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Prayer in Public Schools, 2005.
This paper argues against prayer in public schools and in favor of religios freedom.
11,475 words (approx. 45.9 pages), 7 sources, APA, $ 224.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that, although the framers of the Constitution may have written clauses to protect the Church from the State, it has been decided by the Supreme Court that, in order to accomplish this, the State also must be protected from the Church. The author points out that advocates of school prayer counter that, since in a democracy the majority must be satisfied, a majority of Americans desire prayer in public schools; however, this statistic has never been proven. The paper stresses that, when teachers or other authority figures organize or lead a prayer, there is an obvious element of coercion involved for students who might not wish to pray. The author concludes that the government must protect the rights of all citizens to practice whatever religion they believe is the right faith for them or to practice no religion at all.
From the Paper
"Prayer divides children into two groups: the group that goes along, and the usually considerably smaller group of children who don't. Those who do not participate in "voluntary" prayers can be made the victims of ostracism, threats and other exclusionary practices. Schoolchildren have enough reasons to exclude each other without the help of a highly controversial issue such as religious belief inserting itself into the public classroom setting. ... Religion is such an emotional topic for so many people that it is irresponsible to allow it to be introduced into schools..."
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Prayers in Public Schools, 2005.
Position paper arguing in favor of allowing prayer in public schools.
901 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, $ 32.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper argues that students should be allowed to pray in public schools just as they were allowed to pray in public schools in the early years of the country. The author bases her arguments on the belief that the First Amendment of the Constitution has been misinterpreted.
From the Paper
"If we examine the US constitution closely, it would be apparent that the founding fathers and the framers of the US constitution had never intended a ban on prayers. In fact, several of the founding fathers fervently believed in the essential role of religion and morality in the life of the nation. James Madison, the author of most of the US constitution wrote in 1785: "Religion [is] the basis and Foundation of Government." (Quoted in "James Madison," 2003) It is also interesting to note that the phrase "wall of separation to between the Church and State," which is often used by supporters of the prayer ban to justify the ruling never appear in the US constitution even once. The expression was used by Thomas Jefferson in response to a letter from the Baptists who had approached him in 1802 and urged him to promote religious freedom of the minority religious groups. (Shelby, 1992)"
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Inducting Public School Children into Patriotism, 2003.
An exploration of the controversy surrounding the Pledge of Allegiance in schools.
2,031 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies trends in influencing school children to develop "patriotism" for the United States. The Pledge of Allegiance is the principle focus, yet there is supplemental information concerning the promotion of patriotism and patriotic acts provided to support the topic. This paper examines the origins of this controversy. It focuses on the correlation between the pledge of allegiance in the Texas public school system and how the transition from the mandatory statement of the Pledge of Allegiance has translated into the expression of religious values, e.g., prayer, in the Texas schools as well.
Outline
Introduction
The Controversy of the Pledge of Allegiance
The ?No Child Left Behind? Act
Texas, Patriotism and Religion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The pledge of allegiance is arguably the most overt and the most frequent manifestation of this type of induction into patriotism. Less than ten years ago, the pledge of allegiance was deemed an optional aspect of schooling, where students could decide whether they wished to participate in the pledge or not. However, following the tragedies of September 11th, the United States has seen a blanket renewal of patriotism. Such patriotism has reached the school system in the form of renewed controversy over the pledge of allegiance. One source reports in December of 2001 that: ?Old-fashioned flag-waving is gaining support from parents, educators, veterans' groups and Congress.? (Price: 2001) Prompted by the tragedies of September 11th, 2001, the public school system has apparently latched on to the traditional method of inducting students into patriotism by again making the morning pledge of allegiance to the flag a mandatory aspect of academics."
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School Prayer, 2007.
An examination of the debate concerning prayer in US public schools.
951 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of the controversy surrounding school prayers in public schools in the United States. The paper examines wording in the Constitution to determine whether school prayers should be allowed. The writer presents the argument that school prayer is the right of the individual student and it should not be banned from schools.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Opposition
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The opposing side of the issue point to the clause in the constitution that refers to the separation of church and state. They believe this is a forefather mandate not to allow anything religious to enter a public school setting. This is incorrect. The mandate is to not have the public school system turn to a religious body for its rules, regulations and decisions. This has nothing to do with the fact that the constitution allows freedom of speech."
"In addition, those who oppose allowing school prayers point to the fact that there are many different faiths within public school systems. They believe that the minority of students who are not Christian by faith will feel left out or singled out when they choose not to take part in prayer. This can be easily regulated by treating the school prayer rights the same as any other freedom of speech rights."
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Advocates for Prayer in Schools, 2002.
A discussion of the controversial issue of prayer in American schools.
1,105 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 38.95
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Abstract
The issue of whether or not prayer should be allowed in schools has long been debated. This paper attempts to equally present both sides of the debate and also weigh in on the pros and cons of the issue. It also reviews what types of prayers may be said in schools if mandatory prayer is allowed. In addition, it discusses who will make the final decision as to whether or not prayer should be allowed in schools.
