)"
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Violence in U.S. Correctional Facilities, 2002.
An analysis of the violence in U.S. prisons and what is needed to improve the situation.
5,600 words (approx. 22.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 136.95
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Abstract
A discussion of the laws that protect prisoners in the U.S., and laws that limit the protection of those rights. The writer provides a brief overview of the general situation in correctional facilities, then analyzes violence by guards against men, women and children in facilities, and the preventive measures that are not taken by authorities to improve the situation. The writer discusses prisoner-on-prisoner rape, and the responsibility of prison authorities to take preventive measures. The paper then considers why governmental agencies care so little about prisoners? rights. It concludes with some recommendations on how the U.S. can better assure the humane and just treatment of all prisoners.
From the Paper
"Societies imprison people for a number of different reasons: as punishment, for the safety of society, and for rehabilitation purposes. Whatever the reasons, a free and equal society must mete out this punishment fairly, justly, and humanely. A democratic society must be aware that prisoners are especially vulnerable to all sorts of abuses, as they are stripped almost completely of their rights, and are at the mercy of the state and its prison authorities."
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Sexual Violence in Correctional Facilities, 2005.
A discussion on the prevalence of sexual assault in correctional facilities.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, $ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses sexual violence in correctional facilities. It discusses the prevalence of these acts, as reported by The Boston Globe correspondent Michael Levenson, who notes that in his state alone prisoners in Massachusetts reported 63 alleged rapes sexual assaults and incidents of sexual misconduct last year, and that this statistic probably reflects only a small portion of the sexual violence behind bars.
From the Paper
"Sexual Violence in Correctional Facilities In a recent report for The Boston Globe, correspondent Michael Levenson notes that in his state alone, "Prisoners in Massachusetts reported 63 alleged rapes, sexual assaults, and incidents of sexual misconduct last year" and that this statistic "probably reflects only a small portion of the sexual violence behind bars" (Levenson). These types of statistics, as well as the unspoken problem of prison rape and sexual assault, have long been overlooked in society as just an existent, but unavoidable, evil. However, the United States Government, in a recent report, has attempted to get to the bottom of this problem. This essay will review the government's study, looking at the trends, problems, and penalties associated with sexual violence in the nation's correctional facilities. In their study, entitled "Sexual Violence Reported by Correctional Authorities, 2004," Allen J. Beck and Timothy A. Hughes have uncovered some serious trends among incidents of prison-related sexual violence."
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High Risk Inmates, 2007.
An analysis of the factors contributing to the occurrence of violence in prisons.
1,383 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes four causes or reasons for the occurrence of prison violence by inmates. It discusses each of these reasons in detail and then discusses environmental contributors to violence in prison, such as overcrowding. Finally, the paper discusses the contribution of poor diet to the occurrences of prison violence and how this can be rectified.
From the Paper
"Another more recent development in the research associated with prison violence is diet, as many prisons have been found to provide the inmates with a seriously lacking diet. Though there is a great deal of suspicion in the research and prison communities that the effect that diet can have on behavior is overblown to say the least, there are currently several ongoing studies that have had promising results with regard to diet improvement and the mandatory supplementation with vitamins. The promise of such studies has resulted in a vast change in diet in some institutions and results are significant, especially with regard to internal violence. (Meacher 30)"
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Prisons as Social Institutions, 2002.
Studies prisons and the objectives of prisons and then argues that imprisonment does not meet those objectives.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
Prison is an institution that society creates to confine people convicted of breaking the law. It is designed to be an institution that deters people from committing crimes, punishes and rehabilitates criminals, and protects the public by keeping dangerous offenders off the streets. It is important to study this social organization to gauge whether the manner in which society deals with criminality via prison is effective. In light of the evidence, it appears that the objectives of imprisonment do not match their desired effects. Prison has an economic basis and punishes crimes that are often committed by the poor. In many respects, the real criminality is committed by society, which criminalizes the poor by not allowing them the opportunity toward self-empowerment. Moreover, prison subtly supports established institutions, because by focusing on individual wrongs, it takes away attention from the inequity in social institutions.
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The Abu Ghraib Prison Scandal, 2008.
A discussion of the Abu Ghraib prison scandal in Iraq, in which United States military soldiers behaved unethically towards prisoners.
970 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Abu Ghraib prison scandal in Iraq, where discipline and military standards were disregarded by US military soldiers, who beat, humiliated, and tortured prisoners. The paper points out that the US did not start to reevaluate the standards and conditions of their prisons until more cases of prisoner mistreatment throughout prisons in Iraq started to surface. The American Army started to set new standards to enforce throughout its units since it could no longer place the blame on "a few bad apples." The paper argues that, while this might seem like a change for the better, the United States Army was already in the possession of the resources needed to prevent such an occurrence. The paper concludes that the events that took place at Abu Ghraib and other prisons could have been avoided with the presence of proper leadership, supervision, and enforcement of basic military standards.
