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Pressure Groups in America, 2005.
This paper discusses pressure groups, including political action committees, which play a distinct role in the United States of America.
2,055 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a pressure group, sometimes referred to as an interest group, is a set of individuals organized for the purpose of influencing public policy; a subset of pressure groups is the political action committee created for the main purpose of receiving donations, from corporations, trade unions and other similar sources, to candidates aspiring to Federal office because, in the U.S., candidates cannot receive these donations directly. The author points out that there are two main types of pressure groups: (1) The private interest group, which unusually represents a particular economic, social or ethnic section of society promoting certain aspects of interest such as manufacturers, and (2) the cause groups with select issues or ideology such as the environment. The paper relates that pressure groups have three significant access points from where they can attempt to influence the decisions made by the Federal government: The Congress, the bureaucracy and officials that make up the executive and, in a small way, the judiciary.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Nature of Pressure Groups in the United States of America
Main Activities of Pressure Groups
Impact of Political Action Group Committees on the U.S. Elections
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The presidential elections of 2004 were to large extent influenced by the political action committees and the areas of influence were to be seen in voter turnout, endorsements of the candidates and contributions to the campaigns. The underlying evaluation of the role that the political action committees play in any election is to have a general appreciation of the relationship between money and interests and federal regulations. Political Action Committees and their roles were clearly defined in the early 1970's by the Federal Election Campaign Acts. These regulations came after some very long and torturous legislative battles. The campaign finance laws are at the moment regulated by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act -- BCRA of 2002. Current day analysis of political action committees does question the undue influence that some of these political action committees have and their new tactics that involve direct campaigns and group representation."
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In-groups and Out-groups, 2005.
Examines the difference between in-groups and out-groups.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, $ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the difference between in-groups and out-groups and gives real life examples of working in each type of group. It explores issues of stereotyping, belonging and bias.
From the Paper
"If we see someone else as belonging to the same group we are in we tend to have a positive view towards them and give them preferential treatment ..."
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Effect of Group Composition on Group Dynamics, 2004.
It?s not just a matter of bringing a group of people together; the sorts of people brought together can change the sort of group constructed.
4,361 words (approx. 17.4 pages), 19 sources, MLA, $ 114.95
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Abstract
This essay examines how the composition of a group, whether for therapeutic or business reasons, affects the outcomes and group goals that can eventuate. The essay contends that group composition needs to be both homogeneous and heterogeneous enough to allow for group processes to occur, i.e. group stages, for the group dynamic to progress and group goals to be achieved.
From the Paper
"While it is true that a group is made up of individuals, and without those individuals there would be no group, it is quite impossible to judge the ?sort of group? that will eventuate from merely examining the ?sorts of people? that constitute it. Doing so would be like ?explain[ing] the shifting pattern of a kaleidoscope by taking the tube to pieces and listing the fragments found inside? (Thompson and Kahn, 1970: 12). Systems theorists have long posited, in opposition to individual psychological explanations of group behaviour, that when individuals ?merge into a group? something new is created? (Lewin, 1951: 57). This new entity, although comprised of individuals, is believed to be ?greater than the sum of its parts? and thus the dynamic that is created within the group is not directly attributed to any one individual but rather the unique interrelationship between those individuals and the force that this interrelationship has on group functioning."
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"Joining Together: Group Theory And Group Skills" ( D. W. Johnson and F. P. Johnson ), 2002.
Examines the pattern of ideas in this book on group dynamics.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, $ 23.95
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Abstract
Examines the pattern of ideas in this book on group dynamics. Primacy of the group in individual life experience. Group theory applied to effective problem solving. Factors of effective communication, social interaction, cooperation and leadership. Idea that social interaction can function for good or ill. Dynamics of social interchange. Types of groups.
From the Paper
"This research examines the pattern of ideas in Joining Together: Group Theory & Group Skills by Johnson and Johnson, as well as the means by which the authors articulate their view of the primacy of group dynamics in individual life experience. The research will set forth the principal lines of thought in the text and then discuss the value of a solid grounding in group theory to the practice of effective problem solving via effective communication, social interaction, cooperation, and leadership.
Group theory cannot be understood apart from the concept of dynamics, i.e., that groups are living things, functioning as a consequence of communication and leadership (Johnson & Johnson, 2000, p. 38), and functioning in a continual state of change. Indeed, changing patterns of communication and leadership are the ..."
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In and Out Groups in Organizational Theory, 2007.
