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Pricing and Profits and Inventory Valuation, 2005.
A discussion on corporate pricing policies and inventory valuation.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper consists of two shorter essays, both on general business topics. The first essay concerns the importance of corporate pricing policies. The second essay regards the differences and values of FIFO and LIFO accounting practices for determining inventory value.
From the Paper
"Two Assignments: Pricing and Profits & Inventory Valuation Assignment 3.3 Identifying the corporate pricing policies for any business is a crucial part of meeting business and marketing goals. Pricing decisions affect various aspects of business operation such as sales volume, profit margins, and public image. Potential objectives for pricing policies can be wide-ranging. They might include increasing sales volume, increasing sales revenues, increasing market share, meeting/preventing competition, targeting low-cost buyers, or just increasing profits (Establishing, 2005). It is evident, then, that pricing policies have a powerful influence on the success of many parts of any business venture. In the case of The Herb Shop (THS), the purpose of this report is to identify which pricing policies makes the most corporate sense, clarify how this choice will influence market position, demonstrate the objective of this policy, and determine how a pricing policy will dictate interactions with competitors."
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Accounting Profits and Economic Profits, 2002.
An overview and comparison of the concepts of accounting profits and economic profits.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 3 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
A microeconomics paper which compares and contrasts accounting profits with economic profits and analyzes how the economist's view profits using both concepts.
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Just-in-time Inventory Control, 1999.
Examines the re-supply method and its impact on accounting. Discusses benefits, valuation of inventory, efficiency, the role of management and retailing.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, $ 95.95
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Abstract
The Japanese system of inventory control has been variously called the "Toyota system," the "just-in-time system," and the "Kanban system" (Johnson, 1993, 52). Just-in-time means, quite literally, that an assembler on a line receives his consignment of parts "just in time" to use them (Bacharach, Bamberger, & Mundell, 1995, 11). The system is based on an ideal situation in which a part arrives just in time to be used, even though that optimal level of usage is never actually reached. As such, the system operates on the strength of very small lot quantities of replacement parts.
From the Paper
"THE IMPACT OF JIT INVENTORY CONTROL ON ACCOUNTING
Introduction
The Japanese system of inventory control has been variously called the "Toyota system," the "just-in-time system," and the "Kanban system" (Johnson, 1993, 52). Just-in-time means, quite literally, that an assembler on a line receives his consignment of parts "just in time" to use them (Bacharach, Bamberger, & Mundell, 1995, 11). The system is based on an ideal situation in which a part arrives just in time to be used, even though that optimal level of usage is never actually reached. As such, the system operates on the strength of very small lot quantities of replacement parts.
On a typical assembly line, any particular worker might..."
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Profits, 2002.
A cpmparative analysis of accounting profits with economic profits.
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts accounting profits with economic profits and analyzes how the economist's view profits using both concepts.
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Market Valuation Models, 2008.
This paper discusses the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and the arbitrage pricing theory (APT).
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and the arbitrage pricing theory (APT) both depend on the identification and quantification of risk vis-a-vis a given financial device or product and thereby a financial product's volatility. The author points out that the primary assumption of the CAPM is that there exists a relationship between risk and the expected rate of return (ERR) and this relationship is then factored into the pricing structure of financial securities. The paper relates that APT is a model that relies on the integration of several factors at once rather than bundling all factors into a single beta. The paper concludes that the APT is the model of preference because the APT is the only valuation model, which can account for the full spectrum of market and asset-specific factors that can affect price and risk determination within the context of the global economy.
Table of Contents:
Overview
The Capital Asset Pricing Model
The Arbitrage Pricing Theory
From the Paper
"There are several weaknesses with the CAPM, which has limited its effectiveness in the financial services industry. The most prominent of these weaknesses is that it is primarily a single-factor risk assessment method which relies on a single covariance to the overall financial market the security is traded in. This single covariance is the CAPM's beta which is effective in ideal market conditions but when extra-market factors affect change in the market or to the industry in which the security functions, this single-factor aspect becomes less accurate because it cannot accommodate such variance."
