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Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 2005.
This paper researches the implications of the 1973 International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Annex (VI) requirements on the sulfur content of fuel oil.
7,365 words (approx. 29.5 pages), 18 sources, APA, $ 162.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the MARPOL Annex VI protocol is concerned with the prevention of ship-source air pollution in the form of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx) and other air-borne pollutants, but a number of challenges remain in terms of its effectiveness and enforceability, which are the subject of this study. The author points out that the research showed that the maritime industry continues to be the largest unregulated source of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions and represents serious long-term challenges to providing viable ozone standards in coastal regions. The paper concludes that any option that involves extensive re-blending or refinery processing changes, which will almost certainly produce a marine fuel substantially different in quality than the industry standard for the past 50 years have, will be costly and therefore driven largely by economic forces. Tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of Problem
Research Questions
Research Methodology
Review of the Literature
Background and Overview
Operational Aspects of a Sulphur Limit on Marine Fuels
Analysis and Discussion
Implications, Effects, and Challenges Faced by Operators, Owners, Authorities on the Low Sulphur Cap
Invest in Residue Desulphurisation (RDS)
The Availability of Low-Sulphur Fuels in the Future
Summary, Conclusion, and Recommendations
Summary
Conclusion
Recommendations
From the Paper
"Article 211 of the 1982 LOS Convention provides the general guidelines for vessel-source pollution; for example, Article 211(3) requires the port state to notify others, through the International Maritime Organization (IMO), of requirements to be met before a vessel is permitted to enter the port state's territorial waters. Today, the IMO has around 160 members and is headed by a secretary-general, who serves a four-year term and oversees a Secretariat staff of approximately 300--one of the smallest UN agency staffs. All members are represented in the Assembly, the IMO's primary policy-making body, which meets once every two years. The Council, originally consisting of 24 members but subsequently increased to 32 (a 1993 resolution suggested an increased membership of 40, but it remains unratified); the Council meets twice each year and is tasked with governing the organization between Assembly sessions."
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Marine Pollution Act, 2005.
A look at various laws enacted in order to control and prevent marine pollution from ships.
1,331 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper describes many of the laws enacted by the U.S. Congress for the preservation and protection of marine life. The paper explains which federal body has the authority to enforce the laws, the penalty for violating the laws, and takes a look at some of the laws passed in direct response to the accidental wreck of the Exxon Valdez in 1989. The paper also discusses some of the recycling efforts currently underway and how these efforts are helping to protect the environment.
From the Paper
"The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships signed a Protocol, called the MARPOL Protocol, on February 17, 1978 to control and prevent marine pollution from ships, oil tankers in particular (US Congress). It forbids the disposing of any kind of plastic materials, including synthetic ropes and fishing nets, garbage bags, floatable lining and packing materials and other garbage, into the sea.
The Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS) was signed (US Congress) on October 21, 1980 and amended in 1987, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1993 and 1996. Renamed into the Marine Pollution and Research Control Act of 1987 when amended, it requires ships in US waters to comply with the Protocol of the Convention and the Annex IV of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, as amended by the Antarctic Science, Tourism and Conservation Act of 1996 (US Congress)."
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Air Pollution and Its Control, 1985.
This paper discusses air pollution: Classes of pollutants, effects, control techniques and L.A. air pollution.
1,012 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 25 sources, $ 135.95
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From the Paper
"Major air pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, photochemical oxidants, particulate matter and lead. Additionally, a wide variety of other chemical gasses, mists, fumes and particles have the potential to pollute the air. Some seemingly harmless substances, such as wheat flour, may be considered local pollutants when dust impairs the breathing of workers.
Three air pollutants are frequently discussed together due to interrelated chemistries. These include hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and photochemical oxidants, especially ozone (O3). The family NOx includes nitrogen oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ammonia (NH3) and other nitrogen ... "
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Pollution, 2005.
The causes and effects of pollution.
2,864 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 11 sources, MLA, $ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the fundamental causes of pollution and its effects on the environment. It looks at the categories of pollution, explains the differences in these categories and describes the different types of polution in the water and the sources of this pollution. The paper also dissusses air pollution and describes its two main causes as well as its dangers. Finally, the paper discusses the long term effects of pollution, and what we can do to help alleviate the problem and prevent further damage.