A discussion of organizational theory with regards to in-groups and out-groups within the business environment.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines organizational theory regarding in-groups and out-groups and how this theory is critical in today's business environment because of the emphasis on teams and team formation. The paper explains that in-groups and out-groups are important for organizational leaders to understand and comprehend at risk of allowing an organization to fall into disarray and inefficiency. The paper also discusses how the differences between these two types of groups within the organization are stark - one group can be characterized by its inclusion and its sense of accomplishment and trust while the other can be characterized by its marginality and its lack of inclusiveness in any decision-making processes. The paper also points out that the effect of these two types of groups on any given organization is almost always negative but sometimes their full impact is not noticed until long after they form. In conclusion, the paper shows that leaders and managers need to be aware of these groups and ensure that no employees are isolated or excluded from the requisite inclusion within the business and organizational processes of the organization itself.
Outline:
Overview
In-Group Experience
Out-Group Experience
Differences
Effect of These Groups
Membership & Performance
Leadership Factors
From the Paper
"Often, membership in these groups is not necessarily related to task or task performance. While an individual completely botching a task might potentially land them in the out-group, generally these groups form based on inter-personal reasons and relationships with various other co-workers and with management (Harris 142). As previously mentioned, group formation is not necessarily a bad thing to happen in the context of an organization. The danger is that such groups, if not properly managed, can lead to ostracizing and isolating valuable employees and even fellow team members."
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Transnational Criminal Groups and Terrorism, 2005.
An examination of the connection between transnational criminal groups and terrorist groups in today's world.
1,364 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 13 sources, APA, $ 45.95
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Abstract
The increasing relationship between transnational criminal groups and terrorist groups constitutes a complex and fluid situation. This paper broadly examines some of the reasons for the increasing relationship between these two groups and by looking briefly at the organisational structures, actions and motivations of them, attempts to assess the current strength of this linkage.
Outline
Introduction
Traditional Similarities
Growing Similarities
Partnerships
Fundamental Differences
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Prior to September 11 the relationship between transnational criminal groups and terrorist groups was relatively unexplored and it appears that it was a widely held view that the link between the two was limited. In 1996 the United States government reported, 'On the basis of information currently available to the United States Government, it appear[s] that most transnational crime [is] completely unrelated to terrorist crimes or terrorism' . In the mid-1990s Alex Schmid (head of the United Nations Terrorism Prevention Branch) completed a study for the United Nations in which he came to the conclusion that '...despite some common ground, organized crime and terrorism are distinct phenomena that should not be confused. While there is overlap in the modus operandi of terrorists and organized criminals, there are several important differences'."
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Social Loafing in Groups, 2008.
This paper discusses the phenomenon of social loafing and looks at its impact on groups.
1,319 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that social loafing is a phenomenon that occurs in groups in which there are several members in the group and inevitably some people tend to contribute less to the group than they would have if working independently. The writer discusses that social loafing impacts groups negatively because the group is not working to it's full advantage, some people are relying upon the work of others, and doing less work themselves, which contributes to the damage of the group project overall. The writer points out that it is common sense with regards to group dynamics that when everyone in the group is working together at their full intelligence and work level, the resulting product is better than if only a few people in a group are working on the specific tasks. The writer concludes that by making sure that no member is loafing in a team, companies can ensure that they are getting adequate work from their employees for the price of their paycheck, and educational facilities can be sure that students truly understands the information given to them, and are graded appropriately.
From the Paper
"Most leaders are chosen more for their ability to do the task than for their ability to lead their fellow team members. The leader mentality is important in social loafing. This leader will then be in charge of assigning tasks, making sure the others in the group are completing said tasks in a timely fashion, and in the case of social loafing, will most likely be compensating for those who will be doing sub par work, in order to be prepared for the accountability of the group's accomplishments."
"Researchers have pointed to the leader's position as an example of the individual ability to influence and encourage social loafing. In any group of people, there will be those that have the abilities necessary to do well in the task, and those that do not. Those that have these necessary abilities are often the leader or try to participate in a helpful capacity in the group, and then there are those that do not find a helpful way to participate in the group and are often the loafers. This ability level is what guides a group's dynamics; a loafer would generally be forced to either work harder to compensate on an individual tasks, but in group tasks, can simply rely upon those that are able to accomplish the task more easily."
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Monitoring Blood Pressure, 2005.
A paper comparing blood pressure monitoring in the lower arm to blood pressure monitoring in the upper arm.
1,191 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the use of a blood pressure cuff on the forearm, as opposed to the upper arm, for monitoring blood pressure. To make the comparison, the paper looks at a medical case where the blood pressure of a patient had to be obtained on an hourly basis in order to administer her required medication. The paper also reviews current literature about this method of measurement.