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Inventory Control Systems, 2005.
This paper discusses inventory control systems as they relate to the overall production for a company.
990 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the four factors of production are land, labor, capital, and enterprise. The author points out that the Periodic Inventory System is a physical count inventory, usually made at the end of the accounting period, which does not maintain a detailed record of the actual inventory kept during the accounting period. The paper stresses that persons in charge of controlling the inventories in a business must follow certain steps and perform an accurate inventory control in order to avoid high costs due to overstocking matters.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Production Factors
What Is Inventory
Cost Associated with High Inventories
Inventory Systems
Periodic Inventory System
Perpetual Inventory System
Conclusion
Graph
From the Paper
"Inventory is the value of a firm's current assets that are shown on the balance sheet, generally at cost. Inventory or merchandise inventory is generally applied to goods or materials available on hand that are held by a merchandising firm, either wholesale or retail. It includes raw materials, work in progress, and finished goods that are ready for sale, but has not been sold yet."
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Valuation of New Private Companies, 2002.
The valuation of new private companies is examined. Valuation tools (techniques) and decision-making processes are addressed in the examination.
3,521 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the valuation process for new private companies occurs in two phases. It explains that the first phase is the pricing evaluation and that the objective of this phase is to determine the initial offering price for shares in the new company. It also discusses the second phase which is the market evaluation, and how the results of this phase reflect the actual worth of the new company based on the market?s response to the company?s initial public offering (IPO). IPOs are equity stock issues when a corporation first initiates public trading of its shares.
From the Paper
"With respect to market pricing mechanisms, the valuation analysis must provide answers to three questions. First, which market multiples are used by the comparable firms for pricing? "Most consistently profitable companies tend to price off their P/E or price-to-cash-flow ratios, while unprofitable or unpredictable firms tend to price off book value" (Bielinski, 1990, p. 65). Second, are any unique expectations or circumstances reflected in how the market prices each comparable firm? Factors such as "aggressive growth expectations, depression due to recent poor performance or a host of special circumstances (takeover rumors, pending litigation, valuable real estate holdings, a new patent application, an approaching retirement) can skew a stock?s price and weaken comparability" (Bielinski, 1990, p. 65). Third, how do the current stock prices of each comparable firm compare to their historic prices? Do "the current specific multiples and general market multiples fall near the high or low end of their historical ranges, and do they continue or reverse a trend" (Bielinski, 1990, p. 65)?"
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Valuation Of New Private Companies, 2002.
Examines valuation tools (techniques) and the decision-making process.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 24 sources, $ 119.95
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Abstract
Examines valuation tools (techniques) and the decision-making process. The two phases of the valuation process: pricing & market evaluations. Market's response to company's initial public offering (IPO). Pricing of an IPO. Background information on IPOs. Various decision-making models; Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Effects of institutional investors.
From the Paper
"VALUATION OF NEW PRIVATE COMPANIES
Introduction
The valuation of new private companies is examined. Valuation tools (techniques) and decision-making processes are addressed in the examination.
The valuation process for new private companies occurs in two phases. The first phase is the pricing evaluation. The objective of this phase is to determine the initial offering price for shares in the new company. The second phase is the market evaluation. The results of this phase reflect the actual worth of the new company based on the market?s response to the company?s initial public offering (IPO). IPOs are equity stock issues when a corporation first initiates public trading of its shares."
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Valuation of Priceless Objects, 2008.
An outline of the valuation of "priceless" historical and cultural artifacts.