Table of Contents
Pollution Categories
What is the Pollution in the Water
What is the Pollution in the Air
Pollution Effects - Long Term
But What Can be Done
From the Paper
"Environmental pollution is a serious threat that jeopardizes both plant and animal survival on the planet. Water and atmospheric pollution become more of a danger each passing year as the population explodes and the resources of the planet become more difficult to access. Emerging societies are also demanding the same types of luxuries and materials that the Western world has convinced them that are the symbols of civilized society. This demand is also increasing the need for more production and as a consequence is causing more environmental pressure."
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Air Pollution Control in Ann Arbor, 2006.
A look at regulatory efforts for fighting air pollution in the Ann Arbor region of Michigan and the implications of these regulations for fighting air pollution throughout the country.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 5 sources, $ 151.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the regulatory environment for air pollution and its control in the Ann Arbor region, noting that Ann Arbor is key to the fight against air pollution through the actions of the National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory in the city. The organization provides a technical review of the issue and of the technical and regulatory issues involved in controlling emissions to reduce air pollution.
From the Paper
"Air pollution affects the Ann Arbor region as it does other major cities, and Ann Arbor is also key to the fight against air pollution through the actions of the National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory in the city. The organization provides a technical review of the issue and of the technical and regulatory issues involved in controlling emissions to reduce air pollution. This organization and researchers at the University of Michigan provide recommendations, expertise, and analysis for various governmental organizations at different levels across the country to address the regulatory issues raised by air pollution and the need to reduce it and its effects."
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Air Pollution, 2006.
An overview of the definition and effect of air pollution and what can be done to prevent it.
1,484 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how the major sources of air pollution are transportation engines, power and heat generation, industrial processes, and the burning of solid waste. It discusses how it has been been a growing problem since the advent of the Industrial Revolution and how the health problems from particulates and other pollutants in the air can be severe. In particular, it looks at how, since the passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970, the United States has made significant strides in the control of air pollution.
Outline:
What Is Air Pollution?
History of Air Pollution
What Substances Pollute Our Air?
Health Problems
Status of Air Pollution in the U. S. Today
Future Directions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"By many accounts, ozone presents the most serious air quality problem in the United States. Ozone is not a particulate. However, particulates released into the atmosphere help create excess ozone. Ozone is formed by the interaction of ultraviolet rays of the sun and nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), sometimes called hydrocarbons. This reaction is called "phytochemical" and cannot occur without polluting emissions from power plants, industrial plants, and internal combustion engines from cars, trucks, and construction machinery (Whitman, 2005). Other sources include commonly used chemical compounds such as those used in paint or in dry cleaning plants (Whitman, 2005). These problems are often aggravated by summer's heat, and contribute to thousands of deaths every year in the United States (Whitman, 2005). "
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Maritime Oil Pollution, 2002.
An examination of role of the Marine Pollution convention (MARPOL) and the United Nations in preventing maritime oil pollution.
1,854 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of Flags of Convenience as they pertain to maritime oil pollution. The writer explores UN and MARPOL mandates and discusses the Flags of Convenience. The writer then ties them into maritime oil pollution and presents recommendations for how this might be solved.
From the Paper
"As the world populations continues to grow and live longer than ever before it has become apparent that natural resources must be guarded with the utmost care and protection. It is those natural resources allow mankind to survive therefore their preservation is paramount to the success of the future. One of the biggest threats to the eco-system today is the threat of oil pollution. Through spills, dumping and other accidents the oil pollution in the world has threatened significant areas of the eco-system that are depended on. In recent decades there have been measurements taken to prevent oil pollution from destroying the eco system, and many of the mandates in place are indeed strong statements of protection, however, with the advent of ?flags of convenience? states those mandates have lost their clout and power, therby rendering them ineffective. Even MARPOL and the UN Convention on the Law of the Seas have been disabled by the FOC provisions."
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Gulf War Pollution, 2001.
This paper describes the after effects of pollution caused in the Gulf War.