From the Paper
"A clinical case in which blood pressure was measured by placing the cuff on the forearm is N.L.; a 78-year-old widowed African American female from Memphis, TN. She is disabled and dependent on her two daughters, which she lives with, for most of her activities of daily living. N.L. was admitted to the intensive care unit at Baptist Memorial Hospital-Memphis on July 16, 2005 for hemorrhagic cystitis and respiratory distress. She has no known drug allergies. Past medical history includes congestive heart failure, hypertension, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, right below the knee amputation, morbid obesity, and sleep apnea. She has also had a tracheotomy since 2003 to treat her sleep apnea. N.L. was treated for respiratory distress upon admission by mechanical ventilation with a mode of Assist Control and 40 percent oxygen, which she was weaned from on July 18, 2005. She was also placed on Dobutamine drip, July 17, 2005, at three micrograms per kilogram per minute for management of a secondary diagnosis, congestive heart failure. The administration of this drug requires hourly blood pressure measurements. Blood pressure was measured with the cuff placed on the forearm, because large sized cuffs were too small for her upper arm due to her existing state of morbid obesity. "
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Eating Disorder Support Groups, 2006.
A discussion on factors that influence the efficacy and participant satisfaction of eating disorder support groups.
10,992 words (approx. 44.0 pages), 35 sources, MLA, $ 217.95
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Abstract
This study examines online and face-to-face support groups to determine which factors best predict participant's satisfaction with the group experience. The paper examines how differences between face-to-face and online groups may be accounted for by differences in severity of disorders among clients. The writer proposes that this research is important, as online support groups expand their role in the provision of eating disorder support. The paper concludes that, in order to ensure that individuals with eating disorders have access to the best treatment available, it is advantageous to the mental health profession to determine who can benefit most from low-cost treatment resources.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement Of The Problem
Definition Of Terms
Literature Review
Dsm-Iv Diagnostic Criteria For Anorexia Nervosa
Dsm_Iv Diagnostic Criteria For Bulimia Nervosa
Dsm-Iv Research Criteria For Binge Eating Disorder
Bodywhy's Eating Disorder Support Group Services: An Overview
Factors Contributing To The Effectiveness Of Eating Disorder Groups: Review Of Current Research
Methodology
Design
Sample
Results
Data Analysis
Chapter 5
Discussion
Summary Of Findings And Implications For Future Research
Group Participant Variables
Group Variables
Limitations Of Study
Implications Of Research
Conclusion
Appendices
Informed Consent Letters For Group Participants
Appendix B
Demographic Information, Group Participation History And Eating Disorder History.
Client Satisfaction Inventory
Eating Attitudes Test
Catharsis Scale
References
From the Paper
"Bodywhys, The Eating Disorders Association of Ireland's face to face and online support groups, which are facilitated by trained volunteers, aims to provide eating disorder suffers and their families with an economically and geographically accessible environment for discussing feelings and common concerns, the expression of which Meehan, Wikes, and Howard (1995) identified as one of the foundations of recovery from eating disorders. Despite the longevity of this and other eating disorder support group programs, however, systematic research with such groups has been scant."
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Political Parties and Interest Groups, 2007.
A comparison of the main political parties in the United States and interest groups.
1,437 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the history of the two main political groups in the United States and then compares them to interest groups. The paper examines the history and make-up of the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. It then looks at the ways that interest groups help to support them. It concludes by analyzing the differences between interest groups and political parties.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Democratic Party
Republican Party
Interest Groups
Interest Groups versus Political Parties
From the Paper
"The Republican Party did not come into existence until 1850. It was formed by activists working against the institution of slavery. The first meeting of the Republican Party took place in Wisconsin and the members believed that the government should give land grants to those settling in the west (Republican Party http://www.mcgop.net/History.htm)."
"Once the party became official a formal meeting was help in 1854 in Michigan at which time the name Republican was adopted. The name was chosen because the members believed that it mean equality (Republican Party http://www.mcgop.net/History.htm)."
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The Clapham and the Bloomsbury Groups, 2002.
An examination and comparison of two groups which influenced British history, religion and politics - the Clapham Sect and the Bloomsbury Group.
2,009 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, $ 63.95
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Abstract
The Clapham sect was a group of well-to-do, aristocratic evangelical Englishmen who had an enormous impact on England in the 18th century and helped abolish the slave trade. The paper describes how they supported the missionary movement and domestic social reform, such as prison reform. In spite of their small numbers, their influence was wide, and their thinking enlightened for the time. The paper describes how they were intimately related to the Bloomsbury group, as some of their descendants became core members of this Group, and the Clapham wealth often financed the lifestyle of its free-thinking descendants. The paper compares these two groups and shows that although some of their attitudes toward society and religion were markedly different, both groups were characterized by their small size, large influence on their culture, and willingness to step outside society?s current mores and rules and forge their own cohesive values. And yet, even though the wealth and legacy of Clapham descendents funded some of the most prominent members of the Bloomsbury Group such as E.M. Forster, they also ended up being some of their ancestors' harshest critics.
