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The Sociology of Poverty and Welfare, 2005.
A sociological perspective on poverty and welfare, including a sociological definition of poverty, explanations for poverty and welfare, and an evaluation of the explanations.
3,525 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 12 sources, APA, $ 98.95
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Abstract
The paper researches the sociology of poverty and welfare. The paper identifies the conflict and individualistic and cultural perspectives in poverty and welfare, gives a description of six sociological explanations relating to the two identified perspectives of poverty and welfare, and evaluates three of the sociological explanations. Further, this paper gives a description of at least eight sociological studies of welfare and poverty, with at least four representing the different sociological perspectives, as well as four evaluations of the sociological studies. Finally, this paper provides a description of four main constraints, which could affect the work of sociologists in their study of welfare and poverty.
Statement of Thesis
Review of Literature
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Defining elements in culture are those of language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and material objects that are passed through generation to generation. Further culture can be separated into subgroups of material culture and nonmaterial culture. Components within a culture are inclusive of symbols, gestures, language, values, norms and sanctions, folkways and mores." Those who participate in social research or sociologists place their reliance on three main theoretical frameworks which are symbolic intereactionism which is defined in the focus on languaging and human relationship elements in intimate group settings which gives emphasis to the construction and communication by the individual through use of symbols or micro-analysis. In the thinking of today there is little disagreement that there is not an existence of a definitive in poverty that is "the" end-all in relating the meaning of the existence demonstrating the meaning of poverty. Globalization is new in the theorem arena in relation to reflect on poverty. The studies that are recent in relation to: "globalization, regionalization and their local manifestation in 'globalization' revealed an extraordinary variety of micro-social" causal factors and reasons within the framework of social processes and consequences that are of a broader nature."
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Poverty and Welfare, 2005.
This paper discusses the subject of poverty and welfare related to public policy.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 21 sources, MLA, $ 111.95
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Abstract
This article examines poverty and welfare in terms of public policy in the United States. The writer looks at the causes of poverty. The purpose of public welfare policies are discussed in this paper. The writer argues that the working poor should receive more in child care, training and transportation.
From the Paper
"Some eight years ago, Americans ended welfare as they knew it. To judge from their silence on the subject during the election they have never looked back. In his book titled 'American Dream Three Women Ten Kids and a Nation's Drive to End Welfare' Jason DeParle commented that welfare is a subject filled with biases and argued the harshness of the low-wage economy and the turmoil of poor people's lives required a federal safety net not one torn by ... "
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Poverty & Welfare, 1996.
Successes & failures of anti-poverty & welfare programs, demographics, gap between rich & poor, education & employment, future.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, $ 47.95
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From the Paper
"Despite decades of social welfare programs, the federal government has largely failed in its War on Poverty. The failure of these programs has created a social deficit in which impoverished individuals are caught up in a dependency cycle on public assistance. Demographic changes, such as the high rate of teenaged pregnancy, have simultaneously contributed to the increase in the poor population in America and created a feminization of poverty.
Federal social welfare programs are designed to aid those individuals whose incomes fall below the poverty line. An estimated 30 million Americans live in poverty (Ford, 1989, p. 1). Federal programs have succeeded in contributing to a decrease in the number of elderly poor. Before President Johnson's War on Poverty in the 1960s, almost 30 percent of the..."
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Poverty and the "Welfare Mother", 2002.
Examines why single mothers are trapped into conditions of poverty despite the fact that they are actively seeking alternatives to this lifestyle.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 4 sources, $ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses the "welfare mother" myth, as well as the social factors that have contributed to women being forced to function in the role of the unwed mother. In doing so, this paper demonstrates that unwed mothers are victims of a situation that is completely out of their control and are not provided the aid that they need to get out of this situation because they have been vilified in the press.
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Poverty and Welfare, 2003.
Examines the debate among conservatives and liberals.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 6 sources, $ 39.95
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Abstract
Discusses differences in ideologies and views about the role of government. Explores the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act in 1996 that shifted welfare policy to the conservative view.