From the Paper
"During times of war, strong leadership and positive role models are essential in keeping order and focus in a group of people. Good leaders take charge, allot tasks, and enable others to cooperate to complete a project. In order to sustain their status and continuation of the group, soldiers take part in collective observational learning. This prevents corruption through negative reinforcement and strengthens camaraderie through mutual positive reinforcement. In my beast squad, my platoon sergeant was always present, setting examples for New Cadets to follow. My squad leader imitated his actions, always treating us fairly, and disciplined us when we needed it. In the case of Abu Ghraib, the presence of a positive role model was needed to prevent the distortion of military standards. The presence of a good leader would have allowed the soldiers in the prison unit to instill within themselves competence, loyalty, and honor to the tasks they were assigned. Furthermore, if Staff Sergeant Ivan Frederick II was a good leader, he would have instated the military standards in accordance with the Geneva Convention that he and his staff were trained in, and he would have felt the moral obligation to stop the mistreatment of prisoners. The soldiers tasked with guarding the prisoners would not have been free to abuse detainees had Staff Sergeant Frederick II followed his training and enforced orders."
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"The Prison Industrial Complex", 2005.
A discussion on the topic of prison labor in the article by Eric Schlosser, "The Prison Industrial Complex" on prison labor.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses one element of the Atlantic Monthly article by Eric Schlosser, "The Prison Industrial Complex", which is prison labor. It further focuses on both sides of the debate regarding the United State's use of prisoners as labor for major corporations, and the benefits that many are achieving by this process. It also discusses the opposition to the use of prisoners as labor, and how this practice may be considered a civil rights issue that borders on slavery.
From the Paper
"In ancient times it was customary for prisoners held in various countries to perform labor as part of their confinement. As civilization grew, and laws were aimed at protecting human rights, prison labor became obsolete because of the dangers to health and life that many forms of prison labor induced. However, in the last few years the debate over prison labor has begun to escalate in the United States. This is due to the rise of major corporations that utilize prisoners for manufacturing, telemarketing, and other forms of industrial manpower. Although some believe that using prisoners as a portion of the corporate workforce is beneficial, others contend that the use of prison labor constitutes a return to the days of slavery in the United States, and is a violation of civil rights. In his Atlantic Monthly article, Eric Schlosser discusses, "The Prison Industrial Complex". "
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Prison Overcrowding, 2006.
Examines reasons for the overcrowding problem in U.S. prisons and offers possible solutions.
3,302 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 94.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that the United States has a severe prison overcrowding problem. Efforts must be made to change the nature of the prison population by seeking alternative methods of punishment where appropriate, such as diversion of drug offenders into treatment programs. Education programs must be provided to increase the prisoner's chances of successfully reentering society. The paper argues that new avenues of incarceration, such as privatization, should be used where appropriate and new technologies should be employed to reduce the population and associated costs of incarceration.
Paper Outline:
I. Introduction
- Prisoners' Rights
- Allegations of Abuse
II. Prison Overcrowding
- Exploding Jail Populations
- Soaring Costs
- Pressure on Correctional Facilities
- Effects of Overcrowding
- Prison Litigation
- New Prison Construction
- Mandatory sentencing
III.Reducing Prison Population
- Incarceration of Drug Users
- Incarceration of Mentally Impaired
IV. Literacy of Prisoners
- Educational Programs in Prison
- Difficulties of Programs
- Privatization of Prisons
- GPS Monitoring
V. Conclusion
From the Paper
"Because of the growth of American prisons, it is not surprising that they have come to be viewed as magnets for economic development. Illinois Governor George Ryan explained that a new maximum-security prison was being built in a downstate community because it would be an important shot in the arm for a poor community badly in need of economic investment. The sixteen-hundred-bed prison is expected to generate 800 jobs and an annual payroll of $40 million. Not education or transportation but correctional services, at $1.3 billion a year, continue to be the largest item in the Illinois state budget."
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Prisoners and the Arts, 2002.
This is a paper explaining the activities of various groups that bring the arts to prisons in an attempt to uplift prisoner's lives.
1,580 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper investigates the activities of various groups that bring crafts, writing, drama, dance, fine arts, and music to prisons. One of the groups mentioned is ?The Prison Creative Arts Project? from the University of Michigan, which holds exhibitions for prisoners? art, which they even sell. Another is the ?Geese Theatre Company?, a team of specialized theater practitioners, taking drama to prisons and probation services centers. The National Endowment for the Arts? program for juvenile offenders is also brought up. The paper explains how these programs constitute ?art-therapy? and how they benefit prisoners, both in prison and once they are released. It also looks at the school arena, recommending programs like these for the prevention of juvenile offences. The paper includes a glance at the costs of these programs and at the opinions of opponents to the programs.