From the Paper
"The Clapham Sect did not limit their evangelism to Britain, but to all the places that Britain touched, such as India, where they had a big impact. The East India Company, a privately owned stock company, had done business in the Far East on behalf of England since 1613. By the late 1700s Charles Grant challenged this policy. After he lost two children to smallpox Grant, a successful businessman in India, underwent a religious conversion. Grant was prominent in the Eat India Company, and eventually became its chairman and director, in 1805. He was appalled by the Indian customs of burning or drowning lepers, and ritual burning of widows, and he was disappointed by the indifference of British rulers in India. He found allies in the Clapham Sect, who in 1793 tried but failed to alter the charter of the East India company. They did get certain evangelicals appointed a East India Company chaplains, and in 1813, when the company?s charter came due for renewal, the Clapham sect mobilized public opinion."
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Groups: Theory and Dynamics, 2002.
An analysis of the essential social structure of groups, illustrating how they allow individuals to pull together to achieve a variety of objectives.
2,622 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines several key concepts in group theory and group dynamics, and relates them to specific examples in the writer's own experience. It focuses on controversy, negotiation, power, demographics, performance, and building productive teams. All are important elements in the ability of a group to fulfill its reasons for coming together and to satisfy the individual participants who make up the group. Understanding these concepts helps to highlight several essential processes necessary to a group's success. Relating the theories found in David W. Johnson and Frank P. Johnson's text, "Joining Together: Group Theory and Group Skills", to specific examples from the author's own life helps to clarify how these principles work and how these theories can be applied outside the classroom.
From the Paper
"Groups function in a variety of ways and as the result of different kinds of actions. One of the most significant processes seems on the surface to be the most potentially destructive, but controversy can actually help a group to come to a better resolution and work more effectively on future challenges. Controversy begins with individual assumptions that the group has all the information it needs to handle a crisis or make a decision, and the assumption that is then shattered through open discussion with others in the group. When discussion does not occur, controversy does not follow--and the group then suffers from faulty decisions."
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Work Groups, 1991.
This paper discusses work groups: Definition, informal vs. formal groups, functions, effectiveness, role of management, personnel issues, supervision, evaluation, goals and barriers.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 8 sources, $ 95.95
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From the Paper
"Work groups have become an integral part of American business life. Such groups may be formal or informal, and can help an organization achieve a high level of productivity. Ineffective work groups, however, can be a hindrance to productivity and can prove detrimental to the organization. In order to understand why some work groups are effective and others ineffective, it is necessary to examine what work groups are, why they are important to organizations, ways to evaluate them, what the barriers are to work group effectiveness and finally, how to successfully implement a work group environment.
DEFINITION OF WORK GROUPS
According to one researcher, a "group" is "three or more people that can identify itself and be identified by others in ... "
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Interest Groups, 1989.
An examination of Interest Groups, their purpose and definition. How these groups impact on the democratic process, their tactics, strategies
and policies.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 9 sources, $ 87.95
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From the Paper
" To many, interest groups are an evil, albeit a necessary one, in a democracy, with the potential to corrupt the process and distort policy away from the popular will. To others, groups express the best features of democracy; they are both necessary and useful in translating the myriad of opinions and interests in the society, into representative policy.
To some observers, American politics is best understood in terms of group actions and conflicts. Although group influence can be exaggerated, there is no question that virtually every decision made in American politics, whether it is on a legislative committee bill, a congressional floor amendment, a public law, a presidential policy announcement, judicial opinion, or a bureaucratic regulation, affects one or more groups in American society (Ornstein and Elder 21)."
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Pressure Ulcers, 2007.
An analysis of the risk assessment procedures, management and prevention strategies for pressure ulcers.
1,209 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the risk assessment procedures and prevention strategies for pressure ulcers. It describes the prevalence of pressure ulcers in the geriatric community and the risk factors that are associated with it. The paper also describes the causes of pressure ulcers. Finally, the paper discusses the prevention and management strategies for pressure ulcers and the long and short-term goals of these recommendations. The paper also includes a copy of the Braden scale for predicting pressure ulcer risk.
From the Paper
"The development of an effective plan of care depends on how well data is collected. This data is gathered during the psychosocial assessment. To collect the information, the nurse works with the patient, their family, and with the assistance of the interdisciplinary team. The purpose of the information is to identify all the factors that need to be considered for prevention and management strategies (RNAO, 2002). The nurse collects data on the patient's mental status, state of depression, ability to cooperate, and their learning ability. Level of social support also is assessed. Tools are available to assist nurses with collecting this information. Other data collected is related to goals, values, and lifestyle. Another area of data is concerned resources, and these include information on positioning and posture (RNAO, 2002). Other data is collected about culture and ethnicity, stress, pain, and quality of life."
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