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Surrogate Parenting, 2006.
A discussion regarding the legal and ethical issues and complications surrounding surrogate parenting.
1,017 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the new and emerging reproductive technologies used today to help couples with fertility issues to have children. The paper focuses specifically on surrogate parenting, discussing the legal and ethical issues that can complicate surrogacy.
From the Paper
"The most commonly raised question is: are we not commercialization children by severing the bond between the natural mother and the child? Closely connected to this question are the feelings of the natural mother who might not want to give up the child once he is born. The legal cases in this regard have only further complicated the whole issue. The baby M case is one of the most well known cases of surrogacy parenting in the US. In 1986, Mary Beth Whitehead entered into a contract with Elizabeth and Daniel Stern to bear a child for them using husband's sperm. However when the child was born, Mary Beth refused to give up the custody which resulted in a bitter battle where many legal and ethical questions surfaced. It was decided by the court that while Sterns would keep the child, Whitehead would have visitation rights. This is not something common because it is decided prior to the birth of the child that natural mother would have no contact with him/her. This brings us to the philosophical question: Who exactly is a mother and what precisely is motherhood?"
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Surrogate Parenting, 2007.
This paper argues that surrogate motherhood is an appropriate and ethical consideration for childless couples.
1,085 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the issues of surrogate pregnancy. The various types of surrogacy are defined as well as the possible problems that may arise because of this arrangement. Despite the implications of surrogate parenting, the author concludes that this is a viable means for childless couples to become parents.
From the Paper
"Because gestational surrogacy does not genetically link the host mother with the gestational parents, relinquishment of the child after pregnancy would seem much simpler than if the mother carrying the baby is genetically linked with the baby. Traditional surrogacy, requiring the carrier mother's eggs to conceive a child, automatically brings forth the question of whether the genetic mother should have a continuing relationship with the child after birth (Jaggar, 1994). It is important that couples consider the implications of traditional surrogacy. Still other opponents argue it is more difficult for the genetic or gestational mother to bond with a child she has not carried. There is adequate research however, supporting the role of the genetic mother and legitimizing her right to raising her child (Beckman & Ciccarelli, 2005). This research suggests that genetic mothers when provided ample support and resources are just as likely to raise a healthy child whether they carried the child to term or not."
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Surrogate Parents, 2002.
A discussion of the issues concerning surrogate parenting.
774 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how for many infertile couples, the assistance of a surrogate mother represents one last hope for becoming a genetic parent and therefore they turn to surrogate mothers, or women who bear children for couples who cannot become parents through normal pregnancy and childbirth. It looks at how with careful preparation on both sides, surrogate parenting can be a viable option for couples to conceive a child and add to their family. It also shows how many critics charge that this practice provides another opportunity for couples to exploit poor women.
From the Paper
"The rising popularity of surrogate parenting stems in part from new technology. In the Baby M case, the surrogate mother was also the biological mother, because she was artificially inseminated with the intended father?s sperm. Today, however, 95 percent of these types of pregnancy involve ?gestational surrogacy,? where the intended parents sperm and egg are used to create an embryo, that is then implanted into the surrogate?s uterus. Though more expensive than traditional surrogacy, this type also insures that the intended parents are genetically related to their child (Gentry)."
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Surrogate Parenting Case, 1999.
Analyzes cases and decisions related to surrogate law, focusing on the "Keller v. Rose", Illinois case in which the birth mother sued for custody of the child.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 30 sources, $ 103.95
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From the Paper
"KELLER V. ROSE: APPELLATE BRIEF
This paper consists of a summary of the facts, the legal issue presented, the legal arguments and points and authorities supporting an appellate brief to be filed by plaintiffs-appellees, Patricia and Stephen Keller ("Plaintiffs" or "the Kellers"), in the appeal of defendants-appellants, Isaiah and Madeline Rose ("Defendants" or "the Roses"), to the Illinois Supreme Court of the decision of the Appellate Court of Illinois in favor of Plaintiffs in Case No. 96-L-2041. The Appellate Court reversed the decision of a trial court in Cook County which had found that a surrogate agreement between the Roses and the Kellers was valid and that the attempt by the Roses to obtain legal custody of the female child, Leah Clare Rose ("Leah"), born pursuant to the surrogate agreement, was in breach thereof."