2,144 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 67.95
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Abstract
The paper states that the valuation of priceless historical and cultural artifacts is not a process guided by specific rules or regulations and in fact is an unstructured and unpredictable process based on various methods and techniques. The paper comments that this results in a comparable analysis technique, with each valuation process being somewhat different from those previously conducted. The paper discusses the valuation of historical cultural artifacts that are from cultures for which there have been no previous market sales. The paper progresses through the three traditional valuation techniques including comparable market value, asset value, and the income method.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Traditional Means Of Valuation
Means Of Valuation Of Ancient Cultural Items
Summary And Conclusion
From the Paper
"It has been clearly demonstrated in the research that valuation of antiquities has no sure and constant form due to the nature of collecting antiquities and all the questions and concerns that may arise as to the origination of the art objects. Due to the demand for such works of art, looting of archaeological sites and museums has occurred and while rules and regulations have been instituted into import and export laws, there still exists a black market for these ancient art objects. In today's world of art collection, the collector must necessarily ensure that they are not in possession of stolen art objects and should that be the case pressures from the art world and the country of origination, as well as the penalties of law regarding such objects will likely result in a return of the art object to the originating country or culture to which the art object was derived."
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E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company: Common Stock Valuation, 2002.
Develops a reasoned valuation for the common stock of DuPont Company.
3,257 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
A brief company history and an overview of the valuation analysis are presented prior to the presentation of the valuation models and results. Five common stock valuation models are applied in developing a reasoned valuation of DuPont?s common stock. These models are the constant growth dividend model, the variable growth dividend discount model, the price/earnings (P/R) multiple model, the constant dividend model and the total yield model. The concluding discussion evaluates the valuation models and considers the implications for the company of the reasoned valuation of the company?s common stock.
From the Paper
"Variable Growth Dividend Discount Model. The valuation of a common stock through the application of the variable growth dividend discount model is a three-step process. The first step involves finding the present value of the dividends expected to be paid on the common stock in the initial growth period. The second step involves finding the discounted value of the common stock at the end of the initial growth period. The third step involves adding together the two present value amounts to determine the present value of the common stock."
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Valuation of the Dollar, 2005.
A historical analysis of the valuation of the U.S. dollar.
3,447 words (approx. 13.8 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This study examines the historical basis for the valuation of the U.S. dollar, the impact of recent trends and initiatives including but not limited to the euro and an analysis of how these factors will serve to affect the dollar's valuation in the future. This study examines a wide range of international currencies, with an emphasis on the world's leading economies besides the U.S. and EU such as China, Japan, Korea and others, with a particular emphasis on how these currencies have tended to interact with the U.S. dollar over the years. Current theories concerning currency valuation techniques will be provided, and statistical analyses are also carried out where appropriate.
Outline:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview: International Currency Exchanges
Current Trends and Initiatives
Impact of the Euro on Dollar Valuation
Analysis of Current Trends and Initiatives on Dollar Valuation in the Future
Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter 4: Data Analysis
Chapter 5: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations
From the Paper
"According to Michael Artis, Elizabeth Hennessy, and Axel Weber (2000), capital losses can be caused by differential changes in the value of assets and liabilities, primarily exchange rate changes; these changes affect the value of a central bank's foreign exchange reserves. To date, exchange rate changes have only been a major problem for national central banks with very large foreign exchange reserves (i.e., Portugal); however, it might also become a problem for the European Central Bank in the future, whose balance sheet on the asset side will be dominated by the approximately 40 billion euro in foreign exchange reserves it has called up from the national central banks as of the end of 1999 (Artis et al. 208). The strength of the euro compared to the U.S. dollar has been growing in recent months, and economists are of mixed opinions about the impact on the valuation of the dollar as the European Union continues to gain economic momentum as it streamlines it trading practices."
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Sales Revenues and Profits in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2002.
A comprehensive analysis of changes in sales revenues and profits in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry from 1980-2000. It includes several original graphs based on relevant statistics.
1,524 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 11 sources, APA, $ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes how changes in sales revenues and profits in the pharmaceutical industry are related to the business cycle with regards to the gross domestic product, consumer price index, and unemployment rate from 1980-2000. The following guidelines were followed: 1) analysis of the pharmaceutical industry and finding revenues and profits from the period of 1980-2000; 2) how revenues and profits in the industry varied over the period 1980-2000; 3) how the business cycle behaved over the period of 1980-2000; 4) variations in revenues and profits with swings in the business cycle and the juxtaposition of industry revenues and profits against the business cycle;and 5) strategies recommended for firms in the industry dealing with the business cycle. A summary is provided in the conclusion. Several original graphs are also included.