From the Paper
"Poverty and welfare are generally interdependent, for it is the poor who welfare programs aim to help. The debate among conservatives and liberals over poverty and welfare involves distinct disagreements, ..."
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Neo-Liberalism, Social Welfare and Feminization of Poverty, 2005.
The paper examines neo-liberalism, social welfare in Toronto, and the feminization of poverty.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, $ 71.95
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Abstract
The paper examines neo-liberal economics and their effects towards feminization and racialization of poverty in the Greater Toronto Area. The focus is on single mothers, a changed environment in a city close to ghettoization and the extreme difficulty of leaving the welfare system. Part of the paper includes a report on fieldwork undertaken involving discussions with welfare workers critical of the system and welfare mothers. Troubling factors include a changed Toronto culture in which the poor and their situations are not known by other citizens. Future implications are discussed.
From the Paper
"Neo-liberal economic and social welfare policies have aggravated the feminization and to a degree, a racialization of Canadian poverty, as affects greatly single mothers with dependent children. In Toronto, some factors preceded local budgetary reductions, including federal reductions in place for almost two decades. (See O'Neill: 1998, Yalnizyan: 1998) Moreover, women now face a changed culture that is less understanding of poverty, or empathetic towards the poor. Jim Stanford mentioned, a decade ago, a failure to understand that recession unemployment was not a temporary phenomenon but signaled lost, i.e. absent employment opportunities, in keeping with shifts.."
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Impact of the Welfare Reforms on the Welfare System, 2002.
A paper exploring the relation between poverty and welfare reforms and the research potential of the same in the future.
2,130 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, $ 66.95
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Abstract
The paper studies how society decided that the poor should do something about their situation, they did not need to live on welfare and they should get jobs. Thus, in 1996 a welfare reform was introduced in the U.S. that came under the name of Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) program, suggesting that the welfare provided to the poor in the nation would be temporary. The behavior of the individuals would be monitored until such a time when they changed their behavior and got jobs to support themselves. This paper studies the predictive impact of the welfare reform that took place on the poor of the urban areas and the associated factors.
From the Paper
"Most of the jobs into which welfare recipients are being pushed, while good enough for teenagers living at home with working parents, are not of much help to heads of households. Thus, not surprisingly, several studies have shown that inner-city residents cannot increase their households' incomes by taking suburban jobs.(6) Of course, a bad job is often better than no job. PRWORA, however, is not a jobs policy: it does not create new jobs. It simply assumes, in the absence of any evidence, that people will find work because they are being forced to do so. This presumption arose, in part, because of the modest success of many micro-level welfare-to-work programs that states have piloted during the past five years.(7)"
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World Poverty and Poverty in the USA, 2007.
An explanation of poverty experienced in the USA and in the developing countries.
1,319 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the global issue of poverty as well as the poverty that exists today in the USA. The author describes the different lives that the poor in America have compared to those struggling to survive in developing countries. He provides some of the causes that lead to abject poverty and concludes that if we cure the world of poverty, we will cure the world of hunger, thirst, illiteracy, and disease.
From the Paper
"When Americans think of poverty, many of them tend to think of people living on the street and begging for money in our nation's biggest cities. Many are naive to the fact that almost one billion people are living in "absolute poverty." Absolute poverty, as described by Robert McNamara, are "those living, literally, on the margin of life. Their lives are so characterized by malnutrition, illiteracy, and disease as to be beneath any reasonable definition of human dignity" (23). The main reason for McNamara's definition is to help Westerners understand that poverty is a lot different to us than it is in the developing world.
"The poor in New York City may be living under a bridge or sleeping on a park bench, but they rarely have to worry about how they are going to eat since the United States offers programs to aid the poor, such as homeless shelters, soup kitchens, and food stamps. In the developing world, it is a different story. Millions of children receive insufficient amounts of food, especially protein, which thereby causes their brains to remain undeveloped and leads to a higher chance of less-productive lives. Millions of these children die each year before the age of five due to malnutrition and diseases associated with malnutrition (23)."