From the Paper
"Other people have had that question too, and it seems they have done something about it. They organize different groups, and take the arts?crafts, writing, drama, dance, fine arts, and music?to the prisons, hoping to make some sort of difference in the prisoners? lives. One of these groups, the Prison Creative Arts Project, from the University of Michigan, does just that. They hold exhibitions for prisoners? art, which they even sell. The prisoners just love this, because it is a chance to ?prove? themselves, and to let people actually see who they are."
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Preventive Health Care in Prison, 2008.
This extensive research paper argues that prison officials must not show a deliberate indifference towards the medical needs of female prisoners.
6,095 words (approx. 24.4 pages), 45 sources, MLA, $ 143.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution and how it has evolved inside the judicial system into the right to preventive healthcare within the prison setting. The author studies diseases such as viral hepatitis and how the justice system has dealt with this disease. This paper discusses human papillomavirus (HPV) and how it can be compared to viral hepatitis types B and C. The author concludes that the standard of deliberate indifference to health care needs in women's prisons requires the United State's justice system to immunize women prisoners to prevent the spread of HPV and cervical cancer. The paper argues that it is now the obligation of the Federal Bureau of Prisons to add to the "Clinical Practice Guidelines" a requirement for mandatory testing for HPV and for immunization with Gardasil for those who are at high risk of HPV.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution
Preventive Healthcare in the General Population
Preventive Healthcare for Federal and State Correctional Populations
Congress' Response to the Threat of Infectious Disease in Prison and its Economic Impact
Guidelines for Federal Correctional Facilities but Just Proposed for States to Adopt
Correctional Facilities Continue to Lack Adequate Preventive Care, Leading to Lawsuits
The Importance of Preventive Healthcare for Infectious Disease Using a Viral Hepatitis
Hepatitis
Human Papillomavirus Infection
Demographics of Human Papillomavirus Infection
Demographics of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Prison
Public Health Responses to Human Papillomavirus Infection
Applying Viral Hepatitis Approaches to HPV
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In "Ruiz v. Johnson", a group of inmates had sued the Director of the Texas Department of Corrections. The plaintiffs alleged that conditions in the correctional facilities violated Eight Amendment protections. Conditions were so extreme that the United States joined in as a plaintiff, against the defendant's resistance. The case includes commentary from Dr. Robertson, an expert in the trial. He stated that he saw two cases of "potentially preventable" cancers where the patients received delay in diagnosis and treatment, causing a negative prognosis. The defendants argued that the National Commission on Correctional Health Care (NCCHC) accredited them and therefore their practices were constitutional."
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Prison-Industrial Complex, 2001.
Discusses growing private prison industry and its role in the U.S. economy specifically in poor small towns. Social implications. Special interests. Prison construction. Issue of "legal exploitation" of prisoners.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, $ 63.95
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From the Paper
"The United States has the highest per capita incarceration rate in history and the prison-industrial complex has become a key element of the U.S. economy. Like the military industrial complex, a term coined in President Dwight D. Eisenhower's farewell speech in 1960, the prison-industrial complex is a mixture of government interests and private business. Profit, of course, is a major motive with social control another. The social implications of the prison-industrial complex are profound, and indicate the direction the United States is taking after the Cold War to solve its social problems. The result, however, is not the solving of social problems with better health care, education and services for people, but the growth of a new big business, the prison industry."
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Prisoner Abuse, 2005.
This paper discusses the problems of prisoner abuse, which create more violent criminals when the offenders are released back into society.
3,780 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 24 sources, APA, $ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the most prevalent crime in prison society is rape, which correctional officers often ignore, sometimes even encourage the assaults and, especially in the women's prisons, perform the rape. The author points out that racial strife also lies at the root of most sexual attacks in prison; the majority of aggressors are poor black men from impoverished inner-city areas who harbor a deep-seated hatred for the white prisoners whom they feel symbolize the prejudice
and discrimination they have experienced in their lives. The paper urges better health care, especially mental health and delineates several proposed programs, which require a financial commitment from the government and its taxpayers that many still may not be willing to make; minimally, in the meantime, citizens should demand a set of standard minimum rules for the treatment of prisoners, similar to what the United Nations has adopted.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Inmate Violence
Guard Abuse
The Race War and Its Casualties
Health Care...or the Lack Thereof
Abysmal Abuses of Environment
Now What?
"Why Should We Care?...".
From the Paper
"Prisoner on prisoner assault, guard assaults, racial tensions, minimal health care, deprived living conditions: what can possibly be done to prevent such abuses and human rights violations? Although it would prove quite naive to believe that any one of these problems has
a "magic bullet" solution, numerous programs and proposals are now in place which could at least begin a process of reform. Government investment in youth prevention programs is always a solid place to start. After all, if the legal system can reach a violent young kid before he morphs into a violent young criminal, then the estimated economic savings can number $50,000 per individual (in recovered incarceration expenses and potential earnings). The humanistic benefits to society are far greater. For those who slip through the cracks, detailed
drug treatment and prevention programs have been shown to curb recidivism."
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