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Daycare: The Nurturing Surrogate Parent, 2002.
A paper describing how daycare can be beneficial to a child's development.
1,859 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
Since the increase in single parent families and dual income families, daycare has become a necessity for some households. The paper shows that through many sources and scientific tests, it has been proven that daycare has no negative effects on a childs well-being, and can actually help develop some necessary social skills for interaction with other children. The paper discusses the history of daycare, gives a contemporary definition and then shows the arguments for and against the use of daycare.
From the Paper
"In addition, there are advantages to each specific type of daycare. In-home care provides continuity and stability, as the child stays in the home all day. The child will also be able to follow his or her own schedule for meals and naps, and not deviate from the weekdays to the weekends (Berezin 13). Family daycare offers a comfortable place for a child to stay all day, while away from his or her house. The family daycare can also offer a small group of playmates for the child (Berezin 14). Childcare centers usually have on staff professionals that have studied development. In addition, there are plenty of other children at centers who can play with and socialize with the child. Finally, the childcare center will offer more of a range of activities that may not be available at home (Berezin 16)."
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Parenting Skills, 2004.
A paper on parenting and how to improve one's parenting skills.
678 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the job of parenting is both rewarding and demanding and then looks at ways for improving parenting skills. The paper includes parenting tips and tricks as well as a discussion on improving children's socialization and coping skills.
From the Paper
"According to Kim Selzman, writing in "Woman's Day", being a parent can be a joy but it's also a tough job. Nobody is perfect and every parent makes mistakes. Children require a lot of time and energy so being a good parent means that parents must take care of themselves physically. Selzman adds that everyone needs a break from being a parent once in a while. If someone is a single parent they can and should find friends or relatives to help them get some time for..."
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Good Parenting, 2005.
This paper discusses that, although there are numerous resources available, being a parent can be an overwhelming experience, most often leaving parents wondering if their parenting skills are good enough.
2,195 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that some experts believe that today's parents are stifling their children with constant worrying and supervision and are denying children learning opportunities for risk-assessment and challenge needed to develop self-confidence. The author points out that confidence is the key to child-rearing. The paper relates that parents are often quick to judge a child's actions or choice of words and neglect to see that at times they are actually cries for love, attention or help; therefore, it is important to acknowledge a child's feelings and opinions and try to understand a situation from their point of view.
From the Paper
"A good parent is constantly worrying about their children because there seems to be infinite dangers lurking everywhere. Should a parent vaccinate or not vaccinate, should one parent be a stay-at-home parent or should both parents work outside the home? There is such a myriad of advice available and much of it conflicting over everything from potty training and playing, reading and sleeping, to socializing and eating, it is difficult and frustrating to know whom to believe and trust. Then there are the everyday hazards, such as pedophiles, child kidnappers, rapists, poisonous plastics, choking hazards, sudden death syndrome, chemical contamination of food, and child equipment recalls. It is enough to make any parent paranoid, guilt wracked, angst-ridden, and lose many nights of sleep due to a fear-filled mind."
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Parenting Styles, 2005.
This paper describes and discusses the effect on adolescents of three parenting styles: Authoritative, authoritarian and permissive.
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that in the authoritative parenting style, which is considered the most positive parenting approach, parents' demand and responsiveness are high enabling a adolescent to have a sense of strong personal value, self-control and a feeling of security. The author points out that authoritarian parents have high demands, but low responses; they expect their adolescent to do as their told and not question them. The paper relates that permissive parenting, both low demand and low responsiveness, is the worst of the parenting styles because these parents don't set any limits or demands and are most of the time neglectful of their adolescent.