From the Paper
"One expert suggests the modern pharmaceutical industry began in the 19th century with the discovery of highly active medicinal compounds that could most efficiently be manufactured on a large scale. As these compounds replaced herbal medicines of earlier times, the occurrence and severity of such diseases as pernicious anemia, rheumatic fever, typhoid fever, lobar pneumonia, poliomyelitis, syphilis, and tuberculosis were greatly reduced. Pharmaceutical industry research has greatly aided medical progress; of the 66 most valuable drugs introduced since aspirin in 1899, 57 were discovered and then produced in industrial laboratories (Atherton, 2002). Today, the pharmaceutical industry is comprised of the processes, operations, and organizations engaged in development and manufacture of drugs and medications (Atherton, 2002). In the U.S., the pharmaceutical industry is followed by the Standard & Poor 500 (S&P 500)."
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Just-In-Time Inventory Management, 1995.
This paper discusses Just-In-Time (JIT) inventory management: Definition, compared to traditional inventory control, implementation, objectives, quality and costs and benefits.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 9 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"Costs associated with inventory make up one of the most critical cost areas within an organization. Whether the company manufactures goods or sells finished products, inventory carrying costs and their component parts can represent a significant portion of the company's cost structure. In addition, having the wrong amount of inventory on hand can result in severe difficulties. Having too much inventory on hand means that extra warehouse space is needed in addition to the costs associated with the inventory itself. In a manufacturing environment, having too little inventory for input goods means that production slows down, or is even halted. In both manufacturing and retail environments, not having enough inventory on hand to meet consumer demand results in lost sales, and lower revenue than would otherwise be realize ... "
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Inventory Management, 2002.
A study into what makes for successful inventory management in a business.
1,640 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, $ 53.95
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Abstract
The paper defines inventory as all goods and materials used in production and distribution including raw materials, component parts, sub-assemblies, finished goods, and the various products and supplies required in the production and distribution process. The author of the paper shows that Inventory can be a liability as well as an asset: excessive, finished (goods) inventory requires larger warehouses and that many times this is the first indication of bad decisions in the production and process stages. The paper shows that improving product-availability and reducing overall working capital investments, without jeopardizing the company performance is a tightrope that most inventory managers have to walk. The paper uses Toyota car manufacturers as an example of successful inventory management.
From the Paper
"Inventory personnel have to constantly track market conditions and price trends. Software has to be designed to input these trends to determine the inventory requirements and the Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) (Business Open Learning Archive, online). The inventory manager has also to be in constant contact with the production and the sales department, in order to ensure that stock outs at the sales end do not occur as a result of material shortage at the production end. Computerized systems have helped simplify the purchasing system and have help improve the efficiency of data recording."
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Real Option Valuation, 2004.
This paper discusses the Real Option Valuation technique as compared to other measurements used for long-term investment decisions.
2,985 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Real Option Valuation technique, which involves the prediction of the returns with an assumption that the asset valuation is closely connected to the management of assets, is an alternative over the discounted cash flow technique. The author clarifies that the Real Options Valuation technique emphasizes the value of the flexibility of the management while making decisions during the operation of the project; thus, it integrates the strategic planning options, such as to include, defer, abandon and other choices, which prevents committing error decisions. The paper relates that a weakness of the Real Options Valuation approach is that it neglects the influence of other parties.
From the Paper
"The terminology, Economic Value Added, is also used to mean the economic profit. A positive economic profit indicates greater returns of the company over the cost of capital. In order that the company operates with a real profit it should be ensured that the returns are more than the cost of capital conversely it leads to loss. The long term investments are associated with uncertainty, and therefore necessitate firm decision making techniques analyzing and estimating the probability of outcomes taking and the values of these expected outcomes. Even though the firm managers try to put all their efforts for reducing risk taking assistance of the best possible information available, the uncertainty of weather and markets cannot be avoided. This makes essential the firms to depend upon the various decision making techniques while making strategic long term investments."
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