3,235 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 8 sources, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes a study of some of the most significant long-term and short-term effects of air-pollution that were produced as a direct result of the Gulf War. According to the paper, this pollution was caused by the burning of Kuwaiti oil fields. The paper explains the ways in which warfare is involved in environmental destruction including an analysis of air pollution during the war and the effect of air pollution of those people who were most directly exposed to it, including American soldiers and personnel who have been diagnosed with what is now generally referred to as Gulf War Syndrome.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Scope and Background of Problem
3. Proposed Project
4. Analysis and Results
5. Conclusions and Recommendations
From the paper:
"This proposal looks at three specific consequences of air pollution during the Gulf War, or rather at three sets of phenomena that are considered by many people to be consequences of air pollution during the war: The cluster of symptoms experienced by American soldiers and personnel called Gulf War Syndrome; any civilians in the war zone that are also suffering from similar syndromes; and the any similar effect on other mammals (i.e. wildlife) that were also exposed to the air pollution during the war."
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The Economic Effects of Air Pollution, 2006.
A discussion regarding the economics of air pollution in developed and developing countries.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This essay deals with a number of economic issues raised by air pollution in developed and developing countries. The general argument is that although developed and developing countries have similar issues to deal with when it comes to air pollution, there are also important differences between the developed and developing countries in terms of air pollution. The paper goes on to say that the first major difference was the sources of air pollution. In developed countries air pollution mostly comes from motor vehicles like car, trucks and SUVs. In developing countries air pollution is coming from industrialization, car use and increasing energy consumption. In both developed and developing countries air pollution is a by-product of other economic activities.
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Water Pollution in China, 2006.
A look at the problem of water pollution in Shenzhen, China.
2,336 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 71.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of water pollution and its effects on the economy and personal lives of China's citizens. In particular, the paper focuses on the water pollution problem in the city of Shenzhen in the Guangdong province. The paper explains how the process of urbanization has contributed to the water pollution problem, looks at how water pollution can undermine an entire city by affecting the economy, environment, and people of the area and discusses what will happen if the problem is not addressed as well as what measures can be undertaken to reduce the amount of water pollution in the region.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The City of Zhenzhen
The Problem
Polluted Water Sources
Causes of Water Pollution
Outlooks
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In China, urbanization has been occurring at a rapid pace; in the year 1986 China's state council officially designated 29 new cities. This addition of new cities, many located in rural areas away from the largest metropolitan areas of China has resulted in major urbanization of the country in the last thirty years. The province of Guandong is undergoing major growth and change; the city of Shenzhen is one example of this rapid growth."
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Air Pollution, 2002.
A discussion of individual action as a solution to preventing air pollution.
922 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to prove that contrary to what most people think, air pollution is not a complex problem that requires complex solutions, air pollution can actually be resolved through preventive measures and individual actions of the people in the society. It outlines what air pollution is and the several causes of why air pollution has developed and has increasingly worsened over the years. It evaluates the need for coordination of individual action due to the large amount of pollutants in the air which come from people who consume and make use of products that contain chemicals and substances. It concludes with preventative steps that every individual can carry out such as preventing the emission of gas pollutants and replacing standard light bulbs with energy-efficient fluorescent bulbs.
From the Paper
"The effects of air pollution ranges from changes in the geophysical composition and environmental balance of the planet to great danger in human health. Because of air pollution, water resources may decrease in amount, and when these happens, organisms and living things that thrive on these bodies of water will die or abandon the area, causing a disruption in the balance of nature, because other organisms may be dependent on the organisms that have left the area, and when this happens, a chain reaction will happen, and all other organisms will be left to die or suffer from the effects of air pollution."
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Air Pollution, 2007.
An analysis of the causes and effects of air pollution on the health of fetuses, adult morbidity and international conflict.
1,045 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the problems that air pollution causes and the effects that these problems can have on the rest of society. It looks at how pollution affects the most innocent of victims, namely, fetuses. It then discusses how air pollution contributes illnesses such as cancer and respiratory problems throughout the world, especially in countries that are rapidly industrializing. The paper ends by discussing an often-overlooked social and international effect of pollution - that of numerous wars and international conflicts that have begun over issues of pollution.