From the Paper
"This [Authoritarian] will make it very hard for an adolescent to establish any self-reliance or self control, since the parents are attempting to control the adolescent rather the backing their decisions.6 In turn this is doing the opposite of what the parent is wanting. It is teaching and encouraging aggression and bad behavior, and when taking to extremes is abusive. The adolescent will be prone to live in fear and be aggressive towards other. You are able to see this in the behavior of the adolescent as well as the grades, and interaction with peers. These adolescents are more drawn into drugs and violence then adolescents raised by authoritative parents. Adolescent raised in an authoritarian environment are also prone to not feel empathy for others, or for themselves. They will more likely then not carry on this behavior into adulthood due to the fact that they are unable to stop the behavior that was taught and encouraged at home."
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The Authoritative Parenting Style, 2008.
An analysis of the authoritative style of parenting and how it can be relevant in the mental health setting.
907 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the authoritative style of parenting and compares it to the authoritarian style. It discusses precisely what makes a parenting style authoritative in nature. It then looks at how parenting styles can be a focus of attention in the mental health setting. The paper concludes with a brief examination of how an authoritarian parenting style was of benefit to the writer as a young person.
Table of Contents:
What is Authoritative Parenting?
Authoritative Parenting and Psychology
Response
From the Paper
"The best outcome occurs with the application of the authoritative parenting style. This parenting style provides guidance without the excessive control demanded by the authoritarian parent. The authoritative parenting style relinquishes enough control over the child to permit the child to experience personal decision-making. However, it also contrasts with the permissive parenting style by providing enough guidance to enable the child to develop "appropriate morals and goals" (Bornstein & Bornstein, 2007, p. 2). A permissive parent, for example, might say that a child can go to his or her friend's house without first learning if the friend's parents will also be home. An authoritarian parent may deny the child permission regardless of any facts in the case. By contrast, the authoritarian parent uses both the facts and the child's needs as factors and may even include the child in the decision-making process."
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Parenting Communication Skills Classes, 2004.
This paper is a complete research project studying the effectiveness of one parenting communication skills class for parents who were court-mandated to attend such classes because of child abuse.
1,345 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 20 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper reports that the study offers limited value due to the number of participants (n=12), no reliability or validity of the self-administered questionnaires, and participants had to be able to read and write English; nonetheless, a questionnaire is included so that a study with a large sample can yield more valid results, and other social workers can adapt the study to their own needs. The author points out that parenting programs can be effective, but some people believe that parenting programs are most effective as preventive measures. The paper suggests parenting programs need to be tailored to the specific population it is intended to serve. Table and graphs.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
Need for Interventions
Effectiveness of Parenting Programs
Research Question
Research Hypothesis
Methodology/Procedure
Results
Demographic Characteristics
Study Limitations
Discussion and Conclusion
Implications for Social Work Practice
Appendix
Letters
Questionnaire
From the Paper
"The participants in this study consisted of the opportunist sample of 12 parents. Four out of 12 were in voluntary attendance. Overall a sample of 83 % female (n=10), and 17 % male (n=2). The mode was 35 mean age of the sample was 35 years (standard deviation (aD)= 6.807). Five out of 12 participants completed High School; four out of 12 did not complete High School; two out of 12 participants completed some college and one participant held at least one college degree. Other demographics dissipated on the graphs below."
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Parenting Styles Reviewed, 2008.
A review of the effectiveness and possible damaging effects of various parenting styles.
869 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, $ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how psychologists know what parenting practices are most effective and which are most likely to lead to positive outcomes for children. The paper reviews four different parenting styles, shows which method is most effective, and explains why the other methods should be avoided in order to avoid detrimental consequences to the child's future.
Outline:
The Authoritarian Parent Style
The Permissive Parenting Style
The Uninvolved Parenting Style
The Authoritative Parenting Style
Reflections From My Childhood
My Personal Parenting Style and How I Put it into Practice
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The uninvolved parent is low in both demandingness and responsiveness. In extreme cases, this parenting style might encompass both neglecting and rejecting parents, which could be very damaging to the child, although most parents of this type fall within the normal range (Baumrind, 1991).Children whose parents are uninvolved are uninvolved tend to perform poorly in most domains of social competency, academic performance, psychosocial development and problem behavior. "
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Attachment Parenting and Native American Traditions, 2002.