From the Paper
"There are four major reasons why advocates believe that prayer should be allowed in school. These reasons are; the elimination of school prayer leads to moral decline, the government is based on religious principles, the free exercise of religion clause allows for school prayer, and the majority of Americans advocate school prayer. (School Prayer a Community at War)"
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Prayer in Schools, 2004.
A discussion of the controversial issue of prayer in American schools.
1,857 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at both sides of the 'prayer in schools' debate. It explains that proponents feel that students should be allowed to begin each day at public school with a prayer, while opponents believe this is a violation of state and church.
From the Paper
"The debate of prayer in school is not a new issue by any means. During the last fifty years the United States Supreme Court has issued several rulings concerning this topic. In West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 1943, the Court ruled that the Board of Education could not require daily flag salute and pledge as a condition of a student?s education after a group of Jehovah?s Witnesses sought an injunction to stop the requirement and flag salute (Supreme pg). This ruling provided ?scrupulous protection? of a student?s constitutional liberties as guaranteed by the First Amendment (Supreme pg). In the 1962 Engel v. Vitale, a number of parents of students challenged the Board of Education of New Hyde Park, New York regarding the NYS Regents composed prayer at the beginning of each school day (Supreme pg). Although the state had said that it was a non-denominational prayer and no student was compelled to recite it, the Supreme Court found that the school district had violated the students? First Amendment rights ?because even though the students did not have to say the prayer, the reciting of the prayer in class would put unwanted pressures on them, and moreover, found that the non-denominational prayer was too religious for the state to mandate and was therefore in violation of the establishment clause of the First Amendment (Supreme pg)."
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Prayer in Schools, 2002.
An argumentative paper for and against prayer in schools and a discussion of church vs. state in America.
1,814 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, $ 58.95
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Abstract
A discussion on the history of prayer in American schools. This paper presents arguments for and against the issue and also examines legal implications of these arguments. Current legal battles are discussed and legislative conclusions are presented. This paper also addresses the issue of church vs. state in America as a whole and schools in particular.
From the Paper
"Prayer in schools is one of the most debated topics in U.S. history. Debate didn?t begin in the 1960s as some people believe. Debate began more than 100 years ago when Italian and Irish Catholic immigrants were forced to read the King James Bible and pray in schools. At that time, during the 1830s, the first prayer in school conflicts erupted. Riots, fires at convents and school expulsions were commonplace in the name of the school prayer debate. In 1962, as the United States became a more diverse nation, the court ruled against school prayer in the case of Engel v. Vitale (Grunberg and Crane: This History par 1)."
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Prayer in School, 2006.
An overview of school prayer and an exploration of whether a constitutional amendment is necessary.
1,502 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, $ 49.95
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Abstract
The writer explains that the issue of school prayer is not one of religious freedom, as it is already legal for children to pray in school, either individually or in groups. The paper explains that to forbid this prayer would violate both freedom of speech and religion. The paper explains that, despite this fact, there are factions that wish to instate specific, or mandated prayer in public schools. The paper explores whether it is necessary to modify the constitution to secure a very basic right that is already protected. In conclusion, the writer expresses the opinion that no constitutional amendment is necessary to protect the right of children to pray in school. The writer feels that people of faith should consider that the personal issue of prayer, when manipulated by government, can lead to dangerous consequences, including exclusion, ostracization and even violence. The writer states the belief that the right of teaching children the basic truths of each child's chosen religion should be reserved for the parents and that a constitutional amendment would turn this right over to the government.
Table of Contents:
To Restore State-Written Prayers
Allow Group Prayers in the Public Schools
Allow for Voluntary Prayer
Works Cited
From the Paper
"The fate of a school prayer-religious liberties amendment has always rested in the hands of the Congress. And yes, there are those who will always campaign hard against this issue. There will be warnings that the argument for school prayer is limited to the extreme religious right and that to be associated with the issue would hurt those looking for re-election or that school prayer is too politically divisive and should be left alone. Even more strongly, there will be those that will argue that the issue is simply un-American since it would undermine the constitutional guarantee of separation of church and state. The rhetoric will always flow hard and freely on this issue."
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Prayer in Schools, 2006.
Argues that praying should be allowed back into the American educational system.
1,387 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, $ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that we need to bring prayer back into public schools. The paper claims that on the basis of freedom of speech, we should be allowed to pray in school, if we so choose. It argues that people should not be made to suffer because of the people who do not believe in prayer or God.
From the Paper
"Denying our children freedom of speech is wrong. The court states that if we have prayer in the school then we are taking freedom of speech away from the people who do not want prayer. What happened to the people that do want prayer? This is denying them the right to prayer if they want it. Why are they right and those of us who want prayer in public schools or at least a moment of silence, wrong? What would be the harm in starting the day with a moment of silence? This does not affect the state and religion concept."
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Prayer in Public Schools, 1999.