Table of Contents:
Effects on Fetal Growth
Effects on Adult Health
Pollution and War
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In addition to low birth weights, studies have also linked pollution to birth defects. Epidemiologists with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that women exposed to higher levels of pollutants were more likely to give birth to babies with congenital heart defects. These pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. The scientists theorized that these pollutants damage a fetus's pulmonary arteries, which connect to the heart and the lungs ("Can Polluted Air Cause Birth Defects?" p. 158)."
"In addition to heart defects, some scientists have also theorized that pollutants could contribute to other physical birth defects as well. A 2002 study conducted in California, for example, linked air pollution to higher instances of lip and palate defects ("Can Polluted Air Cause Birth Defects?" p. 158). These findings are bolstered by the growing incidences of cleft lifts and palates in developing countries, especially those with high pollution rates and lax environmental standards."
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Chemistry of Pollution, 2005.
A discussion regarding the nature of pollution and the effects it has on human health and the environment.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the chemistry of pollution, noting the elements involved in most air pollution and water pollution, the development of acid rain, the creation of low-level ozone, and pollutants in the air. This paper further discusses how they interact and damage human health, stating that pollution is the result of chemical reactions from chemicals released into the environment in solid, liquid, or gaseous form to interact with naturally occurring elements.
From the Paper
"Pollution is the result of chemical reactions from chemicals released into the environment in solid, liquid, or gaseous form to interact with naturally occurring elements in the environment in order to alter the make-up of water, air, and soil. Many kinds of pollution are prevalent today as industrial processes create waste, emissions, and discharges that damage the environment and threaten health. The major components of clean air are oxygen and nitrogen, but clean air contains many other substances, among them such rare gases as argon, neon, and helium. Clean air also contains ozone, a form of oxygen; carbon dioxide; and various nitrogen and sulfur compounds. Clean air also contains water vapor in different degrees and many suspended solid particles and liquid substances, the latter called aerosols and consisting of dust particles and condensation nuclei, which include chloride salts, sulfuric and nitrous acids, phosphorous compounds, and many other chemical substances."
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Air Pollution, 2000.
A look at the dangers of air pollution, including an examination of the various types of pollution, and how it can be stopped.
2,216 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 7 sources, $ 68.95
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From the Paper
"Air is the most crucial substance for human survival. We must therefore examine the causes of lower troposphere air pollution and try to rectify them by any means possible. There are five chief types of lower troposphere air pollutants, particulate matter, sulfur oxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxide. All of these must be eliminated or at least reduced for our future generations to grow up in a healthy atmosphere. The first step in this direction is holding large factories, corporations, and car owners responsible for their contributions to air pollution. Then we must use the instruments that are available to rid our planet of this pollution and finance research that will in turn discover new ways of using machinery and cars that will produce little or no pollution and will therefore help future generations to prosper."
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Urban Pollution in Beijing and Toronto, 2008.
This paper compares the urban pollution problems of Toronto and Beijing by evaluating the consequences of different environmental forms and how each city is addressing this pollution.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Beijing is very much a heavy industrial city dominated by fuel and material processing facilities with a high population density although signs of western-style suburbanization are appearing. The author points out that Toronto, which is cleaner and less dependent upon massive industrial works, is well-known for carefully weighing the implications of various urban design proposals upon local communities and has a less dense population; however, this city has the problem of more local vehicles causing far too much greenhouse emission. The paper stresses that China is not doing its part to combat global warming. The paper concludes that Beijing's infrastructure pales alongside Toronto's because its mass as a global "mega-city" makes it difficult for city planners to construct a city capable of comfortably accommodating its population.
From the Paper
"At this juncture, it is appropriate to look more closely at Toronto in terms of its urban build form and in terms of commonplace life-style activities in the city that have some environmental impact. Unsurprisingly, the habitation density in the outer part of the city is much lesser than it is within the interior. The buildings are more widely-spaced and more diminutive in height; there are also many plazas and these plazas tend to have small retail stores within their embrace that accommodate almost all of the needs of a local inhabitant. Finally, there is plenty of "green space" in this area."
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