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Welfare vs. The Welfare State in Canada, 2002.
This paper covers the development and current state of the welfare system in Canada.
1,625 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, $ 52.95
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Abstract
Using Ben Carniol's "Case Critical: Challenging Social Services in Canada", as well as Larry Jonston's "Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State," this paper discusses the welfare state in Canada, the development of it and its shrinkage within the past one hundred year. The author shows evidence that the modern welfare state is shrinking in today's society because of the advancement of right wing politics and the decline of Keynesianism as a solution to the problems of the people of Canada.
From the Paper
"It is important to remember that Canada did not invent the welfare state, it was merely adopted during the development of the country. It was the adoption of these welfare state ideals, that has lead Canada to develop things such as free public Health Care, Employment Insurance, public education and welfare itself. Ben Carniol (2000) explains the welfare states creation in the terms of industrial England where it first surfaced in the modern form. The creation of a welfare state began when the capitalistic owners of large factories in England were beginning to become disgruntled by the constant visitation of representatives from the numerous charitable organizations that had formed in the country to help the poor and underprivileged survive in the new society that saw the factory owners compete for profits at the expense of the men who worked for them under sometimes extremely harsh conditions. It was agreed upon that some sort of central organization for the collection of charity from the owners would be necessary to ensure that the money was going to charity and not people who had begun cheating the system in order to make money for themselves."
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Poverty in America, 2002.
Examines the political aspect of poverty and welfare policy in the United States.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, $ 53.95
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Abstract
While we live in a time of apparently unprecedented prosperity, although, admittedly, a recession may occur in the immediate future, we also live in an era defined by government cutbacks in areas of social welfare. This apparent policy paradox of great prosperity coexisting with extreme conservatism in budgetary policy will be the focus of this essay. It will argue that the explanation for this "paradox" lies, not in finance or economics, but in the fragmented social dynamic of our society. In this analysis, poverty will be shown to be as much a political as an economic construct. However, the prevailing political orthodoxy with respect to poverty and social spending is not likely to change, it will be argued, until economic despair grips a large portion of the population.
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Poverty and Policy in Canada, 2008.
This paper looks at how the writer's attitudes towards poverty have changed after reading the first four chapters of "Poverty and the Modern Welfare State" by Raphael, Dennis.
1,272 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, $ 43.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explores some of his previous misconceptions held regarding poverty and policy in Canada and also details how this course has produced a reconsideration regarding his hitherto unshakable faith in globalization and in free markets. The writer delves into a personal opinion of what it means for Canada that so many groups and individuals are poverty-stricken and further asserts why it is that the GINI coefficient detailed in the textbook is the most effective measure for gauging poverty insofar as it crystallizes how so many Canadians are falling behind in an ostensible age of plenty. The writer concludes that the troubled groups discussed in chapter three are not poor because they choose to be but because our society has done a poor job of "spreading the wealth" - and an even worse job of acknowledging the reality of widespread poverty.
From the Paper
"When I first began this course, I was, by my own admission, a pretty naive person when it came to poverty in Canada. For one thing, I did not really consider poverty to be a serious or pervasive problem in this land; I also did not appreciate just how pervasive has become child poverty. Moreover, I must say that I never really considered the serious democratic threat that poverty represents; to put it another way, the most disenfranchised people in our society are invariably the poorest, and that is something most Canadians, myself certainly included fail to appreciate when we complain about low voter turnout at election time or when we complain about the relatively low participation rates of some groups. One other belief I held as I entered the course was the curious belief that there is no correlation between government "tolerating" poverty and high poverty rates; rather, I clung to the fiction that, as long as a society embraced equal opportunity for all, poverty rates would never climb relative to other societies that, on the surface, seemed less ideologically committed to the old view that people could achieve anything - as long as government stayed out of their lives and as long as they were prepared to work tirelessly towards a long-term goals."
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America's War on Poverty, 2002.