A look at how attachment parenting fits in with native American parenting traditions.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 10 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
This six-page undergraduate paper compares the tenets of attachment parenting to the teachings and culture of Native Americans in terms of birth-bonding, breast-feeding on the cues of the infant, bed-sharing, baby-wearing, and the belief in the signal value of the infant's cry.
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Gay Parenting, 2005.
This paper, using a creative format, debates gay parenting.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper uses research reports of varying quality to explore the arguments for and against gay parenting, which is a frequent subject in the U.S. courts. The author points out the positive arguments for gay parenting are: (1) Gay parents have superior parenting skills compared to heterosexual couples, (2) children of gay parents have healthier traits and qualities compared to children raised by heterosexual couples, and (3) gay couples have just as much right to care for children as any heterosexual couples do. The paper relates that the arguments against gay parenting are: (1) Children raised by gay couples will have sexual identity problems later on in life, (2) they are confined in an unstable household, and (3) they are at risk to being exposed to a dangerous diseases, such as AIDS.
From the Paper
"Driving back from a family dinner at Ryan's, Amy recalls meeting Ryan's two homosexual Uncles and their recently adopted son. It had not been the first time Amy had ever met a homosexual, and she explained how she felt gay couples should not be allowed to care for children. Ryan on the other hand, disagrees with his girlfriend, because he believes that gay couples should be allowed to care for children. As they drive down the highway, the discussion grows into a debate, with both discussing their points of view in a friendly dispute."
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Surrogate Mothers, 2002.
A discussion of the issues involved in being and using surrogate mothers, including a look at the pertinent legal issues.
2,557 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, $ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the topic of surrogate mothers, discussing the many considerations to be taken into account when deciding to be a surrogate mother or selecting a surrogate mother. The paper provides information about laws concerning surrogate mothers, from various countries. Also illustrated are the sensitive issues for the surrogate mother to deal with after birth of the baby.
From the Paper
"Surrogate mothers have many battles to face giving their babies to the set of parents that want to receive them. ?Between 50 and 100 babies a year are born to surrogate mothers in Britain? (Henderson 2). Italy is against using surrogate mothers for childless couples (Australian 1). Should couples that have had children be allowed to use surrogate mothers? What are the problems of selecting a surrogate mother? What are the steps to having a baby from a surrogate mother? If the surrogate mother has more than one baby, what happens? Are the proposed parents mandated to take more than one baby? What about expenses? Surrogate mothers offer hope to couples that have not been able to have a baby with the natural childbirth and to couples who have married for the second time who desire to have a baby, but there are many decisions that should be made first."
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Surrogate Mothers, 2009.
A discussion on surrogate motherhood and the reasons to support it.
2,073 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 65.95
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Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of surrogate motherhood. Specifically the author discusses the reasons why women choose to become surrogate mothers. The paper touches on the conflicting viewpoints on this issue including why some women choose to become surrogate mothers simply for the fees involved. However, the author also argues that there are other surrogates who do it because they truly care about childless couples. The paper stresses that surrogacy may not be for every woman, but there are very valid reasons to support surrogate motherhood, including giving childless couples a chance at parenthood.
From the Paper
"Surrogate mothers serve as artificial mothers for parents who cannot conceive and/or carry children on their own. Sometimes, the parents have healthy sperm and egg cells, but for some reason the mother cannot carry a baby to term. In this case, the eggs and sperm are harvested and they are implanted into the surrogate. In other cases, the woman's eggs are not healthy, and the male's sperm is used to fertilize the surrogate's egg, which the surrogate then carries to full term and delivers a baby. Either way, the surrogate carries the child for nine months, and then relinquishes the baby to the natural parents. In the United States and much of Europe, this is a legal procedure, and the surrogate receives a fee for carrying the baby. This is wrong. A woman should not carry a baby for money, no matter what the reason, and many experts agree."
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