Analyzes the case of "Lee v. Weisman", the Supreme Court's 1992 decision against benediction at a middle-school graduation.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
" In 1962, the United States Supreme Court invalidated prayer in public schools. In that case, the Court held that a state-composed prayer, read by teachers at the start of the school day, violated the First Amendment?s prohibition against the government making any law ?respecting an establishment of religion.? The Court has revisited the issue, in some form or another, several times in the intervening years, most recently in Lee v. Weisman.
In Lee, a middle school principal in Providence, Rhode Island, invited a rabbi to offer a nonsectarian invocation and benediction at graduation. The principal acted according to the policy of the Providence School Committee. Deborah Weisman, a 14-year-old student, objected, but the District Court denied her request for a temporary restraining order. Weisman attended graduation, and the rabbi conducted the observance. Afterwards.."
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Prayer In Public Schools, 1989.
Discusses legal, historical, religious and social aspects.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, $ 39.95
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From the Paper
"One subject that is sure to cause controversy among a group of people is a discussion centered around religion. This truism carries over into education as witnessed by the series of events and actions that have taken place throughout history, and particularly since the mid-twentieth century. The purpose of this paper will be to research religions' most visible ritual, prayer, and its role in America's public schools. A review of its history, the legal and religious aspects associated with it and the resulting social implications will be provided.
With the campaign and eventual election of Ronald Reagan as
President of the United States in 1980, America has been subjected to a backlash from the "New Religious Right" over legal and judicial actions taken by the U.S. Supreme Court, beginning in the early 1960's. Cries such as "Why can't children pray in (...)"
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Prayer in School, 2002.
An examination of the legal issues associated with prayer in schools.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, $ 62.95
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Abstract
A presentation of the debate regarding prayer in schools with case citations.
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School Prayer, 2001.
This paper is an argument about why school prayer goes against the separation between church and state in the United States.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a discussion about school prayer. The author of this paper believes that prayer in school is a direct violation of the constitutional mandate that church and state remain separated, and discusses the intent of the founding fathers when implementing such a separation.
From the Paper
"For many years now, the issue of school prayer has made the forefront to the news. We hear that students defy direct orders from school officials and stand to recite the Lord?s Prayer at graduation. We hear about principals being hauled into court by the ACLU for allowing students to pray on campus. It is a volatile issue that remains close to the heart on both sides of the argument. The bottom line, however, is that America proudly waves its diversity banner to the rest of the world. We brag about the fact that we welcome and encourage diversity and we are founded on the premise that freedom of religion should be a right of every person."
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School Prayer, 2002.
An opinion paper about the advantages of prayer in the school system.
985 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, $ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper is a brief discussion about the possible advantages that introducing prayer in a school assembly could provide. Included are considerations such as tolerance, added spirituality and lowering of violence levels in schools.
From the Paper
"The Supreme Court decided against prayer in school in the case of Engel vs. Vitale on Jun 25th, 1962. Mr. Justice Stewart was the only vote against the court?s decision which he remarked: ?I cannot see how an 'official religion' is established by letting those who want to say a prayer say it. On the contrary, I think that to deny the wish of these school children to join in reciting this prayer is to deny them the opportunity of sharing in the spiritual heritage of our Nation.? (religioustolerance.org, sect. 3). In this particular time in America, I feel it is important to extend religious tolerance into the schools and establish school prayer for those students whose faith require prayer throughout the day, or feel compelled to join in a voluntary school assembly."
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Public Prayer in the School System, 2001.
This essay is a case study of the issue of prayer in the public school system in the United States.
1,055 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, $ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issue of holding prayers in public schools, whether they are mandatory or not. It examines the legal and moral aspects of this issue from the point of view of the three major religions. It details the First Amendment and several cases dealing with this matter and their outcomes. It details different ways of dealing with this problem and ways that are legal to implement it.
From the Paper
"In 1947, when the Supreme Court was debating the issue of the separation of church and state, Supreme Court Justice Hugo Black remarked, "The First Amendment has erected a wall between church and state. That wall must be kept high and impregnable." With the case of Lee v. Weisman, the Court drew a distinct line between what is constitutional and what is unconstitutional. The case involved the practice in Providence, Rhode Island, of having a short prayer at the beginning and end of public school graduation ceremonies (an invocation and a benediction). The audience at these ceremonies was made up primarily of students and parents. The Court had to decide whether this short prayer was like the prayers recited to open legislative sessions, or like the daily prayers in public school in front of impressionable schoolchildren. This was not an easy decision to make. Four justices thought that the prayers at public school graduation ceremonies were more in the nature of a formality at a public event. These justices believed that the prayers were part of a long tradition, like prayers at legislative sessions, and could not be seen as an attempt to indoctrinate children in a particular religious belief. The other five justices did not agree and ruled that such prayers violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Justice Kennedy, who wrote the majority opinion, held that while attendance at public school graduation ceremonies is not required, few students would want to miss the ceremony. While the children could absent themselves from the part of the ceremony that contained the prayer, that would be difficult for them because of the very nature of the graduation process. There would also be peer pressure to participate and to not "make a fuss" about the prayer. The Court ruled that because the graduation ceremony is part of an official public school event, prayers cannot be allowed. (CARELLI 2000)."
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