An analysis of the effectiveness of welfare reform on poverty and anti-poverty policy in the U.S..
2,650 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 9 sources, $ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper will take a critical look at poverty and anti-poverty policy in the US. Intuitively, it is easy to make the hypothesis that spending more on poverty is better for the greater good. For instance, states with greater percentages of their population below the poverty line should spend more to reduce the incidence of poverty in their jurisdictions. In reality, however, this hypothesis has proven to be invalid. This paper will argue that, rather than improving, poverty is becoming more prevalent.
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Welfare: History, Review, Examination, 2007.
An examination of welfare and poverty in the United States.
2,027 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, $ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper examines an important issue in America today - welfare and poverty. The writer discusses the history of welfare in America. The writer believes that there is no right or wrong way to go about reforming welfare because of its direct effect on human beings. The writer further suggests that reform should still offer assistance to those who need it while getting their lives back in order. The writer also points out that until the federal government steps in and alters the system, those in poverty will not receive much help and the taxpayer will continue to spend large sums of money but see no improvement. The writer concludes that it is up to the federal government to step in and modify or create a better system in order to help the people that need it the most.
From the Paper
"For decades, the United States government has provided financial assistance for those in poverty. Every day, the poor work minimum wage jobs in order to get by, only buying the necessities of life, if they can afford it. Many cannot manage to pay for insurance or a car, let alone the gas to put in it. Others eat meager meals or as little as possible to make their food last until the next paycheck. If they happen to have a spouse and children, it makes living a reasonable life even more difficult. The purpose of welfare is to help these people until they are able to find a permanent job and recover to a reasonable place in society. Welfare, though, has not worked to correct this problem and has instead become a societal plateau which many have decided to remain on. Welfare and poverty have changed over the years depending on where we were as a country and the federal government's position on assisting the impoverished."
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Poverty & Black Liberation, 1990.
This paper is a study of poverty, official poverty policy and the politics of Black Liberation: Civil rights, riots of 1960s, black radical leaders, economics and jobs and the welfare system.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 7 sources, $ 79.95
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From the Paper
"This is a study of poverty, official poverty policy, and the politics of Black Liberation--its checkered past and uncertain future. Why did black ghettoes explode in the 1960s, immediately in the wake of the Civil Rights revolution? And why have they failed to explode, at least in the dramatic sense of mass rioting, in the 1980s, when the condition of the black poor in our inner cities seems worse than ever? Is the politics of black liberation dead? or is it ready to re-emerge in a new form? These are questions which we will attempt to touch on in the following pages.
If you hear the phrases "poverty in America," or "the poor," "the underclass," or even "the inner city," and they trigger any mental image, chances are that the image you will form is one of poor Americans who happen to be black. Our stereotyped image of ... "
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The Feminization of Poverty, 2004.
An examination of the growing problem of poverty-stricken women.
3,242 words (approx. 13.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, $ 93.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at how, as the people living below the poverty line increases, so does the percentage of women. It argues that social welfare programs continue to be needed to address the feminization of poverty. The first part of the paper examines key indicators of this ?feminization,? including the salary gap between men and women and other indicators of women?s ?economic well-being.? The next part then looks at the arguments of welfare reform proponents, who cite the need to move low-income women with children from receiving welfare to gainful employment. The last part of this paper argues that welfare reforms are misguided, since many circumstances in addition to lack of motivation contribute to the inability of many women to ?work their way out of poverty.? Welfare reform programs that fail to address these needs will thus only result in more poverty for society, in general, and for women, in particular.
From the Paper
"The welfare reform law placed strict time limits on how long families can receive the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). There was now a two-year limit on how long a family can continue to receive continuous welfare assistance. After this two year period, the adults were required to find employment. More importantly, there was also a five-year lifetime limit on how long the family can receive welfare assistance. If they go over this figure, families will no longer be eligible to receive federal aid. The change was further emphasized when the AFDC program was re-named Temporary Assistance for Needy Families or TANF (Levinson, Reardon and Smith 1999)."
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